UbiquitousComputing

WirelessNetworkProtocols
Mr.ChetanKumar, ProtocolEngineering&Technology(PET)Lab ElectricalCommunicationEngineering, IndianInstituteofScience, Bangalore560012,India
Ubiquitous Computing

WirelessNetworkTypes

Satellitenetworks

e.g.Iridium(66satellites),QualcommsGlobalstar(48 satellites) e.g.CDPD,GPRS,Ricochet e.g.IIScTechsLAWN e.g.Bluetooth e.g.Emergencyrelief,military

Ubiquitous Computing

WirelessWANs/MANs

WirelessLANs

WirelessPANs

Adhocnetworks

Sensornetworks 2

WirelessStandards

Ubiquitous Computing

SatelliteNetworks

Tillrecentlysatellitenetworksusedonlyforfixedearthstationsto communicate(withsatellitesbeinggeostationary) WiththedeploymentofLEO(lowearthorbitsatellites),using satellitenetworksformobiledevicecommunicationhasbecomea reality Offerfewtensofkilobitspersecondupstreamandafewmegabits perseconddownstream

Ubiquitous Computing

SatelliteNetworks(contd.)

WideAreacoverageoftheearth'ssurface Longtransmissiondelays Broadcasttransmission LargeChannelBandwidth Transmissioncostsindependentofdistance

Ubiquitous Computing

WirelessWANs

Largecoverageareasofuptoafewmilesradius SupportsignificantlylowerbandwidthsthantheirLAN counterparts(uptoafewhundredkilobitspersecond) WANTopology

Ubiquitous Computing

WirelessLocalAreaNetworks

Probablythemostwidelyusedofthedifferentclassesofwireless datanetworks Characterizedbysmallcoverageareas(~200m),butrelatively highbandwidths(upto50Mbpscurrently)

ExamplesincludeIEEE802.11networks,Bluetoothnetworks, andInfrarednetworks WLANTopology Statichost/Router

DistributionNetwork AccessPoint

Ubiquitous Computing

WirelessPANs

Wirelesspersonalareanetworks Example:Bluetooth Primarilymeantfornetworkingpersonaldevices(musicsystems, speakers,microwaves,refrigerators,etc.) Lowerdataratesandtransmissionranges(hencelowpower)

Ubiquitous Computing

AdhocNetworks

Multihopwirelessnetworks Infrastructureless Typicallyusedinmilitaryapplications(wherethereisno infrastructure),ordisasterrelief(whereinfrastructurehas beendestroyed) Mobilestationsdoubleupasforwarders/routers CanuseexistingWLANtechnology(e.g.IEEE802.11 supportsaDistributedCoordinationFunction(DCF)modeof operation)

Ubiquitous Computing

AdhocNetworks(contd.)

Typicaldatarates(onaperlinkbasis)sameasWLANs (~10Mbps) Endtoenddataratescanbesignificantlysmaller(dependingon networksize,diameterofnetwork,etc.) Verydifferentnetworkenvironment(highlydynamic,routersalso mobile!,etc.)

Ubiquitous Computing

10

SensorNetworks

Networkofsensingdevices(sensors) Applicationsincludesmartconcrete,smartdust,etc. Usefulforsensingininaccessiblelocations Verylowpowered,resourceconstraineddevices Similartoadhocnetworkswithmoresevereconstraintsanda manytoonetopology

Ubiquitous Computing

11

CommonTypesofWirelessNetworking

IrDA Bluetooth IEEE802.11

Ubiquitous Computing

12

IrDA

Establishedin1993 Infraredconnection(samebasictechnologyas isusedinaTVremotecontrol) Lowpower(doesntburnbatteryveryfast) Cheap Requiresdevicestobeincloseproximityand linedup Veryshortrange(36ft)

Ubiquitous Computing

13

Bluetooth

Introducedin1998 EmergingreplacementforIrDAtoconnect peripherals/devicestocomputersorcellphones Canconnectupto8devices Verylowpower Shortrange(typicallywithinaroom) StandardcontrolledbyBluetoothSpecial InterestGroup(BluetoothSIG)

Ubiquitous Computing

14

IEEE802.11

DominanttechnologyforWLANs Multipleflavors(802.11a,b,&g) 802.11bwasfirstwidespreadtechnology 802.11acamealongandofferedfivetimeshigher dataratebutitmadeitexpensivetoimplement combineda/bdevicesbecauseitusedadifferent frequencyrange 802.11gisthelatesttechnologyanditoffersthesame datarateas11a,butusesthesamefrequencyas 11b.Ithasquicklybecomemorepopularthan11aas thefastwirelessLANprotocol.802.11bisstillthe leastexpensivetechnology,butwilleventuallybe obsoletedby11g.
Ubiquitous Computing

15

IEEE802.11b,a,&g
STANDARD 11Mbps SPEED 100150feetindoors RANGE 2.4Ghz,abandalready crowdedwithcordless phones Hotspotsarealready establishedusingb. Equipmentisreadily available. 5Ghz,anuncrowdedband 2.4Ghz,stillacrowdof cordlessphonesand microwaves giscompatiblewiththe specsforb,meaningitcan beusedonanetworkbased onborgversions. 2575feetindoors 100150feetindoors 802.11b 54Mbps 802.11a 54Mbps 802.11g

FREQUENCY

ACCEPTANCE

Morecommonin corporateandoffice environments.

Ubiquitous Computing

16

IrDA,Bluetooth,andIEEE802.11
Type How Transmitted Freq. Speed Range Governing Body UsedWhere UsedFor KeyFeatures
Homes, Computers/PD As cheap; simple;low power lowpower;only 8devices; adaptive frequency

IrDA

Infraredlight

.1Mb/sec

36ft

Offices

Blue tooth

RadioWaves

2.4GHz

1Mb/sec

upto33ft

BluetoothSpecial InterestGroup (SIG)

Homes, Offices, Cellphones

Connecting Peripheralsto Computers

802.11a

RadioWaves

5GHz

54Mb/sec

2575ft

IEEE

Morecommon incorporate& officeenvr.

Computers/ PDAs

shortrange; veryfast;has ownfreq.

802.11b

RadioWaves

2.4GHz

11Mb/sec

100150 ft

IEEE

Homes,Offices, Campuses, Hotspots

Computers/ PDAs

largerrange; fast;crowded freq.

802.11g

RadioWaves

2.5GHz

54Mb/sec

100150 ft

IEEE

Homes,Offices, Campuses,Hot spots

Computers/ PDAs

largerrange; veryfast; crowdedfreq.

Ubiquitous Computing

17

WIRELESSNETWORKS

WIRELESS LOCALAREANETWORK(WLAN)

Ubiquitous Computing

18

WHYWLAN?

Providinghighbandwidthtousersinalimitedarea Physicalandenvironmentalnecessity Theoperationalenvironmentmaynotaccommodateawired network

Ubiquitous Computing

19

ChallengesandConstraintsofWLAN

FrequencyAllocation InterferenceandReliability Security PowerConsumption HumanSafety Mobility Throughput

Ubiquitous Computing

20

TwoWLANstandards

HighPerformanceEuropeanRadioLAN

EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI) Transmissiondataratesupto23.529Mb/s IEEE Transmissiondatarates1Mb/swithoptionalsupportfor2Mb/s

IEEE802.11WLAN

Ubiquitous Computing

21

Bandwidthcapabilities

802.11boffers11mb/sec

Currentstandard 2.4GHzband

802.11awilldeliverupto54mb/sec

AlsoreferstoWiFi 5GHzband

802.11g

futurestandard Backwardswith802.11b

Ubiquitous Computing

22

IEEE802.11WLAN(MACSchemes)

DistributedCoordinationFunction(DCF)

Similartotraditionallegacypacketnetworks. Supportasynchronousdatatransmission:email,filetransfer etc. Basedonpollingthatiscontrolledbyaccesspoint(AP) Supportdelaysensitivedatatransmission:packetizedvoiceand video

PointCoordinationFunction(PCF)

Ubiquitous Computing

23

PhysicalLayer

Frequencyhoppingspreadspectrum(FHSS)

2.4GHzISMBand TwolevelGaussianfrequencyshiftkeyingfor1Mb/s FourlevelGaussianfrequencyshiftkeyingfor2Mb/s 2.4GHzISMBand Differentialbinaryphaseshiftkeyingfor1Mb/s Differentialquadraturephaseshiftkeyingfor2Mb/s Wavelengthrangefrom850to950nm 16pulsepositionmodulationfor1Mb/s 4pulsepositionmodulationfor2Mb/s

Ubiquitous Computing

Directsequencespreadspectrum(DSSS)

IR

24

MultipleAccessStrategies

Comparisonofmultipleaccessstrategies: 1.FDMA A quite old technology, in which we divide the frequency band into different frequency channels and users share these channels in order to get access 2.TDMA it`s time division multiplexing technology, in which users time-share the used spectrum (e.g. PCM-technology) 3.CDMA in this technology all users use the same spectrum simultaneously, but the number of users is limited by multiple-access interference 4.SDMA in this, users share the spectrum in angular direction with the use of smart antennas Real systems use usually a hybrid of two or more of these multipleaccess strategies (growth strategy, complexity of systems, existing systems)
Ubiquitous Computing

25

ComparisionofMultipleAccessStrategies

modulation FDMA and TDMA relies on bandwith efficient modulation, CDMA - simple modulation, SDMA transparent source coding FDMA and TDMA- improves efficiency CDMA - improves efficiency SDMA transparent diversity FDMA and TDMA requires multiple transmitters or receivers TDMA - can be also frequency hopped CDMA - includes frequency diversity when implemented with RAKE receiver SDMA single antenna reduces space diversity handover FDMA and TDMA hard CDMA soft and SDMA potentially soft flexibility FDMA fixed data rate, TDMA data rate variable in discrete steps, CDMA can provide a variety of data retes without affecting signal in space, SDMA - transparentUbiquitous Computing 26

PhysicalLayer

Toomanygadgetswantwirelessspectrum:garageopeners,radio stations,WLAN,etc FCCallocateswirelessspectrum:somelicensed,someunlicensed.E.g Radio(Mirchi)94.5FMlicensed FCCsolvesdemandproblemsbylumpingmanyusersintoISMbands (900MHz,2.4GHz,5.5GHz) EachcountrydecidesitsISMbands.Only2.4GHzworldwide WLANsuseISMbands Interferencebetweendevicescanbeaproblem:usespreadspectrum FCCpreviouslymandatedspreadspectruminISMbands,droppedthis in2002 Result?MyhomephonenowinterfereswithWLAN Speedincreases802.11bgaremostlyfromPHYlayeradvances:e.g. moresymbolspernbits
Ubiquitous Computing

27

MACSublayerIssues

MediumAccessControl(MAC)layerisfirstprotocollayerabove unreliablewirelessmedium Needtoperformmediumaccessfunctionwhilecompensatingfor wirelesschannel PHYlayereffectsonMAC:

Channel:slow,asymmetric,timevarying(fading) Errors:randomandburst Locationdependentcarriersensing

HiddenTerminal ExposedTerminal Captureeffect 28

Ubiquitous Computing

Hidden/ExposedTerminal

(a) Hidden station problem.

(b) Exposed station problem.

RTS-CTS handshake before starting transmission solves hidden terminal, called Collision Avoidance Ubiquitous Computing 29

MACSubLayer

WhynotuseoldMACstandardslikeEthernet? Ethernet(CSMA/CD)detectscollisionbymeasuringvoltage levels.WirelessMACcannotrelyonthisbecauseofpresenceof highatmosphericnoise Tokenbasedprotocolsarebadideabecausetokeneasilylost Centralizedprotocolslikepollingmeanarbiterisalwayson, preferablywired,onepointoffailure(battery,jamming,etc)

Ubiquitous Computing

30

802.11MACSubLayer

WhattechniquesareusedinwirelessMACs? 2mainstandards:IEEE802.11,orEuropeanHiperLAN2 802.11:

Infrastructure:usesAccessPoints(AP),oradhoc DistributedMACprotocol(CSMA/CA) RTSCTSDATAACKpacketsequence(ACKseachpkt) Retransmissions:giveupearly(7retriesinsteadof10inEthernet) becauseretriesdonothelpjamming. ExponentialbackoffalgorithmlikeEthernet Timesynchronization:APperiodicallybroadcaststime Priorityscheme:differentwaitperiodsfordifferenttypesofpackets, trafficcalledInterframeSpace(IFS).E.g.ongoingconversation (CTS,DATA,fragment)<newmultimediatraffic<nonmultimedia newtraffic Ubiquitous Computing 31

Topologies

InfrastructureMode Accesspoints

PeerToPeer(Adhoc) Computertocomputerdirectradio transmission Onecomputercanactasagateway tothewirednetwork

Ubiquitous Computing

32

Elementsofawirelessnetwork
wirelesshosts laptop,PDA,IPphone runapplications maybestationary(non mobile)ormobile

network infrastructure

wirelessdoesnotalways meanmobility

Ubiquitous Computing

33

Elementsofawirelessnetwork
basestation typicallyconnectedto wirednetwork relayresponsiblefor sendingpacketsbetween wirednetworkandwireless host(s)initsarea e.g.,celltowers 802.11accesspoints

network infrastructure

Ubiquitous Computing

34

Elementsofawirelessnetwork
wirelesslink typicallyusedtoconnect mobile(s)tobasestation alsousedasbackbonelink multipleaccessprotocol coordinateslinkaccess variousdatarates, transmissiondistance

network infrastructure

Ubiquitous Computing

35

Elementsofawirelessnetwork
infrastructuremode basestationconnects mobilesintowirednetwork handoff:mobilechanges basestationproviding connectionintowired network

network infrastructure

Ubiquitous Computing

36

Elementsofawirelessnetwork
Adhocmode nobasestations nodescanonlytransmitto othernodeswithinlink coverage nodesorganizethemselves intoanetwork:route amongthemselves

Ubiquitous Computing

37

WirelessLinkCharacteristics
Differencesfromwiredlink.

decreasedsignalstrength:radiosignalattenuatesasit propagatesthroughmatter(pathloss) interferencefromothersources:standardizedwireless networkfrequencies(e.g.,2.4GHz)sharedbyother devices(e.g.,phone);devices(motors)interfereaswell multipathpropagation:radiosignalreflectsoffobjects ground,arrivingaddestinationatslightlydifferenttimes

.makecommunicationacross(evenapointtopoint)wirelesslink muchmoredifficult

Ubiquitous Computing

38

Wirelessnetworkcharacteristics
Multiplewirelesssendersandreceiverscreateadditionalproblems (beyondmultipleaccess):
A C B
As signal strength

C
Cs signal strength

Hiddenterminalproblem

space

B,Aheareachother B,Cheareachother A,Ccannotheareachother meansA,Cunawareoftheirinterference atB

Signalfading:

B,Aheareachother B,Cheareachother A,Ccannotheareachother interferringatB

Ubiquitous Computing

39

802.11LANarchitecture

Internet

wirelesshostcommunicateswith basestation

basestation=accesspoint (AP)

AP BSS 1

hub, switch or router

BasicServiceSet(BSS)(aka cell)ininfrastructuremode contains:

wirelesshosts accesspoint(AP):basestation adhocmode:hostsonly

AP

BSS 2
Ubiquitous Computing

40

802.11:Channels,association

APadminchoosesfrequencyforAP interferencepossible:channelcanbesameasthat chosenbyneighboringAP! host:mustassociatewithanAP scanschannels,listeningforbeaconframescontaining APsname(SSID)andMACaddress selectsAPtoassociatewith mayperformauthentication willtypicallyrunDHCPtogetIPaddressinAPs subnet

802.11b:2.4GHz2.485GHzspectrumdividedinto11channels atdifferentfrequencies

Ubiquitous Computing

41

IEEE802.11:multipleaccess

avoidcollisions:2+nodestransmittingatsametime 802.11:CSMAsensebeforetransmitting

dontcollidewithongoingtransmissionbyothernode difficulttoreceive(sensecollisions)whentransmittingduetoweakreceived signals(fading) cantsenseallcollisionsinanycase:hiddenterminal,fading goal:avoidcollisions:CSMA/C(ollision)A(voidance)

A
As signal strength

802.11:nocollisiondetection!

C A B

C
Cs signal strength

space

Ubiquitous Computing

42

IEEE802.11MACProtocol:CSMA/CA
802.11sender 1ifsensechannelidleforDIFSthen
transmitentireframe(noCD) 2ifsensechannelbusythen startrandombackofftime timercountsdownwhilechannelidle transmitwhentimerexpires ifnoACK,increaserandombackoffinterval,repeat2
data
sender
DIFS

receiver

802.11receiver ifframereceivedOK
returnACKafterSIFS(ACKneededduetohidden terminalproblem)

SIFS

ACK

Ubiquitous Computing

43

Avoidingcollisions(more)
idea:allowsendertoreservechannelratherthanrandomaccessofdata
frames:avoidcollisionsoflongdataframes

senderfirsttransmitssmallrequesttosend(RTS)packetstoBSusing CSMA

RTSsmaystillcollidewitheachother(buttheyreshort)

BSbroadcastscleartosendCTSinresponsetoRTS RTSheardbyallnodes

sendertransmitsdataframe otherstationsdefertransmissions

Avoid data frame collisions completely using small reservation packets!

Ubiquitous Computing

44

CollisionAvoidance:RTSCTSexchange

Ubiquitous Computing

45

802.11frame:addressing
2
frame control

2
duration

2
seq control

6
address 4

02312
payload

4
CRC

address address address 1 2 3

Address 1: MAC address of wireless host or AP to receive this frame Address 2: MAC address of wireless host or AP transmitting this frame

Address 3: used only in ad hoc mode Address 3: MAC address of router interface to which AP is attached

Ubiquitous Computing

46

802.11frame:addressing
Internet

H1 AP

R1 router

R1 MAC addr AP MAC addr

dest.address sourceaddress

802.3 frame AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr

address1 address2 address3

802.11 frame
Ubiquitous Computing

47

802.11frame:more
duration of reserved transmission time (RTS/CTS) 2
frame control

frame seq # (for reliable ARQ) 2 6

address 4

2
duration

02312
payload

4
CRC

address address address 1 2 3

seq control

2
Protocol version

2
Type

4
Subtype

1
To AP

1
From AP

1
More frag

1
Retry

1
Power mgt

1
More data

1
WEP

1
Rsvd

frame type (RTS, CTS, ACK, data)

Ubiquitous Computing

48

PeerToPeer(AdhocMode)
Eachcomputerwithawirelessinterfacecan communicatedirectlywithalloftheothers

Ubiquitous Computing

49

InfrastructureMode
Accesspointactsasahub,providingconnectivity forthewirelesscomputers

Ubiquitous Computing

50

WirelessHardware

Accesspoint FunctionsjustlikeanEthernethub Sharedmedia 816portversions ReceiverNetworkInterfaceCard PCCardsforLaptops PCIforDesktops PDAversionsavailable

Ubiquitous Computing

51

WIRELESSNETWORKS

BLUETOOTH

Ubiquitous Computing

52

TheCoreConcept

Interconnecteddevicesformapersonalareanetwork(PAN)via lowerpowerRF

Typicalrange:10meters Maximumrange:100meters

DevicesconnecttothePANadhoc Devicesretaintheirindividualfunctionality DevicesaugmentthePANwiththeirindividualfunctionality PAN'saremobileandisdefinedintermsofthemobilityofthe devicesinthePAN

SomePANdevicescanbestationary

PAN'scanbridgewithotherPAN'sseemlessly 53

Ubiquitous Computing

BlueToothArchitecture

Ubiquitous Computing

54

BluetoothArchitecture

Master/SlaveDefinition NetworkTopology

pointtopoint pointtomultipoint piconets

data

ARQ CRC FEC continuousvariable slopedeltamodulation (CSVD)

RobustAirProtocoland AdaptiveRange

voice

frequencyhopping

1600persecond 791MHzhopsacross theentirebandwidth

receivedsignalstrength indicator(RSSI) 55

Ubiquitous Computing

BluetoothArchitectureCont...

EstablishingNetwork Connections

messagetypes

identifyunits dynamicconnections connectionstates

PAGE INQUIRY

LinkTypes

STANDBY PARK HOLD SNIFF connected

synchronousconnection orientedlink(SCO) asynchronous connectionlesslink(ACL)

Ubiquitous Computing

56

BluetoothPacketStructure
Packet Access Code

Header

Ubiquitous Computing

57

WIRELESSNETWORKS

SENSORSNETWORKS

Ubiquitous Computing

58

SensorsandSmartSpaces

Sensewhat?

Human:motion,mood,identity,gesture Environmental:temperature,sound,light/vision,humidity Location

Environmentaliseasy,simplyintegrate Humanisalittleharder

Where:location(easiest): Who:Identification How:(Mood)happy,sad,bored(gesturerecognition) What:eating,cooking(metatask) Why:reasonforactions(extremelyhard!) Note:Humanrelated(gesture,mood,etc)easierwithcamerasthan sensors

Ubiquitous Computing

59

SensorNode

1000sperroom lowpower,multifunctional,lowcost Sensing,dataprocessing,communication Sensesspecificphenomenon,minimalprocessingandsendsresults toasinknode SmallOS,programmable Also:newRFIDtagpush

Ubiquitous Computing

60

SensorNetworking

Sensornetworkissimilartoadhocnetworkwithfewdifferences:

Manymorenetworknodes Sensornodesaredenselydeployed Deployment?Throwabunchintophenomenon Sensorsarepronetofailure Manynodes=>topologychangelikely Sensornodesusebroadcast,adhocnetworkstendtobepoint topoint Sensornodesmorelimitedpower,CPU,etc GloballydistinctID(IPaddress)notfeasiblebecauseof numberofnodes 61

Ubiquitous Computing

SensorProtocolStack

Sensornetworkimpactsdifferentlayers Someissuessuchaspowermanagementpermeatemultiplelayers SensorPHYlayer

similartoadhocnetwork sensorhardwaredesigngettingmoremature Stillperformmediaaccess Addselforganizing:Initially(throwing)andifnodesgodown Evenbetterresourcemanagement(power,bandwidth)

SensorMAClayer

Ubiquitous Computing

62

SensorNetworkLayer

Distinguishbetweenyourtrafficandother(routing)traffic Ifyouarealreadycommittedtohelping,goodsensornodemay dropitsownpackets!! Multipleoptimalroutes:

Maximumpoweravailableroute Minimumenergyroute Minimumhoproute,etc

Sensorroutermaydominimalprocessingtoaggregatepackets frommultiplenodes AttributebasednaminginsteadofIPaddress.E.g.allnodesin regionwithtempover70degreesbetterthantempreadingorIP address

Ubiquitous Computing

63

SensorTransportLayer

Almostnoworkonsensortransportlayer Splitconnectionsmaybepromising ACKstooexpensiveforsensornetwork AttributebasednamingreplacesIPaddresses Dynamic/selfsetup,currentlyhumanconfiguresallnetwork nodes

Ubiquitous Computing

64

WIRELESSNETWORKS

MOBILITY

Ubiquitous Computing

65

Whatismobility?

spectrumofmobility,fromthenetworkperspective:
high mobility

no mobility

mobile wireless user, using same access point

mobile user, connecting/ disconnecting from network using DHCP.

mobile user, passing through multiple access point while maintaining ongoing connections (like cell phone)

Ubiquitous Computing

66

Mobility:Vocabulary
home network: permanent home of mobile
(e.g., 128.119.40/24)

home agent: entity that will perform mobility functions on behalf of mobile, when mobile is remote

wide area network

Permanent address: address in home network, can always be used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186
correspondent

Ubiquitous Computing

67

Mobility:morevocabulary
Permanent address: remains constant (e.g., 128.119.40.186) visited network: network in which mobile currently resides (e.g., 79.129.13/24)

Care-of-address: address in visited network.

(e.g., 79,129.13.2)

wide area network

correspondent: wants to communicate with mobile

Ubiquitous Computing

home agent: entity in visited network that performs mobility functions on behalf of mobile.

68

Howdoyoucontactamobilefriend:
Considerfriendfrequentlychanging addresses,howdoyoufindher?

I wonder where Alice moved to?

searchallphonebooks? callherparents? expecthertoletyouknow wherehe/sheis?

Ubiquitous Computing

69

Mobility:approaches
1.Letroutinghandleit:routersadvertisepermanentaddressof mobilenodesinresidenceviausualroutingtableexchange.

routingtablesindicatewhereeachmobilelocated nochangestoendsystems indirectrouting:communicationfromcorrespondentto mobilegoesthroughhomeagent,thenforwardedtoremote directrouting:correspondentgetsforeignaddressof mobile,sendsdirectlytomobile OFMOBILES

Ubiquitous Computing

2.Letendsystemshandleit:

FIRSTAPPROACHISNOTSCALABLETOMILLIONS

70

Mobility:registration
home network visited network

wide area network

foreign agent contacts home agent home: this mobile is resident in my network

mobile contacts foreign agent on entering visited network

Endresult:

Foreignagentknowsaboutmobile Homeagentknowslocationofmobile
Ubiquitous Computing

71

MobilityviaIndirectRouting
home agent intercepts packets, forwards to foreign agent foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile

visited network
3

home network
wide area network

1 correspondent addresses packets using home address of mobile

4 mobile replies directly to correspondent

Ubiquitous Computing

72

IndirectRouting:comments

Mobileusestwoaddresses:

permanentaddress:usedbycorrespondent(hencemobile locationistransparenttocorrespondent) careofaddress:usedbyhomeagenttoforward datagramstomobile

foreignagentfunctionsmaybedonebymobileitself trianglerouting:correspondenthomenetworkmobile

inefficientwhen

correspondent,mobile areinsamenetwork
Ubiquitous Computing

73

IndirectRouting:movingbetweennetworks

supposemobileusermovestoanothernetwork

registerswithnewforeignagent newforeignagentregisterswithhomeagent homeagentupdatecareofaddressformobile packetscontinuetobeforwardedtomobile(butwithnew careofaddress)

mobility,changingforeignnetworkstransparent:ongoing connectionscanbemaintained!

Ubiquitous Computing

74

MobilityviaDirectRouting
correspondent forwards to foreign agent foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile

visited network
4

home network
2 1
wide area network

4 mobile replies directly to correspondent

correspondent requests, receives foreign address of mobile

Ubiquitous Computing

75

MobilityviaDirectRouting:comments

overcometriangleroutingproblem nontransparenttocorrespondent:correspondentmustget careofaddressfromhomeagent

whatifmobilechangesvisitednetwork?

Ubiquitous Computing

76

Accommodatingmobilitywithdirectrouting
anchorforeignagent:FAinfirstvisitednetwork dataalwaysroutedfirsttoanchorFA whenmobilemoves:newFAarrangestohavedataforwarded fromoldFA(chaining)

wide area network

anchor foreign agent

foreignnetvisited atsessionstart

2 4 5 3
newforeign agent new foreign network

correspondent

correspondent agent

Ubiquitous Computing

77

MobileIP

RFC3220 hasmanyfeaturesweveseen:

homeagents,foreignagents,foreignagentregistration, careofaddresses,encapsulation(packetwithina packet) indirectroutingofdatagrams agentdiscovery registrationwithhomeagent

threecomponentstostandard:

Ubiquitous Computing

78

MobileIP

MobileIPassignsmobilehost2addresses:fixedhomeaddress andcareofaddresswhichchangeswithnewnetworks Analogy?POorfriendforwardsmail TCPconnectionsneedssame(srcIP,srcport,destIP,destport), usesfixedhomeaddress IPneedsIPofnewmobilehostnetwork,usescareofaddress Homeagentinhomenetwork

receivespacketsaddressedtofixedhomeaddress, encapsulatesitinnewpacketwithcareofaddressand forwardsittoforeignnetwork(tunneling)

Mobilehostdoesreverseencapsulationinforeignnetworkso thatitsTCPconnectionsstillworkwell Ubiquitous Computing 79

MobileIP:indirectrouting
foreign-agent-to-mobile packet packet sent by home agent to foreign agent: a packet within a packet
dest: 79.129.13.2 dest: 128.119.40.186 dest: 128.119.40.186

Permanent address: 128.119.40.186 Care-of address: 79.129.13.2

dest: 128.119.40.186

packet sent by correspondent

Ubiquitous Computing

80

MobileIP:agentdiscovery

agentadvertisement:foreign/homeagentsadvertiseserviceby broadcastingICMPmessages(typefield=9)
0 type=9 8 code=0 =9 routeraddress 16 24 checksum =9 standard ICMPfields

H,F bits: home and/or foreign agent R bit: registration required

type=16

length

sequence# RBHFMGV reserved bits mobilityagent advertisement extension

registrationlifetime

0ormorecareof addresses
Ubiquitous Computing

81

MobileIP:registrationexample
home agent HA: 128.119.40.7

foreign agent COA: 79.129.13.2

visited network: 79.129.13/24

ICMP agent adv.

COA:79.129.13.2

Mobile agent MA: 128.119.40.186

registration req.
COA:79.129.13.2 HA:128.119.40.7 MA:128.119.40.186 Lifetime:9999 identification:714 encapsulationformat .

registration req.
COA:79.129.13.2 HA:128.119.40.7 MA:128.119.40.186 Lifetime:9999 identification:714 .

registration reply time

HA:128.119.40.7 MA:128.119.40.186 Lifetime:4999 Identification:714 encapsulationformat .

registration reply
HA:128.119.40.7 MA:128.119.40.186 Lifetime:4999 Identification:714 .

Ubiquitous Computing

82

Mobility:GSMversusMobileIP
GSMelement CommentonGSMelement MobileIPelement

Homesystem GatewayMobile SwitchingCenter,or homeMSC.Home LocationRegister(HLR) VisitedSystem VisitedMobileservices SwitchingCenter. VisitorLocationRecord (VLR) MobileStationRoaming Number(MSRN),or roamingnumber

Networktowhichthemobileuserspermanent phonenumberbelongs HomeMSC:pointofcontacttoobtainroutable addressofmobileuser.HLR:databaseinhome systemcontainingpermanentphonenumber, profileinformation,currentlocationofmobileuser, subscriptioninformation Networkotherthanhomesystemwheremobile useriscurrentlyresiding

Homenetwork Homeagent

Visitednetwork

VisitedMSC:responsibleforsettingupcallsto/from Foreignagent mobilenodesincellsassociatedwithMSC.VLR: temporarydatabaseentryinvisitedsystem, containingsubscriptioninformationforeachvisiting mobileuser Routableaddressfortelephonecallsegment betweenhomeMSCandvisitedMSC,visibleto neitherthemobilenorthecorrespondent. Careofaddress

Ubiquitous Computing

83