02 LTE Air Interface and Physical Layer

47pt
LTE Air Interface and Physical Layer
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Contents
Key LTE PHY Technologies LTE PHY Structure Overview Downlink Physical Channels and Signals Uplink Physical Channels and Signals
Key LTE PHY Technologies
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MIMO
64QAM
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) up to 64QAM
LTE
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
SystemBandwidth Sub-carriers
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

SystemBandwidth Single Carrier Sub-frame
Sub-fram e
F requency
Frequency
Tim frequency e resource for U r 1 se Tim frequency e resource for U r 2 se
Time frequency resource for User 1 Time frequency resource for User 2
Tim e
Tim e
Tim frequency e resource for U r 3 se
Time frequency resource for User 3
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OFDM Theory
OFDM Sub-Carriers
Frequency
Serial data stream mapped onto many parallel sub-carriers

Lower symbol rate and longer symbols vs. single-carrier
The sub-carriers are orthogonal

At each sub-carrier center, neighboring sub-carriers ideally have zero amplitude This removes need for inter-sub-carrier guard bands
OFDM leverages the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to synthesize and recover the signal
Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT/IFFT) algorithm reduces computational complexity
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OFDM Tx/Rx Structure

.. ..
s[n]
bit-stream in
Transmitter Add Cyclic Prefix
Serial to Parallel
.. ..

IFFT
Parallel to Serial
s(t)
OFDM signal out
.. ..
Constellation Mapping
.. ..
s[n]
bit-stream out
Receiver Remove Cyclic Prefix
Parallel to Serial
.. ..

FFT
Serial to Parallel
s(t)
OFDM signal in
.. ..
Symbol Detection
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OFDM Cyclic Prefix (CP)

T FFT interval TCP cyclic prefix guard period T + TCP OFDM symbol period max max multi-path delay TCP T Multi-path arrivals
max
ISI-free symbol start region
CP adds overhead but provides inter-symbol interference (ISI) mitigation LTE defines normal CP of 4.7s and extended CP of 16.7s
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 6
Wireless Technology PHY Comparison

Technology UMTS WCDMA LTE Symbol Period 0.26 s (1/3.84Mcps) 66.7 s Channel or Subcarrier Spacing 5 MHz 15 kHz
Symbol period is roughly 1/(channel spacing) for single-carrier systems, 1/(subcarrier spacing) for OFDM LTE: Long OFDM symbol periods and CP mitigate ISI without equalization UMTS: Short symbol periods relative to delay spread requires channel equalization (i.e. rake receiver) to mitigate ISI Rake receiver adds cost/complexity
Huawei Confidential
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OFDM Advantages
Low-complexity UE receiver design
Efficient IFFT/FFT processing Traditional equalizer not needed
Robust fading channel performance

Long symbol time with cyclic prefix provides tolerance to multipath delay spread without equalization
Each sub-carrier modulated independently

Allows MCS adjustment across frequency to match channel conditions
Improved MIMO performance due to flat frequency response per subcarrier
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Page 8
OFDM Limitations
Peak Power Problem The OFDM signal has a large peak to average power ratio (PAPR) Higher power amplifiers are needed leading to increased cost and linearization requirements and decreased power efficiency Low noise receiver amplifiers need larger dynamic range Inter-Carrier-Interference (ICI) Due to narrow subcarrier spacing, frequency offsets, phase noise, and Doppler spread destroy orthogonality and create ICI OFDM design parameters trade off robustness to fading (delay spread) and Doppler (velocity) Capacity and Power Loss Due to Cyclic Prefix Cyclic prefix consumes bandwidth and transmit power
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Downlink based on OFDMA

S ystem Bandw idth Sub-carriers
TTI 1m s Sub-frames
Frequ en cy
Tim e frequency resource for U ser 1 Tim e frequency resource for U ser 2 Tim e frequency resource for U ser 3
T im e
Groups subcarriers Sub-band of 12S ub-carriers
Users are multiplexed onto time and frequency OFDM resources Frequency-diverse scheduling helps maximize spectral efficiency from a system perspective
Huawei Confidential
Page 10
SC-FDMA
m bits 1
Bit to x(0,n) Constellation Mapping Bit to x(1,n) Constellation Mapping
fo
f1
m bits 2
Incoming Bit Stream Serial to Parallel Converter
0 0 0 0 0 N-point IFFT Add cyclic prefix Parallel to Serial converter
M-point fM / 21 DFT FFT fM / 2 fM 2 0 0 0 0 0
m bits M
Bit to x(M- 1,n) Constellation Mapping
fM 1
Additional step
Channel BW
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is a form of DFT Spread-OFDM with adjacent subcarrier mapping
An additional DFT spreads information across all subcarriers Contiguous subcarrier allocation for IFFT results in single-carrier signal
Advantage: The single-carrier signal has generally lower peak-toaverage power ratio (PAPR) which allows use of lower cost UE power amplifier (PA) and reduces UE power consumption Disadvantage: Single-carrier modulation results in ISI and requires equalization
Uplink based on SC-FDMA

System Bandwidth Single Carrier Sub-frame Sub-frames
Frequency
Time frequency resource for User 1 Time frequency resource for User 2
Time
Time frequency resource for User 3
SC-FDMA is used for uplink in LTE As with OFDMA DL, Users are multiplexed onto time and frequency OFDM resources Frequency-diverse scheduling helps maximize spectral efficiency from a system perspective
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Page 12
Flexible Scheduler
Different users experience different fading in time-frequency domain OFDMA and SC-FDMA in LTE support flexible DL/UL scheduling to achieve frequency-selective scheduling gain User 1 User 2
Optimal allocation
SINR
Time
Frequency
Benefits: Increased radio link reliability, cell capacity and coverage

MIMO
MIMO adds spatial dimension to the wireless PHY interface Beamforming (BF) and Transmit Diversity (TD)
Single-stream: improves SINR Mainly for improving coverage through the parallel transmission of differently weighted (BF) or coded (TD) versions of a single stream
Spatial Multiplexing (SM)

Multiple-streams: power is shared (lower SINR per stream) Improves capacity through the parallel transmission of multiple spatial streams on the same time-frequency resources
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MIMO Mode Selection

Shannon Channel Capacity Theorem
Bandwidth-limited (best to use spatial-multiplexing) Throughput SINR-limited (best to use beamforming or transmit diversity)
C = B log 2 (1 + S / N )
SINR
Low SINR: increasing SINR via BF or TD provides improved range and/or throughput gain at the cell edge High SINR: throughput saturates so SM provides best throughput gain despite lower SINR per stream
MIMO Impact on Throughput and Coverage

Throughput vs. Coverage with 4x4 MIMO
Channel rank dictates the number of simultaneous streams that the channel can support
Rank-1 transmission via BF or TD improves coverage Spatial Multiplexing (rank > 1) increases peak rate
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DL MIMO
Rank = 1
S F B C
codeword codeword
Mod
Mod
Pre-coder
Transmit Diversity via SFBC

Rank > 1
Beamforming (codebook or non-codebook-based)

(2) UEs determine best precoding matrix
LTE eNB has up to 4 Tx chains LTE UE has up to 4 Rx chains

Layer 1, CW1
codeword codeword
(1) Reference symbols
SU
Layer 1, CW1
codeword
UE
Mod
Mod Pre-coder Mod UE
codeword
Mod
Layer 2, CW2
Layer 2, CW2
MU
UE (3) Precoding matrix indication (PMI), rank indication (RI)
UE Feedback
Open-Loop Spatial Multiplexing
Closed-Loop Spatial Multiplexing (Single or Multi-User)

Huawei Confidential Page 17
UL MIMO
1x2 SIMO MRC Rx Diversity Single-Layer transmission at UE

Optional switched Tx-Diversity
1x2 MU MIMO (with UE pairing)

Virtual MIMO on UL with singletransmitter UEs UEs with orthogonal channels are paired Allows resource reuse in highlyloaded scenarios Degrades single-user performance due to interference
Maximum ratio combining (MRC) at eNB increases uplink range/sensitivity

With optional switched Tx diversity
LTE UE has 1 Tx chain LTE eNB has up to 4 Rx chains

Huawei Confidential
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Key LTE-Advanced PHY Technologies
In-Band Relay
CoMP
Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and Reception
Relay
LTE-A
CA
f
High-Order (8x8) MIMO Support

RF/IF RF/IF RF/IF RF/IF RF/IF RF/IF RF/IF RF/IF
Carrier Aggregation
B and 1
LT E C a rrier 1 LT E C a rrier 2 LT E C a rrier 3
Enhanced MIMO
Base Band
C o m b in e d LT E C ar r ie r 1 a n d LT E C a rr ier 2
LT E -A C a rrier
LT E C a rrier 3
f
Improved MU-MIMO
B and 1 B and 2
LT E C a rrier 2
f
UL SM-MIMO
B and 1
O p e r a to r 1 LT E C a r r ie r 1 O p e r a to r 2 LT E C a r r ie r 2 O p e ra t o r 1 LT E C a r rie r 3
f
LT E C a r r ie r 1
C o m b in e d LT E C a r rier 1 a n d LT E C a r rier 3
LT E C a r r i e r 1 i n b a n d 1 C o m b i n e d w i t h L T E c a r r i e r 2 i n b a n d 2
O p e r a to r 1 LT E -A C a r r ie r
O p e r a to r 2 LT E C a r r ie r 2
O p e r a to r 1 LT E - A C a r r ie r
f
LT E -A C a rrier
LT E - A C a rrier
f
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LTE-A Benefits
CoMP
DL: Controlled/canceled interference better signal quality UL: Higher order diversity and aperture gain (soft combining)
Relay
Improved coverage and data rates, especially at edge
Carrier Aggregation
Higher throughput and peak data rates Asymmetric UL/DL Better utilization of discontinuous or multi-band spectrum resources
Enhanced MIMO
Up to 8x8 MIMO for higher throughput and enhanced coverage Improved DL MU-MIMO performance by addressing R8 limitations UL SM-MIMO for higher UL data rates
Huawei Confidential
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Section Review Key Takeaways

OFDM
Data multiplexed onto many narrow subcarriers CP and long symbol time mitigate ISI Good MIMO performance due to flat frequency response per subcarrier
OFDMA DL
Low-complexity UE receiver design with robust fading channel performance, especially with MIMO Flexible MCS adjustment and UE allocation across time and frequency (sub-carriers) enhances spectral efficiency
SC-FDMA UL
Similar benefits as OFDMA but lower PAPR allows lower cost UE power amplifier and reduces UE power consumption Some additional receiver complexity required at eNB
MIMO
Spatial multiplexing at high SINR increases capacity Transmit diversity or beamforming at low SINR enhances range
Huawei Confidential
Page 21
Contents
LTE OFDM Parameters

Parameter Useful Symbol Time Cyclic Prefix Time Total Symbol Time Subcarrier Spacing Number of Subcarriers Total Bandwidth Theory Tu LTE 66.7 s 4.7 or 16.7 s 71.4 or 83.4 s 15 kHz (k=1) 72-1200 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz 1 2 3 ...
TCP Ttotal = Tu + TCP
f = k / Tu
N
B = N f
...
frequency
Ttotal
f
N time
...
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Frame Structure
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms #0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe
Tsubframe = 2 Tslot = 1 ms
One subframe (1 ms) is an LTE transmission time interval (TTI)
Huawei Confidential
Page 24
Resource Grid
One downlink slot, Tslot
Resource block (RB)

DL RB N symb N sc resource elements
frequency
subcarriers
RB Nsc subcarriers
Resource element
DL RB NRB Nsc
DL N symb OFDM symbols
time
UL/DL Resource Block

Configuration
RB Nsc
DL symb
UL symb
Normal cyclic prefix
f = 15 kHz f = 15 kHz
MBSFNdedicated cell
12
7 6
7 6 -
Extended cyclic prefix
f = 7.5 kHz
24
A physical resource block is defined as N symb consecutive RB OFDM symbols in the time domain and N sc consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain Multi-Media Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) combines 7.5kHz subchannel spacing with double length symbol time and CP to handle greater delay spread (DL only)
LTE Numerology
Transmission BW (MHz) Number of Resource Blocks Number of Subcarriers FFT Size
1.4 6 72 128
3 15 180 256
5 25 300 512
10 50 600 1024
15 75 900 1536
20 100 1200 2048
Huawei Confidential
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LTE frame structure
0.5ms slot 1ms subframe 10ms frame
Resource allocation
RB is the minimum resource allocation Typically 7 symbols (in time) x 12 subcarriers (in frequency)
Supported system bandwidths

1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20MHz
Huawei Confidential
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Contents
DL Physical Channels and Signals

Physical channels
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel PBCH: Physical broadcast channel PMCH: Physical multicast channel PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel PCFICH: Physical control format indicator channel PHICH: Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
Reference Signal (RS)

Cell specific RS UE-specific RS MBSFN RS
Synchronization Signal (SCH)

Primary Synchronization Signal (P-SCH) Secondary Synchronization Signal (S-SCH)
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Synchronization and System Information

SCH used for:
Symbol synchronization Frame synchronization Cell-ID determination
20 MHz bandwidth 20-MHz bandwidth SCHSCH / BCH
10-MHz bandwidth 10 MHz bandwidth
BCH indicates:
Basic L1/L2 system parameters Downlink system bandwidth Reference-signal transmit power Multi-media Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network (MBSFN)-related parameters Number of transmit antennas HARQ resource allocation
55-MHz bandwidth MHz bandwidth

2.5-MHz bandwidth 3 MHz bandwidth
1.25-MHz bandwidth 1.4 MHz bandwidth
SCH/BCH each occupy 72 center subcarriers regardless of system bandwidth
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Time Structure of SCH/BCH

Primary and secondary SCH (P-SCH, S-SCH) are transmitted in consecutive OFDM symbols in the 1st and 6th subframes (every 5ms) of each frame BCH is transmitted in four consecutive OFDM symbols in the first subframe of every frame, but it is only updated every 40ms
BCH
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DL Reference Signals
Downlink reference signals are used for estimation of channel gain (for symbol demodulation) and channel quality (for channel quality feedback to eNB) Ports 0-3:
Cell-specific reference signals Associated with non-MBSFN (i.e. unicast) transmission Support for one, two, or four antenna port configuration
Port 4: MBSFN reference signals Port 5: UE-specific reference signals used for beamforming
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Cell-Specific Reference Signals

One antenna port
R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0
R0
R0
l =0
l =6 l=0
l=6
Example RS mapping for normal CP Other antenna ports silent during RS transmission Reduced RS density on ports 2 and 3
Resource element (k,l)
R1
l=0 Two antenna ports
l=6 l=0
l=6
R0
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
Not used for transmission on this antenna port Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0
R0
R1
R1
R0
l =0
R0
l =6 l =0 l =6 l=0
R1
l =6 l =0
R1
l=6
l=0 Four antenna ports
l=6 l=0
l=6
l=0
l=6 l=0
l=6
even numbered slots odd numbered slots

R2 R3
R0
R0
R1
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
R2
R3
R0
R0
R1
R1
R2
R3
R0
R0
R1
R1
R2
R3
l=0
l=6 l =0
l =6
l =0
l =6 l=0
l=6
l=0
l=6 l =0
l =6
l =0
l =6 l=0
l=6
l=0
l=6 l=0 Antenna Port 0
l=6
l=0
l=6
l=0
l=6
l=0
l=6
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Cell-Specific RS Frequency Shift

cell vshift = N ID mod 6
Cell 0
Cell 1
Cell 5
Cell specific frequency shift
RS mapping to resource elements

To reduce RS interference between adjacent cells, a cell specific frequency shift is applied There are 6 shift values since the frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers
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DL Control Signaling
freq time Control Region OFDM symbols
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Control region is 1-4 OFDM symbols at the beginning of each subframe PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
# of OFDM symbols of control region
Data Region
t2 t4 Mini-CE Boundary REG Boundary (symbol 1,2) t1 t3 RB1 t2 t4
t1
t2 t3
t1
- PCFICH PCFICH mini-CE - PHICH A/N mini-CE
t2
t1 t4
t2
- Data Data symbols - REG for CCE1 mini-CE for CCE1 - REG for CCE2 mini-CE for CCE2
t1
t2 t3
t1
RB Boundary
t1 t3
t2
t1 t4
t2 - REG for CCE3 mini-CE for CCE3
PDCCH
t2 t4
t1
t2 t3
t1
REG Boundary Mini-CE Boundary

(symbol 3) t1 t3 RB2 t2 t4 t1 t2 t3 t1 t2 t1 t4 t2
- REG for CCE4 mini-CE for CCE4 - Unassigned REG Unassigned mini-CE t1 - Port 1 RS RS for TX antenna 1 RS for TX antenna 2 t2 - Port 2 RS
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Channel

ACK/NACK signalling
t1 t3
t2
t1 t4
t2
t3 - Port 3 RS RS for TX antenna 3
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

Scheduling UL power control
. . .
t2 t4 t1 t2 t3 t1
. . .
1 2 3 4
RS for TX antenna 4 t4 - Port 4 RS
t1 t3 RB6 t2 t4
t2
t1 t4
t2
5 6 7
12 RB = 12 1 subcarriers
sub-carriers
t1
t2 t3
t1
8 9 10
t1 t3
t2
t1 t4
t2
11 12
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Page 36
PDCCH CCE Aggregation

CCE aggregation is a form of repetition coding The same PDCCH information is coded across 1, 2, 4, or 8 CCEs eNB adjusts CCE aggregation based on DL SINR operating point Tree-based aggregation supports blind decoding search
1-CCE aggregation can start on any CCE position (i=0,1,2,3,4,...) 2-CCE can start only on even numbered locations (i=0,2,4,6,...) 4-CCE on every fourth (i=0, 4, 8, ...) 8-CCE on every eight position (i=0, 8, ...)
8 CCE 4 CCE 2 CCE 1 CCE 0
1

2
3
10
11
12
13
14
15
frequency

SCH
Symbol synchronization Frame synchronization Cell-ID determination
BCH
Basic L1/L2 system parameters such as: system bandwidth, referencesignal transmit power, and number of transmit antennas
RS
Ports 0-3: Cell-specific, support MIMO, unique time/frequency location per antenna port Ports 4 and 5: MBSFN and UE-specific for beamforming
Control Signaling
Control region in first 1-4 OFDM symbols per subframe Carries ACK/NACK, UL/DL data/paging scheduling, UL power control PDCCH variable aggregation based on UE SINR operating point
Contents
UL Physical Channels and Signals

Physical channels
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel
Reference signals
Demodulation Reference Signal (DM RS) Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
Huawei Confidential
Page 40
UL Reference Signals
1 ms subframe RB 1 RB 2
UE1 allocation
UE1 DM RS
UE2 DM RS
UE2 allocation
RB N 0.5 ms slot
Demodulation (DM) RS used for estimation of UL channel gain and channel quality from active UEs DM RS are transmitted with data in the 4th and 11th SCFDMA symbols of the subframe DM RS are code division multiplexed (CDM) to support MUMIMO and inter-sector interference HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
UE3 DM RS
UE3 allocation
UE4 SRS 0.5 ms slot

Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) used to evaluate UL channel quality for idle/lightly loaded UEs SRS is in the 7th SC-FDMA symbol of the subframe and is typically wideband (on contiguous or periodic REs) SRS is also CDM
Huawei Confidential
Page 41
Uplink Control Signaling

Channel measurement indications from UE
Channel quality indicator (CQI) Value that points to a modulation/coding index in a 4-bit CQI table (implies SINR) Precoding matrix indicator (PMI) Value that corresponds to the suggested precoding matrix codebook index Rank indication (RI) Indicates the rank (# of layers) the channel can support
Measurement indications are transmitted

Periodically on PUCCH (alone) or PUSCH (multiplexed with data) Aperiodically on PUSCH (alone or multiplexed with data)
PUCCH CQI PMI RI Wideband or subband Wideband-only Wideband-only PUSCH Wideband or subband Wideband or subband Wideband-only
Other signaling:
HARQ acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) from higher layers Scheduling request indication (SRI) from higher layers
Physical Resources for Control Signaling

N=12 subcarriers Spectrum allocation: M resource blocks
One control channel resource
RS locations for control signals (transmitted on PUCCH)

Slot structure for ACK/NAK
RS RS RS
0.5ms slot
Slot structure for CQI
Another control channel resource 0.5ms slot 0.5ms slot
RS
RS
0.5ms slot
Control signaling uses reserved frequency regions at edges of BW A control channel resource is defined as N=12 subcarriers (an RB) in two consecutive 0.5ms slots located at opposite ends of the BW for frequency diversity Control signaling is CDM with multiple users sharing the resources via orthogonal spreading codes PUCCH can cause and suffer from adjacent channel interference issues
Especially in 700MHz band (shared with DTV, public safety, and MediaFLO) One solution is over-provisioning to push PUCCH allocation towards inner subcarriers, but this hurts capacity

UL Reference Signals
Code division multiplexed (CDM) for orthogonality between users DM RS For estimation of UL channel gain and channel quality from active UEs SRS Used to evaluate UL channel quality for idle/lightly loaded UEs
Channel measurement indications from UE

Channel quality indicator (CQI) Indicates the channel quality observed by the UE Precoding matrix indicator (PMI) Indicates the precoding matrix suggested by the UE Rank indication (RI) Indicates the rank, or # of layers, the channel can support
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

Located at upper and lower edges of bandwidth Shared between multiple users via CDM Susceptible to adjacent channel interference issues (e.g. DTV, public safety, and MediaFLO) in 700MHz band
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DL OFDM/MIMO Signal Generation
Multi-antenna blocks
Scrambling of coded bits for each codeword

Up to two codewords transmitted at a time
Modulation of scrambled bits to modulated symbols (e.g. QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM) Multi-antenna blocks
Mapping of modulated symbols to one or more transmission layers Precoding of symbols on each layer onto antenna ports
Mapping of symbols on each port to resource elements Generation of time domain OFDM signal on each antenna port
UL SC-FDMA Signal Generation

New element for SC-FDMA
Scrambling Modulation mapper DFT precoder
Resource element mapper
SC-FDMA OFDM signal generation signal gen.
Similar structure as for DL OFDM signal synthesis Additional DFT process creates single-carrier property
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Transport Block Sizes

I TBS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
N PRB
1 16 24 32 40 56 72 328 104 120 136 144 176 208 224 256 280 328 336 376 408 440 488 520 552 584 616 712 2 32 56 72 104 120 144 176 224 256 296 328 376 440 488 552 600 632 696 776 840 904 1000 1064 1128 1192 1256 1480 3 56 88 144 176 208 224 256 328 392 456 504 584 680 744 840 904 968 1064 1160 1288 1384 1480 1608 1736 1800 1864 2216 4 88 144 176 208 256 328 392 472 536 616 680 776 904 1000 1128 1224 1288 1416 1544 1736 1864 1992 2152 2280 2408 2536 2984 5 120 176 208 256 328 424 504 584 680 776 872 1000 1128 1256 1416 1544 1608 1800 1992 2152 2344 2472 2664 2856 2984 3112 3752
(# of RB pairs)
7 176 224 296 392 488 600 712 840 968 1096 1224 1384 1608 1800 1992 2152 2280 2536 2792 2984 3240 3496 3752 4008 4264 4392 5160 8 208 256 328 440 552 680 808 968 1096 1256 1384 1608 1800 2024 2280 2472 2600 2856 3112 3496 3752 4008 4264 4584 4968 5160 5992 9 224 328 376 504 632 776 936 1096 1256 1416 1544 1800 2024 2280 2600 2728 2984 3240 3624 3880 4136 4584 4776 5160 5544 5736 6712 10 256 344 424 568 696 872 1032 1224 1384 1544 1736 2024 2280 2536 2856 3112 3240 3624 4008 4264 4584 4968 5352 5736 5992 6200 7480
QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
6 152 208 256 328 408 504 600 712 808 936 1032 1192 1352 1544 1736 1800 1928 2152 2344 2600 2792 2984 3240 3496 3624 3752 4392
# bits per transport block (TB)
Data Rate (bits/sec) = (# bits per TB) x (# of TB/TTI)

Cell search procedure

Step 1: OFDM symbol synchronization and determination of cell ID
UE uses the primary synchronization sequence to
acquire the symbol synchronization identify (one of three possible) cell IDs within a cell ID group
This is done by continuously correlating three local primary synchronization sequences with the received signal Symbol synchronization is obtained by detecting a time-domain correlation peak, and the sequence corresponding to the correlation peak indicates one of three IDs within a cell ID group
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Cell search procedure (continued)

Step 2: Radio frame synchronization and cell ID group detection
UE uses the secondary synchronization sequence to determine
radio frame timing cell ID group index of the cell detected in the first step
The UE correlates the received S-SCH signal with each of the secondary candidate sequences based on the symbol synchronization acquired in the first step to determine the cell ID group During the detection of secondary synchronization channel, the CP length may also be obtained by blind detection
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Page 51
DL Control Signaling (2)

PCFICH
Indicates size (i.e. number of OFDM symbols) of control region
PHICH
ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmission
PDCCH
Scheduling grant for uplink data transmission Scheduling information for downlink data transmission Scheduling information for paging message transmission Scheduling information for RACH response transmission in UL UL power control signaling Each PDCCH is made up of 1, 2, 4, or 8 control channel elements (CCEs)
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Page 52
PDCCH Blind Decoding

Common and UE-specific search spaces defined UE blindly attempts to decode with different aggregation assumptions In early 3GPP discussions, it was agreed that a maximum of ~40 PDCCH decoding attempts by the UE would be acceptable
~10 for common search space ~30 for UE-specific search space
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Page 53
MBSFN and UE-Specific Reference Signals

R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4
R4 R4
R4 R4 R4
R5 R5
R5 R5 R5 R5 R5
R5
R5
R4
R4 R4
R5 R5
l =6 l =0 l =6
R4
R4 R4
R5
l =5
l=0
l=0
l =5l = 0
MBSFN RS (Extended CP, f = 15 kHz)

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UE-Specific RS
Page 54

02 LTE Air Interface and Physical Layer

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02 LTE Air Interface and Physical Layer

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47pt

LTE Air Interface and Physical Layer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Key LTE PHY Technologies

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) up to 64QAM

Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

Tim frequency e resource for U r 1 se Tim frequency e resource for U r 2 se

Tim frequency e resource for U r 3 se

Time frequency resource for User 3

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Serial data stream mapped onto many parallel sub-carriers

The sub-carriers are orthogonal

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OFDM Tx/Rx Structure

Transmitter Add Cyclic Prefix

Receiver Remove Cyclic Prefix

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OFDM Cyclic Prefix (CP)

Wireless Technology PHY Comparison

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Robust fading channel performance

Each sub-carrier modulated independently

Improved MIMO performance due to flat frequency response per subcarrier

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Downlink based on OFDMA

Groups subcarriers Sub-band of 12S ub-carriers

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0 0 0 0 0 N-point IFFT Add cyclic prefix Parallel to Serial converter

M-point fM / 21 DFT FFT fM / 2 fM 2 0 0 0 0 0

Bit to x(M- 1,n) Constellation Mapping

Uplink based on SC-FDMA

Time frequency resource for User 3

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Benefits: Increased radio link reliability, cell capacity and coverage

Spatial Multiplexing (SM)

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MIMO Mode Selection

MIMO Impact on Throughput and Coverage

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Transmit Diversity via SFBC

Beamforming (codebook or non-codebook-based)

LTE eNB has up to 4 Tx chains LTE UE has up to 4 Rx chains

(1) Reference symbols

Mod Pre-coder Mod UE

Open-Loop Spatial Multiplexing

Closed-Loop Spatial Multiplexing (Single or Multi-User)

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1x2 SIMO MRC Rx Diversity Single-Layer transmission at UE

1x2 MU MIMO (with UE pairing)

Maximum ratio combining (MRC) at eNB increases uplink range/sensitivity

LTE UE has 1 Tx chain LTE eNB has up to 4 Rx chains

Key LTE-Advanced PHY Technologies

High-Order (8x8) MIMO Support

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Section Review Key Takeaways

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LTE OFDM Parameters

TCP Ttotal = Tu + TCP

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Resource block (RB)