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Download this Document for Free mon bus bar/load on the secondary side. Such requirement isquently encountered in practice. The reasons that necessitate t o a f a u l t o r i s t a k e n o u t f o r m a i n t e n a n c e / r e p a i r t h e l o a d c a n ers working in parallel on the primary side.ing the polarities they are connected tos t e x i s t b e t w e e n t h e v o l t a g e s o f t h e t w o t r a n s f o r m e r s . T h e s e s are examined first with reference to single phasee voltage ratio Generally the turns ratio and voltage ratio are siderable current can be drawn by the transformers and they aller machines must have larger ohmic impedance. Thus thes must be in the inverse ratios of the ratings. As the voltagen k s i t i s possible to have permanent phase error between t h e es with substantial circulating current. Such transformer banksmers having 30ralleled with the one with 30ase angle, the phase minals. If the phase sequences are not the same then the two ase sequence

indicator. Performance of two or more single ays two transformers of equal voltage ratios are selected forr k i n g i n p a r a l l e l . T h i s w a y o n e c a n a v o i d a c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t ivalent Circuit for Transformers working in Parallel -Simplifiedminal voltage is V = IZnsformer, at a larger current. Thus the ohmic values of thep e d a n c e s m u s t b e i n t h e i n v e r s e r a t i o o f t h e r a t i n g s o f t h e asor diagram of operation for these conditions. The drops are g n i f i e d a n d s h o w n t o i m p r o v e c l a r i t y . I t i s s e e n t h a t t h e t o t a l nsformers is v but the currents Ie f o r c e d t o h a v e a nts of ther p.u) impedances must be the same. In order to a v o i d a n y ce and to share active and reactive powers also properly, _ e same. In such cases the circuit representation for parallel -load secondary emf. Ze l o a d i m p e d a n c e a t t h e d Ire will be a circulating current between the transformers. The lation of load currents following the method suggested above Parallel Generator TheoremCombining these equationsGrouping the terms togetherFrom this V can be obtained. Substituting V in Eqn. 98, I A ,I B etc can beobtained. Knowing the individual current phasor, the load shared byeach transformer can be computed. Loading Considerations When ParallelingTransformers . Introduction In this section we will look at the conditions under which transformers can be connected in parallel and theirloading

considerations when turn ratios, impedances, and kVA ratings are different. Generally whentransformers are installed in parallel they have the same kVA, turn ratios, and impedances. As systems

change over time, and transformers are replaced or added, users need to conceptualize the role ofcirculating currents and load sharing and understand the impact of paralleling transformers using differentparameters. Paralleled transformers have used in electrical distribution systems for many years.Transformers are generally paralleled in industrial and commercial facilities to Make power systems more reliable

Provide better power quality Prevent voltage sags Add load requirements.Electrical utilities are ideal examples of these applications. Their main objectives are reliability and powerquality, along with keeping consumers on-line. Many times auto-tap transformers are used to adjust voltagelevels due to loading conditions. Often these tap changes produce circulating current in parallel-operatedtransformers. Though most engineers may know that these parameters are important when parallelingtransformers, there are some misconceptions of when circulating currents actually exist. We shall discussthese issues in the following sections. Principles of Paralleling Transformers connected in parallel have the same voltage on each primary and the same voltage on eachsecondary. The difference in the voltage between the primary and secondary windings is the turn ratios. Forthese terminal voltages to be the same for the paralleled transformers, their impedance should also beidentical to ensure that under any condition of load, the current will be divided such that the voltage drop inone transformer is equal to voltage drop in the other transformer.. Also, if the turn ratios of the transformersare different, but the primary and secondary terminal voltages are the same in both transformers, thencirculating currents must flow between the transformers, even at no load Limiting Conditions and Transformer Parallel Connection Types Transformers are suitable for parallel operation when their turn ratios, percent impedances, and X/R ratiosare the same. Connecting transformers when one of these parameters is

different results in either circulatingcurrents or unwanted current division. Both of these situations lower the efficiency and reduce the maximumamount of load the combined transformers can carry. Typically, transformers should not be operated inparallel when: The division of load is such that, with the total load current equal to the combined kVA rating of thetransformers, one of the transformers is overloaded. The no-load circulating currents in any transformer exceed 10% of the full load rating . The combination of the circulating currents and full load current exceed the full load rating of eithertransformer.From the list above, the circulating currents represent the current flowing at no load in the high and lowvoltage windings, excluding exciting currents. Full load current is the current flowing in the transformer with aload connected, absent of exciting and circulating currents. Table 1 is an overall summary of differentconnection types of parallel transformers. Refer to the appropriate section in the following pages forexplanations and calculations specific to these different connection types. Types of parallelconnectionEqualloadingUnequalloadingOverloadingco ncernsCirculatingcurrentsRecommendedconnectionsEqualimpedances-Equal ratios-Same KVAY e s N o N o N o

Y e KVAN N o Y e ratiosN Y e N o

s o s o s

-Equalimpedances-Equal ratios-Different Y e s N o -Unequalimpedances-Equal Y e s N o

-Same KVA-Unequalimpedances-Equal ratios-Different KVAN o Y e s Y e s N o N o -Unequalimpedances-Unequal ratios-Same KVAY e s N o Y e s Y e s N o -Unequalimpedances-Unequal ratios-Different KVAN o Y e s Y e s Y e s N o The standard method of connecting transformers in parallel is to have the same turn ratios,

percentimpedances, and kVA ratings. Paralleling is typically accomplished by maintaining a tie breaker in thenormally closed (N.C.) position. Connecting transformers in parallel with the same parameters results inequal load sharing and no circulating currents in the transformer windings. Figure 1: Typical Parallel OperationFigure 2: Typical SinglePhase Parallel Operation

It can be seen by using equations (1) and (2) below, that if the percent impedances in each transformer arethe same, as shown in Figure 1, that there will be equal current division and load sharing on each transformerWhere:I 1 = load current from transformer 1I 2 = load current from transformer 2Z 1 = impedance of transformer 1Z

2 = impedance of transformer 2 The total load current I L =I 1 +I 2 Substituting for Z 1 and Z 2 below into equations (1) and (2) produces thefollowing equations (3) and (4).Where:%Z 1 = % impedance of transformer 1%Z 2 = % impedance of transformer 2kVA 1 = kVA rating of transformer 1kVA 2 = kVA rating of transformer 2 The total load current I L =I 1 +I 2 Since current has a direct relationship with kVA, substituting kVA for current into equation (3) and (4) above,the same

comparison can be made using load kVAL as shown in equations (5) and (6).

The above equations are arithmetically correct only when the ratios between the reactances and resistancesof the transformers are equal. They give accurate results when X/R ratios are large. In other cases, the sumof the individual load current will be greater than the current in the line. This is because of the phasedifference between the currents in the different transformers. Frequently in practice, engineers try to enhance their plant power system by connecting existingtransformers

in parallel that have the same kVA rating, but with different percent impedances. This iscommon when budget constraints limit the purchase of a new transformer with the same parameters. Whatthe engineer needs to understand is that the current divides in inverse proportions to the impedances, andlarger current flows through the smaller impedance. Thus, the lower percent impedance transformer can beoverloaded when subjected to heavy loading while the other higher percent impedance transformer will belightly loaded. Seldom are transformers in industrial and commercial facilities connected to one common bus with differentkVA and unequal percent impedances. However, there may be that one situation where two single-endedsubstations may be tied together via bussing or cables to provide better voltage support when starting largemotors. If the percent impedances and kVA ratings are different, care should be taken when loading thesetransformers. As with the unequal percent impedances shown in 5, the load current carried by the combined transformers will be less than their ratedkVA A good example of a system with circulation currents would be a double-ended substation (similar to Figure1 on page 3) that normally has the tie breaker "open." The operator has decided to close the tie breaker toprovide loading and voltage support for a heavily loaded transformer on the right side. The heavily loadedtransformer's taps have been adjusted to raise the operating voltage, and the transformer on the left sidehas been lightly loaded. What happens when these two transformers are paralleled without changing the tapon the right

transformer to match the left? See Figure 3 for a single phase diagram of circulating currentsdescribed above with no load connected. To calculate the circulating currents, the difference in ratios mustbe expressed in the percentage of the normal ratio. The circulating current is obtained by dividing this valueby the sum of the impedances of the two transformers. This would be the total impedance through which thecirculating current is flowing. Figure 3: Single-Phase Diagram with Circulating

Parallel opn of Transformers Download this Document for FreePrintMobileCollectionsReport Document This is a private document. Info and Rating ratan_mathur7432 Ads by Google Paralleling Switchgear Keep Your Power On With ASCO Emergency & Backup Systems www.emersonnetworkpower.com

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TRANSFORMERS

Transformers are one of the most vital links in industrial type electric powe reliable components in the system. If they are nor overloaded or otherwise trouble-free service. Established records of reliability coupled with the lack of movement, noise in general disregard and neglect. However, because a transformer failure is requiring extensive repair and long down time, regular maintenance proced continued long life and high reliability. For maintenance purposes, transfor categories in accordance with their insulating medium and construction. Th dry type. Each has several variations that will be listed and covered under t recommendations. Each also requires slightly different maintenance techni the dielectric value and/or resistance of the insulation are the major mainten LIQUID FILLED TRANSFORMERS

In a liquid transformer, the core and coils are immersed in the liquid. This an important part of the insulation medium; and second, it serves to transfer where it is dissipated to the air by the cooling fins, tank surface, or radiator liquids in common use. These are: 1. Mineral Insulating Oil 2. Askarel 3. Silicones

Askarel is a nonflammable synthetic insulating fluid which is subject to strict environmental controls and manufacturers instructions shou PCB's ( the better known name for it), comes under severe rules published b should be done by a competent company, as any problems such as law suits must be handled by the original owner and not by the company handling th

CONSTRUCTION OF OIL FILLED TRANSFORM

There are several types of transformers construction regarding the preserva mean the exposure of the insulating oil to the atmosphere. These types are:

1. Free Breathing(open to the air). 2. Restricted Breathing (open to the air through dehydrating compounds). 3. Conservator or expansion tank (exposure to air limited to the conservato 4. Sealed Tanks (a gas space above the liquid serves as a cushion for intern 5. Gas-Oil seal (Exposure to air to the oil in the auxiliary tank). 6. Inert (gas space above the liquid maintained under positive pressure by n In addition to oil preservation, the various cooling methods are:

1. Self cooled (heat is dissipated by the tank surfaces and cooling fins or t 2. Forced Air Cooled (fans are employed to force air over the cooling surf self-cooling rating). 3. Forced Air Cooled/Forced Oil Cooled (an oil pump circulates the oil thr exchange). 4. Water cooled (heat exchange by means of water pumped through a p the transformer tank.

Before going into the testing, inspecting and maintaining of transformers, I types of oil filled transformers, why they are oil filled and what is expected phase of transformer work, many more items will be pointed out. As this is electrical gear in your plant and the most neglected, too much cannot be sa ROUTINE INSPECTIONS

Routine inspections of power transformers should include observations of basis. The period may be once a shift, once a day, once a week, or less freq

by the importance of the transformer, the severity of the operating environm is recommended that a form be adopted by your company and attached to e rating and routine inspection findings can be recorded, and a condition rate in their routine inspection, the following should be established routine for a Load Current--------Daily----------and Record Oil Temperature-----Daily----------and Record Oil Level------------Weekly---------and Record Voltage-------------Weekly---------and Record

These readings for current, voltage and temperature should be taken during level reading taken during the lowest load tests.

CURRENT AND VOLTAGE READINGS Voltage and load current checks are important in routine inspections. If th current rating of the transformer, steps should be taken to reduce this load. Over-voltages can be detrimental to the transformer and it serves. Underload served. If either low or high voltage readings are discovered, steps sho determine the cause and it remedied. Either of the problems listed above ca deteriorate and eventually breakdown.

TEMPERATURE READINGS Transformers are rated to carry their name plate load in KVA with a given temperature is at a standard level. These exact values are stated on the sam transformer with a Class A insulation may be rated to deliver name plate ca temperature rise above 30 degrees centigrade (86 degrees Fahrenheit) ambi readings should be taken at set intervals and a permanent record kept. The indication of the transformers performance and load conditions. Excessive that the cooling system is not working properly. Continued operations at ex deterioration of the oil, and result in reduced life of the winding insulation. chance of total transformer failure.

OIL LEVEL INDICATOR AND PRESSURE/VACUUM GAUGES

Oil levels should be checked as previously outlined, especially after a long temperature. It is at this time that the oil should be at its lowest level. Pres on sealed type transformers are valuable indicators of the conditions of the change with the changes of the oil temperature, leaks above the oil level are indicated or the pressure/vacuum above, both items should be checked. ONE YEAR INSPECTIONS AND REPAIRS

The following work and inspection should without fail, be done at least on always be the de-energizing should always be handled by an approved posi assure against unplanned re-energizing and the resulting hazard to both equ should be performed to assure that the lock-out procedure has been followe equipment. When the transformers has been safely de-energized and locke placed on all phases on both high and low side to ground. After all the abo work should be done. Both primary and secondary connections should be checked for signs of o insulator bushings should be checked for cracks or chipped skirts and the g insulators should be cleaned of any contaminations and any leaks should be should be checked to assure that there are no leaks or corrosion and that the damaged valves or diagrams should be replaced. The tap changer compartment, tank, cooling fins, tubes, radiators and all g be checked for leaks, dirt or corrosion. Leak repair, cleaning or painting sh The conservator tank, inert gas and dehydrating breather equipment shoul accordance with the units manufacturers recommendations. Contamination should be carefully avoided during any type of test. If any insulating oil is to be added to the transformer the oil should be at l To prevent areation (air bubbles from being in the oil), it should be applied

The proper means for this is by a filter press pump. If in an emergency an the oil can be added through the top. It is recommended that at least two th strain the oil through. If large amounts of oil must be added in this manner de-energized long enough to allow the air bubbles to dissipate. Prior to add performed on the oil even if the oil is new. A minimum test value for mine is acceptable. OIL MAINTENANCE AND ANALYSIS

The dielectric strength of the insulating oil is of the most concern. Thus, is directed at detecting any variance from established levels or any deteriora of the dielectric strength. The oxygen in the air, combined with the heat developed during normal op acids and sludge in the oil. This sludge will settle on the horizontal parts of the windings and at the bo the normal circulation of the oil and its ability to dissipate heat. The sludge of the insulating surface. Moisture is the most dangerous contaminant of insulating oils. As small a lower the dielectric strength of the oil below its acceptable value. Of the many test that have been developed to determine the condition of in considered sufficient for average maintenance requirements. 1. The dielectric breakdown voltage test. 2. The acidity test 3. The color test

All three of these tests, plus many more can be and are performed in the fi technicians. I will now outline each of the preceding tests, showing how th for. DIELECTRIC TEST

The dielectric breakdown test measures the ability of an insulating oil to w of failure. This test indicates at what voltage the oil will allow a flash-over particles will cause the oil to breakdown below its acceptable levels. The p A sample of the oil to be tested is placed in a clean "standard" cup so that it are one inch in diameter and have their faces apart by one-tenth of an inch. electrodes and increased gradually until a flash-over occurs. It is an accept tests and the average of the three being considered as the actual dielectric st acceptable value is 22KV for mineral oil, and 25KV for Askarel. Some ma reading below this that the transformer be de-energized immediately ACIDITY TEST

The acidity of oil is a measure of how much it has oxidized and thus deter propensity to form sludge. Acidity is measured by a neutralization number 1.504 as covered in ASTM specification number D877 and/or D1816. This potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the acid in one gram of indicate deterioration but does indicate a possible chemical reaction with or COLOR TEST

The color test is performed by visually comparing the color of the oil to a manufacturers. The color scale on these charts range from 0.5 to 8.0 with n less. New oil will appear to be clear to a light straw color, while a dark red contamination. ADDITIONAL TESTS

If the results of any of the three recommend field tests (dielectric test, acid the acceptable limits more complicated tests may need to be performed. Am flash point, viscosity, specific gravity, interfacial tension, free ions, power f

gas, oxygen (Fyrite) or any of the other tests listed by ASTM D117. South the equipment in our mobile laboratory unit to perform any of the above tes

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MORE INFORMATION ON OIL TESTING.

Transformer Testing, Filtering, and Repair

Testing transformer is very easy if you follow the procedure explained in this article. Generally there are two types of transformer in the market i.e. the linear type and the switch mode power transformer. In this article I'm only explain on how to test the linear transformer. Before that, I would like you to know what the function of a transformer is. The function of a transformer is to change AC voltage. A transformer cannot change direct current (DC) voltage. There are three types of linear transformer:1) Step up transformer-to increase the output voltage. Typical

example is 240v ac input with a 480 volt ac output (high voltage). 2) Step down transformer-to decrease the output voltage. Typical example is 240v ac input with a 12 volt ac output (low voltage).

3) Isolation transformer-produce the same amount of voltage as the input voltage. Typical example is 240 v ac input with a 240 volt ac output. A single transformer can have different independent outputs to serve as a step up transformers as well as step down transformer. The output voltages are then converted into DC voltages with the help of diodes. I would not go too details into transformer theory as this article touch on the topic of how to test a linear transformer. There are three ways or techniques on how to test a transformer: 1) Switch on the equipment and measure the input and output voltage of the transformer with either an analog or digital meter. If there are no voltage or lower voltage then it suppose to be, the transformer need replacement. I personally liked this method because you are testing the transformer under full operating voltage which is very accurate. The disadvantage is that you must be very careful when checking it especially when the power is on'. Make sure you have someone to guide you or else you can try the second method.

2) With power off, remove the transformer from the board and perform a resistance or continuity test on primary and secondary winding as shown on the picture of transformer below. If there is no resistance or ohms reading on the primary and secondary winding measured, suspect an open winding and the transformer need to be replaced. The advantage of this method is, you are safe because no power is applied to the transformer. The disadvantage is checking the resistance for ohms reading is not as accurate as when you perform a ringing test mentioned on the third method. A shorted primary or secondary winding is still checked well under resistance tests. However the good news is when either the primary or secondary winding developed a short circuit, it will usually produced a bad smell and the transformer gets very hot on its core or casing. 3) Perform a ringing test with a ringer tester. Checking the ohms resistance or continuity on a linear transformer is not accurate as compared when using a ringer tester. However there is still one disadvantage which is the winding can go shorted when under full operating voltage even though both windings checks okay with ringer test. Conclusion- The first method is the best choice to test linear transformer accurately, but first you must know how transformer work and get an experienced technician's friend to help you out before performing the test on your own. For some transformers like the UPS (uninterruptible power supply) you need wiring diagrams to assist you because there are so many secondary windings and you may get confused. Lastly, checking switch mode power transformer is different from testing linear transformer. I will cover on how to test a switch mode

transformer in times to Read more at http://www.articlealley.com/article_1268066_45.html?ktrack=k cplink Top 5 To Try Side Effects of Binaural Harmonics What Are the Causes of Electrical Harmonics? The Effect of Harmonics on Electric Metering How to Correct Neutral Harmonics How Is Harmonics Related to Sound? Ads by Google Mr Power Giant Controller Saves 50% of your GEYSER costs! Pays for itself within months. www.mrpower.co.za Reliable Transformers Transformers, chokes, reactors, voltage regulators, plasma cutters. www.reltrans.co.za transformer oil test determine dielectric properties of transformer oil - quick and onsite www.b2hv.com Change-Over Switch (RSA) Change-Over Switch, Isolators Gen.switch (100Amp) (011)462-4253 www.switches.co.za

transformer & substation Power / Distribution Transformer, Package/Compact Substation www.mec-pspt.com The Effect of Harmonics on Current Transformers By HarveyS, eHow Contributor updated: January 13, 2011

Harmonics are non-linear curent in an electrical system. Electronics are widely used in order to increase the efficiency of power system components. This can create non-linear loads referred to as harmonics. These non-linear loads can cause heat issues in some electrical components, including transformers. Overheating in the Transformer 1. Harmonics can result in a heat increase in various parts of a transformer, including the windings, leads, oil and insulation. Leaked energy can take the form of eddy currents that can be transmitted to parts linked by flux and cause further overheating. Effects of Harmonics 2. Overheating from harmonics can result in a shortened service life for transformers as well as major problems for electrical systems. Fires from overheating in electrical components such as transformers have become more common due to harmonic waves. Overheating can also

cause circuit breakers to trip. After a fire or other major event, the entire electrical system must be inspected. K-Factor 3. The amount of harmonic disturbance caused by a device is known as the K-Factor. The higher the K-Factor, the greater the harmonics. The devices that have the highest KFactors are personal com

Read more: The Effect of Harmonics on Current Transformers | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_7769302_effectharmonics-current-transformers.html#ixzz1F5sQzrw2