The major types of waste found in urban areas of Kanpur are: (a) Household waste/institution waste, (b) construction

and demolition waste, (c) industrial waste (toxic and non-toxic), (d) specialized waste (bio-medical waste, slaughter house waste, garden/road side tree waste, faecal waste, drain and sever silt, hotel and marriage hall waste, fly ash and toxic sludge, cattle waste). The study identified the following shortcomings in the prevalent system of waste collection uneconomic use of manpower and financial resources; lack of effective control and supervision; dilapidated equipment and carts; lack of any safety equipments to workers; shortage of waste bins; lack of proper time management; lack of people participation; absenteeism and proxy employment of KNN employees; less workers per thousand population; inconvenient locations and shortage of waste bins; no definite record or weighing of the waste. Large variations are existing in waste bin to population ratios and distance between bin and domestic waste sources in different wards. The study brought out the fact that about 2/3rd of the total manpower is used for collection of the waste up to the bins. This brings about a shortage in manpower for secondary collection, segregation, transport and disposal aspects. The actual operation of primary waste collection is the responsibility of chief health officer who is assisted by zonal health officers. The officers have medical qualification and have to look after other health related functions too. There is also a shortage of support staff. As against the recommended 2-3 workers/thousand population, it is only around 1 worker/thousand. A large number of posts are vacant due to scarcity of funds. The secondary collection and transportation of waste is the responsibility of the city cleaning department (Rubbish Department). Kanpur once known as Manchester of India is today in a state of industrial decline. It is still a major industrial centre with operational large defense establishments, textile mills, automobile industry, power plant, vegetable oil mills, tanneries along with leather goods export units along with a large number of ancillary units related to metals, leather, food, rubber, plastic, hosiery, garments, chemical, paper, cotton textiles, machinery parts, etc. These are concentrated mostly in government industrial estates at Kalpi Road and Fazalganj areas, Dadanagar cooperative Industrial estate, Panki, Jajmau and Rania industrial areas. Despite the fact that the industrial waste disposal is not the responsibility of KNN, it has burdened the city by its waste and by-products. As the old units are now surrounded by residential colonies over time, it is difficult to deal it separately. The Panki thermal power plant consuming about 2000 tons of coal per day discharges about 780 tons of fly ash to 104.4 hectare Ash pond. The over flown alkaline water along with fly ash blocks the drains. The effluent treatment plant is set up with a capacity of 36 million litres per day for handling tannery effluents. The three parts of domestic sewage is mixed to one part of effluent as it uses anaerobic technology. This sewage used becomes highly toxic and no proper handling of the same is observed. The sludge is dumped at 12.4 hectare site at Rooma is hazardous and is found to be burning by itself.

The municipal authorities made an abortive attempt by starting a bio-composting plant at Panki in 1980 with the participation of a private developer with an investment of 1.08 crores. It was closed after a few months owing to lack of governance, improper and inefficient segregation, poor quality of the compost, lack of marketing and the reduction of organic content during transit from source to final disposal site.

The study has found that the population engaged in the informal segment of waste management at Kanpur are largely self employed with no institutional support. The rage pickers are largest number followed by kabaddis, retailes, wholesalers, bone collectors, and others. They are migrated from adjoining Bundelkhand region, M.P., bihar and Bengal, in search of livelihood. The major cause of migration was found to be non availability of employment in their native area (77.11%), followed by low wages and poverty (13.85%), motivation by old migrants (4.22%). Most of the respondents were found to be living in slums and squatters settlement on the railway and municipal land. Almost all the rag pickers lived on illegal settlements devoid of any civic amenities. For water (46.63%) depended upon municipal hand pumps, followed by 28.22% of them who were dependent upon municipal water connection, mostly illegally acquired. About 97.82% of rag pickers had no electricity while rest of them depended on illegal connection. In absence of any sanitary facility, majority of the respondents use open fields. In the segment of rag pickers, the majority used their native regional language for communication (84.78%). It was revealed the most of the respondents had a nuclear family structure (66.06%) and are Hindu by religion (62.42%). It was revealed that most of the informal sector respondents are in the age group of 25 to 30 years (22.42%) and in 30 to 35 years (24.85%). Only 1.21% of them found to be in the group of 55 to 60 years owing to the strenuous nature of the job. Random presence of child rag pickers are also noticed. The activities essentially found to be male dominated (72.22%). According to collected data 67.35% of rag pickers have 2-4 children, while only 10.20% of them have more than 4 children. Distribution of rag pickers by monthly reveals that the majority of them are in the income group of Rs. 1000-1500 (35.42%) and 1500-2000 (43.75%). Variations in the average monthly income were noticed strata with lowest being that of rag pickers (Rs.1527) and highest of the whole sales (Rs. 10700). The study revealed that a majority of respondents worked single handed by (55.03) but in substratum of rag pickers about 46.94% families had 2 to 3 working members. The study also revealed. That the major item of monthly expenditure was food and fuel which accounted for 64.60 of the budget followed housing and clothing 8.99% ; health and entertainment 6.86% and other 13.39%. As regards the monthly saving it was noticed that the 81.25% of rag pickers has no monthly savings as against the overall average of the segment of 34.35. The level of family assets was extremely low with majority of their hold assets in range of Rs. 1000 to 4000.The percentage of rag pickers who were illiterates was 81.25 while he rest had only primary education. All the children of rag pickers drop out of the school between age group 4-8

The KNN staff was not found to be engaged in the segregation of re-usable, recyclable or saleabec material from was a. The segregation of recyclable waste is also not prochied by a majority of households and establishment . The informal jechor participation (ragpickess) and found to be engaged in segregating and collecting dry and wes roote both for their livelihood. The informal sector participate are collecting about 10 percent of household and establishment waste. There exish are large network of regpicken, kabaris, jojis, retail and wholesale wooti dealers. The informal sector is responsible for a large saving his collection craus fortahim disposal costs resulting into saving of landfill site. The secondary data was collected from diffirent central and state government department & staritaical agencies along with other non- governmental sources.