Liz Montesano Gramm-fucking-ar The 8 parts of speech: Noun - describe a person, place or common Pronoun - used instead of a noun

(we, him) Adjectives - modifies a noun of pronoun (common articles are a, an, the) Verbs - express action to help make a statements Linking verbs - who? where? what? why? Transitive is action Intransitive is no action Helping verbs - spot = cat (is, was, has) Adverbs - modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb (end in ly) how? to what? Preposition - shows relation to a noun or pronoun to some word (above, in) Conjunction - a word that joins words or groups of words Coordinating - FANBOYS Subordinating - joins subordinating clauses (than, if, since) Interjections - expresses emotion (oh, wow, hurry, ahh) Parts of a sentence: Subject - part in which something is being said (ex: the dolphins) Predicate - says something about the subject (ex: dolphins eating) Compliments - direct and indirect objects Object compliments Direct - receives action of verb (answers, what or whom?) ex: We drove Ralph to the station Indirect - receives the direct object (answers, to whom was verb done?) ex: Mr. Bates promised Ralph a job Subject compliments Predicate nominative - noun or pronoun compliment that refers to the same person or thing as the subject or the verb ex: Boston is the capital of Mass (capital) Predicate adjective - compliment that modifies the subject of the verb ex: This class is dull (dull) Phrases:

Prepositional phrase - group of words beginning with a preposition and usually ending in a noun or pronoun ex: To the store Appositive - noun or pronoun and it helps explain or identify ex: My cousin Maria is an accomplished violinist ex: The cat, Spot, ate a mouse Participial - a phrase containing a participial and any modifiers it might have Gerund - consists a gerund and any compliments or modifiers it might have

Verbals: Participial verbals - forms of the verb that act as adjectives (end in ed, en or ing) ex: The dancing man when away (dancing) Gerunds - forms of verbs that function as nouns (end in ing) ex: I am running (running) Infinitives - act as adjectives, adverbs or nouns (have a to in front of it) ex: I love to run (to run) Clauses: Independent - can stand on its own Dependent - cant stand on its own (needs another dependent or an independent) Subordinative - a normal dependent clause that cant stand alone Dependent relative - has whom, whose, who, which or that ex: My cousins friend, who I think is very nice (who i think is very nice) Sentences: Simple - one independent clause and can stand on its own ex: I like hot dogs Compound - two independent clauses, usually has a comma and FANBOYS ex: I like hot dogs, but I like chips better Complex - an independent clause and one or more dependent clause (look for sub. conjunctions like because, although, unless, until) ex: I like hot dogs and chips because they are tasty Compound complex - two independent and one dependent, look for FANBOYS, commas and sub. conjunctions ex: I like hot dogs because they are tasty, but I dont like them burnt