~

Ben St.ahl

JIQnl

Wlhit~;omb

13""'·U!S·,~ G.·: . ....e'OJrge . '1":"1 t~

e- ~

"

C:QfB1UfR'

© lVw •.M.MOU:l Ai':l'i:5'l5 :5!:i-too~. II'I~. . Illlillll\cill I'B u.;i.A. .

eom,posh;~orn me,~TlS ..he s.e]e, don and ai:;!rr,arllgcuent, of approprlate elemen ts ''!I~~dd.n~htt p:i cture space so ~h~ut [hey [e~p]'1ess. th,e ~n~ses idea clearly ~I'nd, eiffe~·[vely. It makes a great deal ,ot di fferentc 'lliotv "lie p~;J)L toged, er tile' til:] D.gS we drnw 'w,m thin [our plkititlre space. OJ"em a :pictu:re wi] I succeed or r'a~1'1' l,e'pend:i 11 c g on: how well ~l~ O)mpo..~d~ is COtlupo:dti,[DIIl,run a basic sense, means corn bini ng forms and S.pilLC·~ produce to a harmonious w:hO:~e, 17\' hen we :mak:e ,3, p,j,ctur,e!
i

'!liVe arrange the :I?ht:u;u:r:e elemen y'ou IiIl'>e'$hn::lI)ibiiS [girt 'ID E·S11'J1'1iI to malH p,l[e.-, fUJre\S;, ~1i1 ·,OlHi' CQ'U.r.!S9 ,,ou w'in ~earn to, [-"0.• people..".· ali1li-m ail s ~. "'1iI,aillli!Om [Q!b!i;'~C";I$. alme: ~ tll!1yllMng ,,0 III caml see· alt hlii p9ino.. B~f 'il' klk,es m[ore ·tbcuil dli:'t'lwi:n:BI to mlQke D IP,i:c... , ll!! rei.. Ilt [talk~$ dli'!~,wwng IP,h.-si IP'1 alliIlFlli;111 I.. Be-,
!fiflU:S;UI p:I[l)ltlni'n:gl

much 'he wa, ~ ,r::,omlio~er of muslc i!t; r,;rnlgcs, musical not "s an themes 1[0 fo:r;m it hiJ~rmonlous result, ," he' compcser oJ iI11u~iccreates ,3Jl !lr,~ngcmell !n sound e = W'\e" :a's, :EIlrdsts,; create a vi SIUI:4lI, I ,~.r:r41I.:.:ngcn;e:n It. 1n (:000 po~;io,g it . picture we are chicH, :i~mj'te['e,tied in whe e '" e place our obje IES In the' plcmre sp~l,ce, ]lO~\~hn[:Jo.r~:lL;m:W~ ~nake' them "n si~e . nd ' alue, ·~IJd bO''!i\'he:~' relate (0, each. other and to she ou'tsf,.e
ts;.
Jl

tJhe, qJbj eets hil the p,'j"G;,tU[III'e' :5p ac;e is 5D 'ba5~c,,,,w,tII '![IIq' ·illtlf'()d!I!J'€ilfI.-g y'Ou to, 'Fts s.~m,pl!$ ·f,i!lndo..., _Jentalls " so[earl, (15, JGIUi' thi'rd ll~:~olill,la fe 1" b~(ilk 1'0 tlllli'$ ~e'$5a\n 'Qlfielii - it· wilU iill'!lclm~I!JSle liml ,If[U!Uilnl'n:9l ,arn.dl yuil,uo wirth e'v,eiry' pi·dure ','Ou. rnil!i:d,e~ lLate':" i~'ylOUI!" [CO ~se' w,e wU11 tallte III P i, Iii'I'DI'tCI ia.dlv~m:;@dl stu die.s 'in 'Ilhis ¥ery 'j mp,!i)II"-'
[alflmn.9,e.llfl<i;~A,t'

the

of

borden of the ,p:kt.llr.e.. Good pkUJ11~!i. we see, de

the
I1~SUlr
I(I,r

n~;H'

imply happen. The}! are

illllOt

'~'a lilt

'aspe.~t ,of ma:khllg

p;ldu re5.; 'w·:hiic:Jh iis

~nQ.'w

las. C:'om,pos,j:t~OiI:1i.

(h.ol1.ghdess]l~ dUIC}\'I;I,i.n.g [oge~her miscellaneous ,obj;ecl.S or filHng up a, bact,:g[,"o~lmd ~IYi[h details, 'No mItL1atte~r b,ow 'w,eU we draw 0- pal: lit. UI:llh3SS ''!IIi'e' plan our pic l~~:re ,caJr~[l1]1YI ~t is ]ilel, [0 ]ea~ the "liiJewoe"t '~T-idl :j1I;nunsat jSfle(J1. [)12~[~'I1g. .J\. ·\\~e]j.~ ooflt1:po,OOd piN.Ut,e' on the ethet hand, \ in ..!Eve the viewer 3l iSati.sfi~d sense of order or ! f'auty, a.h.ho,ught be 'mar noe 'r,e,~,I.i.~: b, lvh:ilt[methods Ith,is $~ '[is£acti,o,:n \'!J~Sproduced, ' Eve'rypi:c<t'IiJ'r€: starts Wi~l an Jdea ~·.3o ':s~ar~lwe .h3,V~·to t!l;'!t, an eJfec:t or ~~oQd w'e' are S'trlving tocemmnnicate, Jb~ [o~'mpo~dng'i' we se'I!r!cl those :llings [OJ]" O,'I1:r 'Picture wbi'c.h ebtriIy OU[ wdea. and we I(U~~rd: :lho~ whl,ch ma l' dislr.-ac~,or eenfu se, ' No mane [ l\~'h,a' the sJlJbje t gf your p,i-tun:!: m.ay ibe. beg"" by a '1dug yOiUt~e.] f; '··'\+V]} .t ls 'he Dn.sk .idca :m: '!i¥iUlit I~O get ~crOiSS,? \V~h,atthings musr ,. [Jut 111 ,he 'p~cture so that the ",,i.~vel" ·w~U unders .and it ,~[ Qnce'? ':1 at is. impo 'ant = it d. l\!'hat isn [?~: I'll oo.ll1tpos.hlg~ rOll em,pibla,size' Ith~e elemenes of '~!n'lu·p:icl~'i!:Cf.e that ~lH dnmauI·C:' ]l, me most, su,lIJUYdiis relldre8 '3 change in the SWIe~. Q,F- tldng.~. '~Jt!O>u m!~dte' i~'iI!1IJP(}'~~t:;;m j[~c~s, ]~r,g~r or t 0[1) de zer '.r 5lr,o,ug~:r tba,~ imey nJ3') ,a:p[le;:]T in, te:1!liWl,Y and less. i[l:lpD:n~;L]ll Q. bjects you" .ake smal ~er QiII" less disdnct, O~J E:!l CEIJ n he Ieatured or phrfed down by .Id justi,mg Lhe~t' [ec posltlon as w,_·n ~Sl their size, For instance, Y.01!: m:ight p:Lace a :1)UWer,rH~, hrnl~orl,~n t ~;gl\u:~hl dj~ -nl~dd!,e'olf yQU'f pic ture S.l)'·I~ r.md dr-aw h]ll l~II'ge,so' be \~~oiiJIlld.d· m:iI ,3, 'e the .ietu e .. I31Y. contrasr, Sh'}'I' r~Li]f.i~lg eharseter 'might be shown much smaller and '~Othe sjld.. dominated e, by 'the sp;, ce ail:1Jd objects aroa nd him . the .~ be' artist can actual [y consrol which PM[ ,o,r ~is pierure t.h~ ·,delvel l;;'l,iJi, ]inp-r ow,er mnd find mest mt[U"i:ragluJ. By the ~lj,r,a'Y'he 31T3Jlge.S the obj[~'c~~che' ., an est:,;~bUsll a defi:rn~.te· fQca'~ PQli~~tor oelUl;lir' :i:m'le'~,-esti' and. ~eaJd the ,e,e tg' it [tid !:~eclly 0,],' dirocli'Jy. He can also Y se ].igi: it and. d, .-1-, i'ones ito ltdP eDl.phr size d~~
.·1.

or

ce n tf:::If' oi:' a:n terest .. O:(m:.I1I, rtne artis" c

g:OlJd.

11

~se '('}~e :tl:a.l'lUr;a~ h.ap:, of b ~s .S"u,[b· ect

COi1'i.pO~i.riOD

I~O

,md tbe pl'"OpO tiOlls. o..r hi.s :r?,ktll:r,e','o,r !::x:m;mpi,e''i jf ~he subject :is; ~ nf~de cXpaOJ.se o,r 'llleadOl" lOr. ~a'i it 1'0i.g'ht !If U S>U~lt ,n pirt~~r,e (II~ ~ lang~ bo'J;'i~ zontuJ ,iShaJl}e~ 'For ,il. p(i.. tmr,e Ol[ 01 ,~Ol~g, na:n;'ow' 8:u.~j,ec [ Hke a t~U c 'm.an or ,iI clnucb 'mwer~a ·vertical. p[cture of s"ITl'l1Uar plopo:r~:io:ii1ls nli,gb:i [dt~~:m;a:tile the' h-.:elg[ln of the suilllj.. m..O>S,~ ~'[li'fk,rnnS}f' Di[cn i .£eror.n:or.rtis are 'O[r~el ben ex f\C s·s d, by di ffe:ren.'I:. pi~·t~~reshapes'. f e ief[ect
i.l, e.!i;tabi~sbimg· hJ

Jill: of'here
O"\~n

~u·,~·IJJi',i.nd.p,:les ) aU. [can .

a:pp]y w.n de¥e·l,ophfllg

YO,UI"

compositi:O!n s. Q;i1a! )fOD ~ a;'l,r,e ')Jeai'n'oo bow Jl:)o tI~· dl(':$<e p .jncip]~s. yOlO 'win 'oem :Iti,md 'y urs.elf g[vin:t sharper, d~ater e~,pre, s~on It,o 'ym.~.r'idea;s '-. ,say.i'ng· l'\I.~:Th~~ Y,ii)U 'w~UU La 8~y dlre(;t:iy and iUlbft'est:i'ngly ~n ,pi.cti[~:r:e"

s , J -, P ::-_r ,,'l:, sl _ ,' T----:'he ' -[.Ietu""r' e ,-:0' ,-'

J

l ·.·n'.'" .·'U 'mil;jn- d_ __ ya- --r - ~Is pockee," Jmmedl~.tt:d:y 'we' '-gnj'~u;e 'lip' it :II1Wl,uil :imillJge':. a pIc rure o( the i!jlvhJO,le: u~nsion.~~tC~ed. s~e:rte.: du: car, :motar n:Ufii·· ning·. drawn up aJo'fi'gsidE:' 'toe gas pumps~ 'the dopr ~iDgiug Op~Il'I' the sini::nf:' fi.gul'[,~'of. the gl•. nman moV'.ing' !j.wifd'y 'l(r~,'\\'a:rd the stadon. Every '~vord is. llU~~ to the :ima,gillUllatlO'D,. 1tVeare alwa y' forn~Jn,! such menta] image.s Q..,f rh ln~s '!.\V·lnch 'we hear, read or ItbtnJt aibOiult~ These imaJges -are the t'a.'"rwmaleria] of whid, ' .j cnrres are made, ] he 'nit m,en Ua:~h'l']~gt!,1!Ivhf,dl OlU,,' mlnd :oorms in lJeSpOlllse to a picmre jdea Is j (lS'[ one poss;i!hi]hy .,' ~ we m~nk abous it, other and better '''ffi~ws.may occur to us, '\i\l'c rnw:J.U.5IL try' out ·hes.e vaJl"~a~ Li·ons Ibef,o.re ded:diing ~whi'i:b wil] make the bese plcture, T,Il,e iU·t]~t thwniks on paper,' .A'S one bn,a:ge Jollcws another tlu .. tugh dlC 11):[D.d~,'we pu't ", em d'O''!IIi;l':non p~p0'r :~n d1JE:' o h ~D;rm of

B·e.for.enW3Jking a. pi.ctur~.I!'be a'fl'~' L mus.rt d~dde' wba'l~ he' 'wants to $·hQ1lt\~·n it, He has '~O select hi s S~ bject rIla~I[~r! ~.nd. them 11U! i 1 as to ar.r.aW:ilge~r :so- Lila:t the picture l'viU 'be' as ,effecdv·eas po~'LI 'B" •. ..ill ld !k!,ly_ C;;. ."tJ I[~ lEO start Wlt~1.i 11 ne needs an I.', ea, ~'dea::; begin wn the tni nd, :~ndl t[1a.t, b predsel":f wher', pict'UI'es begi [jJ ['0.0., In. fact, the :111 ind '0(1" irr.u,gi narion is a natural IC~ eater ,r, ~ rdortbi k f ilk" 10:1pruCU.:JIl''f:5. "Il1i.:r~ irt den we h near 3J 'WOrn Or L1!!] n.,_, 0':': ,an '·,_1 ~ .• tne 1ilUa;g~ :n~i2~ ination eees 'to work a,t once and projects a p.h::t:ur~' Wll the mind, Su.p.] 'AJe "ve bear '~~b!!!: phrase "Two lovers ,n~e' ~U::blg' on (I. heacb i.n the park," l~'lsta'l1dy rJ:H? iUlagination creates a .pictLll·~· o£·a young man ~nd 'Wrom:mlJ elose together on a. benc.b,~ p.€Thaps, Inc~~d. -jill eacb oLl1·e:r's anlf.JJS~ ¥\Ie visu;:q;lize tbe WIn:;., dle ~:UW,~ rouadjn : trees, the: ~assy lawn, IOf'~'I1/V,e '(!lay 'be li;~te;nitru.g '[,0 the :r.ad'"o and hear ,a crime p'~a:y vdddl. begnts. '\vi'lth these' 'W'O.r,dJs.~· limit is ·dl1..uik. A. blue Sleda:l] d.dv'es· liP' to. a gas. ~tat[on. Fn:nu ,h. t~e Agur~ c,:f 3! man emerges, ~l~' ]cHyer 1aU o~ ld~ f~ce eeveted by' a handkerchlef He' moves :d~en tTI!y to'ward the: statlon ~h ls righ:l h a:rod. thrusr OLD] nously ~~
'11 J

$k,·eu:hes.; wOI""kin·.out the a_ITiU]gemen~ of d1J~ objects ·w.hj,ch. we s~ :i:o our :i:nt,tginaJn'Don. .1Botb. our tltilt~ing and our 'ketchlng .shou]d 'be 'broad ,and ,flex'ble at t.b:i~po~n,lt.,T'his ]51 noll:
rough.

the dm~' to 'bo,d]}e~l. ,~d.d:ru detailsl

OJ

~ii"if
!HI, fiB:

lPi'~Ur'iIi
IlrIU

dlil!fh:

wil;~1 1ClI1!!, ~ii'Hii;l9i!!!' in

!~~ gi1~~*;'t":Ii i'rd'I!1·d.

pi,,1)lJre h!I'ei::l reql,lr~~ U!~ IQ' :a;~i!;!iW ~g ~"!i:Urili ilIICI Cli p:I'r'1C Dencln_ In allir ·rtir.:t;1' men!gl Im'ilil;!!i {~' ,"U !Nil' iII'Ilglh.t Mill' 1hi!rr.l fi'CIfI ClI'd!1lti<Qtrn~.;~ wil{h f,fillefl;", gI'G~.j[1 willil!;:.,. ~ii'!id ~'kf

'~iJP.lf1iilg! • -Ih
mig,

1!t'!:fI!I!y fO:!!I~bm'1ir :Ii W milil'h~ IPi;e;hnil!' .mlll,pli!J ,illili If Wit W~''ei j!·!i:j'iii"·.:.d. Ii:!!PPO~~~' fnemi (:i!'(9lih~".

t mlQViI!i •. 11111"" '1'1'1 '11h: i1h~l\d cf

mui:lhi 6f ~hA~1 ji!!l~\lJrCil

iii

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,AlI'ri~t£,C'QUfS'!1i'

Compo"s:iition ....... how to malke pi,cl'ures,

l\~'h~',11ou. h,~~'ve good memal :im.nage' what you "Iant 'to show y a gf ,iii: OUf picture, m,e p:ktll1::r,e is a ready partly composed. -he. nex E, step Is 'to ,H:"r-ange the objects as effectively as you can, h 'I '\.'" 1 r b '. .,1-.:' 1.· dr. , ,S.ere -\,v'eSb~OW. YOlU t re .t'i.. rn (I, or oasrc uun ... ll,g you m'pst -,0 Ul, n
• oompostng.ta:rt S ,.-. -1"'(-" 1~'·· " III' :lLiy.:sunp-,_Ly,[ug' t'[ie 1~)i.J.']ect$ yl~Yo,[ :plc't1JJlre.. 'JlJ.n 'J[ll
-

your prel hl; [nary sken:hes, reduce these ob jeers 'no lhe:it' sjLnp]es:~ shapes, You need, to "1' I~hell"l out I 11.difte.~,;ent afli.;:rlJ;~'me I ts to find the one you ,I i"lk,e best, and th]~ wU ~ be easiesa ,iJ 'y(;.u ~gn.'~:r,e the d,eurlb; and! concen trate on, the big' if:orms. These bxge fO'fnls, mu it be: properly related if the pkt'U ee is, eo 'be successlul.

'ih!e elements.
,AbO\I\f',Y'@ll see 't:I:i:rec pkture elements - ~ 'man 'with a guu· his, victim, and. a tree. Our problem is. 'to a.rrang. . them ~n dl~ ~ r picture spare ae the' ri.g-h'£: tn Eorm, a good (om,poddo[1,,,

PI!acilng the ',:Iements

N otice, first ,of ~I [11 _h.OI\'!{ utter]r si mple dLe :pi·,f.:1ttllre elernems have been made, _ ,.be)' are cOIllpl(rteJ~y bate: of detail. It ]:s; almos- its. if we detide.d on the g,~n,!era]_ S[le.'~ shape, and, value o,:f the pi,~u.n:e

elemems and th~ background

blaLC_k, whire, iU1Jd

and

ICtIJt

them out

grny pa.'p~~ OUt' compcsitlen

fir

pieces of

problem

sht£:[ing them around IHD.ltU we ~IT:·ve arrangemene, Na,tu~aUy. 'we wUl work wid) a pend~-'our "think .. ingo tool" - a nd, ny eu e leach arrangement of the pktuJ,e ele merns ]-11 a :rouS;h sk@td]"
0.(

]y ~ mauer

is mainat; [the best

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irhi!l' tilf-m~liJliim fll' d"i!I!ijlj"l' w,g~k bi!!t\tj'ii!$Ii:I' 'I{hlilro i~,1110 ~Oiiiilirj;(J'mt

!lihDlpl!!. G!!I'!!!mij!l~1. '~Hl!ll'. Ciiilld I:HiI!~k,· grr:o!illiillll '1\!3 ,,1", ,~I l~omfl~I~'.

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f-rll!i!!! t§O~!!l IDO ~1j'iIp-g.jf~r;JIliI't

HCl'\e fi~ !i:ii 91~d loiUliom - b ",.;EII· . ,do v;e.~ w~n {~" 'O'!'p~' finQ~ ~m., pO'J.HJ'on. iIli'ii" o!C1Hcn if", !;JI;!III' '!iI1r:id

bll!li' erQw.dlli· ih~ il'"r-~'fi'0'( ~'b(!l j!!I~dv.JI"\ "

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Ali'iifllh~,' ;;om;p ....!Ii~n:O'IIi In~!b.I~m~ i~o, gp'ji"mrng;al 1ft ih:i!i pTd~'rr~ ~;p.!!i!!l;ifll - b!!il!:.fW ~11'O'f'fl1!!" 1Ii~~
in 'Iii Iii, II"ClWlHi ~;c !l!ii)!;i1A1i!:d.!'!., iii [Ielk;.
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'W,~ mi9.i;I~ ~'ry' ibm ~',I\i~1i..... y. a bljtl'h 1I''Q~tk i:IIf"Id m.oal' mi!i!do '~mall
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1m thll11

m~pll'!Bi",I!',I~ di~'!i!iI'fi~'!CIfi'g~!e,g;m,g-,nt'

Im~!"!iI! b!'i!lI\!i!l!'Il:ed'"

,rli'-r Ik!:i Rgll,!!jl\-

jlij

"lin d'oon¥Qy.

3
. . .

TiO!make

,cO'mJ]o~itiiO,n ~s ,~~.m.p..[,~· as, possible, We.have d.i:'lfi.ded the sub ject in to Its ~curY()U.f· .. itudy 8
()f
=

basic elements

I'

line, and ·"v~IL~ue' • .Here W~ show 'llOU '\~hart, these 'f::~emenrs me:an~ and :!:U)Il/\r Austin Bil,ilggs uses 'lh;e'ltl to compose' ,a picture. At the ~titn 'Y~,'u wiU. poo·ba.b]y· i.\1J,pply 1~~iIC:llJ,,of ~hese prlnelples '~·e.ry conscloustl''' '\t\fhh, experience, h 01,y ever "you. 'wi H cempese 'your pie'Ii"' -,-,. 'ii'I'ir - -,- -t' ,,;:;,....,.,'1... ":1:".. ,...... ~nr-.eSr ~.~lI"""w,ay l QilLll" r'- --1'1] "'~ !l" ;l)!:;1l: "_ '-'h"..:rS 'Yv~; .t~ uc·' ",.",,;11 ti.vely ~h:i.n.·t~~n,garea. defH:.h~, HJ1e~ilI!:nd:.value aU ,of :3J.t the same time,
area,

depth,

iii!

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'~ifltI: 1,1j~!iiIIiW w.1iit·ll.in '~hi!!l ,.9'1,\111"

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bs:..d·Orr:f

>!;if your'
'~liiii

IPLi:tIlilf'O = 'lh!3' i1i!jjld'cl,iiO On wlhi"hi work ill'!l le~l'Iu·of pi~tld,roC' a !'iea,

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'fOol!!

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'jlQ~di'OIi

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at ,,",noo

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!:Ilfilm.ion

A-'"':tfll1l IrillU!lI. m'li! !:IIi!i' 'Ir~' nlli!i ~'IU'Q~iMli' '!orm j,)Ii ~hili' 'pidulr,'oi! fiil'iIl)f'e~1 II' ill aar nTii!;!' !OOili'llfil'!Hr..iJ":I:ie: li!i~, impl!:iirh:B!!I' fQ:r,!iIi~~' '~h,Ci ~~'i'i~ilki!!i' Ir;tmfl' di~'~~ldl~,j!I~ '~n: 'f,~Iil' dI~'~g!1)::c - g!l\I:!' glU m,g;dil!l' imJJ:jItI:~f ItIirndi f!liD~~i!iI' iiii :iilliiQOOrld'g:"l' ~~j:'i'ttlQlIU.

lD~plh il: Un~.. lIlai'ol!ll 1O!f,: t!ll!!llliili'il!;;! c·r ,pJl1kd d1·mif!'!'I~;~ffi U •. dli''(!!'W,j'mg' itb;n'5IIji ;I'l dGptlll., YG.-ul!I!a'k" '''il!;:=m 14I>g;m tc. e:dd In '~lP-g,Cl!'j' ,gm:d: to !3pp~'r dgiO 1ii!1 '.\hill' ".-h~ilW'er' (Iii' Jli!r Qi!N!:I!:f', ~1i'I: 'lh:l~ li=I'T'CI""~'. 'Ih!!!' ~1~~Fig r~oJ"g' 'e'f,:' deip.t.h i~ 'ef~cd Ib)i" ~h I:.m:lIl:1id pil'iiiIii C, of. 11k!!! bll:l~(h\' 0111 vI:. 'l,m!El1 ~crg I!l :EiIl!i'i,Uti' ,of: t'~iIlI: :1,",,3d;i'e~~1'I,1~!!i~11 :lihC!l'p~:r' 'w.~I'b Iha :iom""Ucl'r JlgUUI'-', 'h:'i lihe.- d'hiU!\f1iO:e" mQ~lng Ih~1TI seam ~'glif ,oi, A,I'!I~ 'ncliF!l'ng 'a!f4!l 'ihi!l b~fikw.g!Q1f ''W!!;iIJI~", whitil::~ s,r~w1 ,~mg,lliolf
atll

at

I!'\CIi:'i'dc~ t~-'W:oQIF.dI ~lhi:'!! !'f!I~i!il1 ~glli!f:rO,;, Qna

Ihl'

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d~g'i.l: Up! 'front Dt.lt 'b.e~rni:iJ ilild I:d~nr:;t fi:lli'i~i!!!f ib(!ck.

II\Qcl!:~,;: wh'l'<;b QI"o

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Ine l'·
!UIi'j'O hg~ Iwa, :i'i'!i~Dif;!~'~91: ,t')' 'nI.e ~i!.i!limif1!(t 'w'hi~lh I'f'id.(ll~' ,g ~'rnape" (2~ n~i!inc: ;j:jf' ,d~i'\I!~H:Il1'[iDUll,. ~'O' fgllowl; Tm lolOl'","Ii'!i:iij liit ,g. pk~"ri[l'., ! fhh I(lmnd JItj&C iiJinlai iii; t:m.e O~1!t 'WQ tchJ'" 1'0. ~!i!'re. ,h'l ¢Omp!'--;!!lng !~r.le.. ')lOWI !CIli"t!lil~gi[J' ),or.!,r Obi!!lri,~ IQ; tme'f,. ~kcOlpl!l:!i ot rn«in ;IJllii!l~ leDd, tl'1O 'I!i)!e blillE:gIjI~,"r.gI\llJ.1y 1'iD' I'Mif:' (Onhf.F ~d illftl!lr1f~'r,. Hillro tl!!i~, i~, 111~wg"lf.ld·~rJ :mldilii<f. 'fllut imod~.ol'!l !Il~e.,:lim~~l(II. enid' iI'\Uliiifi~'~g figUlr\l~

w~~,~

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br,(I(\!kwal'i!'r

~~~Q;h ill! t'owa=lr.d h:iim;' iI:!t m'me IriTiEihl'~ ,ow!!' (lY'i! 'E~I~fi!w',~tho 'li'lIIiII' Qf bi~ !'ogl tm ",refill Ih~ bQ[:',dhu. fh, mJili~:d!ll o'f lhi~ i'Ul!l!l' f!gin'hi t\~, Cll $eiQtllluhny C'ii;!il'liil~rQ'f ;nr~ll!red,~ 'ihri': F~;l!!nrng figrUrct, _, grid! i\he:se

I Q'!;I dl

u.:w:

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"I.... ;I"U!C: ;:Ij, I[ ~ ') ~'Me lI'9l!'!i;fii;jf.~, ~I' d',gir!!;I1I!i!ll!i ,0.,1' !i:J lp'iJli1~~1lI ki,F ,mea or ,-lhl!i~Qi ...,,1tlililll ~h.e pt\i:h..~e' ,gor (~~Ji'b!!!, :O"Ye-lI'-G'11 q@fOlUit:; of:' 1~l1Iihi~il'Ie.U ;gr' ,dgi1'~D'!3I~ .of S':n& 'w'bDI\~ IP'i<IU';, '. The dl'!Illi9ln!i1ij] jhoW",I. U~ Mew' dll~ ifiirfi:if u:I!o.d 'il'QhJ e 10 snr!:!i!'!91'~iII\1l hili eelII,hi11" ;if ir~hH'!'1;1. Nolh~~ I'hfil' be, rngdu' Ms: impOftt,onr'1'fg,i'lU rdia!l'kl- an,dj :,,·el' I ~~\III ~Ggifts~ i:I Iidgihi
bii:i~rQiIllI1Ii:l,

lhe·

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i~ be.f...... )!<e!lillihu,

,dg,k,

IoII['[jiIIQ1iffli

'of ~'li!iIl' iloM~~r lilIf,ld ,t~;g; :b.iig~h. LiII'l'5, mpOli'lllin~ CU~nif.11J;. ~iIJ(l1ll iiii~, Ih~ lb:f\Iji!i;l!~WClrii~f'. Ifii;Q.!ke,_, ~!1,dl dilOt!;;!!l'It ligw rIi!'!l~ '(:!)!iJtiil(nf I ill is·l· !!lhi3l1'p~t 'Wi~{~ tho 'l!:Iinil!'!l rlifail,lf1;cl I hem.

P:ictlur'e areal

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. ~ IE: •d ... ~ '" . Ill. ,. eranoa :in ,ocnOl)OSU'lG a ['u: ure :15It.lI.II;~ pILCiliEilr,~ area.. Tb ~ artist S ul,5I:. c.onSi!_.. Thb, Is SiUl]?ly the Oa;JI!. sl..trftu::e OJ] w~kh yo,lJ.1l dJl",:!lJ.\~~ p3.i:nt· v.illthin. tL1G!'borders Olf of. YOl.tr picl;ll:me'~ If }fO' I !ha v,~ever taken 3: snapshet '}'OiIJ have ab:,e 'f l~o:df;OO ad witb pi'ctu:re

area, To take }'our pi10'togr.aph.,. '),01.1. looked In d.. viewer ,of the ,camera and e moved briick.[0 be art~in ,'O'Ui: \vhole subject l¥3.S In ~bepIcture =. {D.']" c·l~ yo,o moved eleser so rhe subject 'W(J,u.lcl a.ppea_j'· larfgeJi and clearer, These ,~im..p~e steps ~n co:otroUmi, the ,SP3.tt in a phoit!Q,gF~phare Iba~i,cany ebe same ones )'QU use. 00' eentrol :pi.cuJre area run dr..tryti.llg or pahn:ing, Tc use YOI1J:rm>~curf area m·o-s.lt,effec:n.~\\!'~ty, mu~t 'wei,gil a!)lIe,fu:1 ty !i'here; l YClrIl yoU. :p:lat-e ddogs, w:ithin i' and :w'h:(IJ'~i'l~' ~!jju make dl e:lll " Your cbQ'j,oe ,of size' s and pb~;ceme~n.t snQ'\I[d. never be accidental or' :3:fib~ttary. After. you have placed an obj"-ect in. yOl:lllf' Olmpoo!~ li,on .• p~use and .:nudy the .si.1:."e ,and, l.oO£;J,ti.o..n 'you 113v,e given i)t. Ask 'YQu'l""se,1£; ; 'Does this ereaee the l~f;ecl .l had. Im -[ndr' lIEnot. [}~y :ina,kin, things ,Iatg:er- Qf smaller .. M,ove them, t-o di.liere '[ place-s.
li<\1[thin the [our borders utuil YOillare !ii~lt~dh:~d 'the resuh, lll;,',llh.

Am i(h!!i'
ittonil.
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·mao :roi!i wiha!' h~.p~, t.h~, jijiiiin d_IfIiJniJ]..'!lIikI<5.

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Now

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'ih~ flidl.ue cl1l:1l"9.J[!I!II '~r'i!lfI'!~i'fId·QiIj$l:r.,

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~!(gtllt 111:g;gf,!\~iiil . IIH\C:l' 'C!CJC:un ",..r'hll ';,h. 'fiO"lre ~<III ilIi ~,CI,g,·pl!iiil'1 of.: I~" pi~I'I.I!~ glmn!!" :~\m\!ll' :~i!' Q'i'!:I~h b,n Ih>lli 1Ii~ee- .• lhh ~~. iiip" proprJalil!' ~~I' '!III iOi'!Iii<i"!!lp .. ~'"rimgl-' '¥iIlW. .

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I I I

'I
Ii~~ g r '1l'9l!.!'(i"Igi wm p i~n~ty ~I' b~ 'Ir\:e!lilli!i~ 'by dt(lrp ~IJ; Ihb ,~g'!!'!l!1'g:ii'rr!'rQI'!.'
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Va,flV yo,ur ,;',l;e,5 with a

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p-Url'p,gl,Sle
I,

a ,flii~]e' t['dng ~n 3, p[CJlLU:l!. dll!C' ¥,~~!jler"st':~f~: 'CaJ'I1nOi: ,he'~.p btl t ~~'d:~:w[IJ lio ilL, No ma1ttJer ho)!-~ iSnt~ U we' make this ~i~~gl;e' o'b]~t:'t" i:t is ehe center ,of i'rnt~t§t- '~be' ~,Ojt lrn'PQr~ ta'h'!: dll'illg In the plceure. However, '~fl'u~nW~' add ,a, sec-anor;l ,~t..l· -~-, , -,l'-"'- .:M _,_, - 'il'!, .' ~ ''-1.' ;i_"~ll3;Uon 1.. .,,'" ,.'';_-., _ ',', , oUJ~C[ ~ ,1 bu,;ru, O~,5iU.u, men e, t te s,~ . aecemes more ro,m~
''f,Vre

When

~'hO:li!{jiust

rel i);ti lie :Jij:tjeW~ make each figJLnl~, U' we w;u:n, the ,~je"rer'~,~ j nltCre~t 'to be dh"~ded eq1lJjaU, be!~we~n d'le- t~!o, 1Jigm.:f,~~J Twe C1!i.H make them 'bo:[b til,e ~m:e slae 1'[ WS' pos~i:b~e '~\(!JI place sU·O[i].g ,eniE'a.ph.~8:~S' on it ~gm"e '~y d:mw[n.g it lrn':Ethe' f,oregroiund and ~laldDg 3,ny other igure' much smaller, Th,e same fiU]es apply 'w'hen "we h~.Vle
man);' :~gln;e-s, '~)]fQb~;etrt~'i'n a pi:ctll:re. Tbc_.\Le". 3dm~u,~dJy. a:re '\!''eIFy <S!hn]}"le le~ii1!f~p:~e\5" The' 'PQs;s[b;~Ut[~;s; aJI1e'endless, HOi~"'Je~r , L~~~b3.si(: :pr.b-lJdple remains, I~e' Strme: . "' ~:I -'~' T ne . -~. S!U7,.e we' gpre to It I1 UlfP :iiJtil,(I. '\'~''I 1~r.~ 'W~' p'."I :;aoe' It~iem C@'l!1tro ] their ~m[~~:rl;!lLnc:e ehe ph::tu~"t., S]?Y.!should ne~ve'r b~' dl0iS.e~ i.ll h.~p'hfiz~.mlyor tvi:rtlRiOtilJJt regoJ,rd ~,o, the effie!l:t" ,j ~ '\~',i]1 ,p:n~du,oo'", ]1 should be deelded upon j list :~:s' ICI.u"~fil[]y ;a:s,dlte ,~cdon~Q.J" 'Pose .

U nless we ,e:5lt~,bJ ish a st:t~,:~e' f :rei:~,lJ"'e ]-mpO(f~;;mce: o ,a:mQ:lig these thh:I;g!j d~e' viewer's e.)~f."w~U not kno'~¥ '?ilill:l-e' :tt,o,g'o~, : and lse ,inifl,Y[i):O,[ undl.'"t:St:a:nd I~lfj.'e me,~age thae the plcurre Is, supposed to C~\ni,V'~y. ,~.~.~ f.iII. '. " •. A gaHl, one rg,~,~:Il!e Mn51~ s w:a:ys l(!j,i: :5bli)w~ng 'I Ut:t, 1~ unportanr __ 'W' [:~ ~.ds pk~uJre' i~ d1'f9'Ugh Itt be' 'rdaLi''Y1f! slzes :he' :ma,'k,f:!i his objects. It, (nt" example, "W~ "'J::3i:I'II'~. to ,romn,:p~~ I~W'O '6,gii1:r~ ~n. it S;~Qiry :i:Uu ~tfil,uon" 'We ~n tn ~~keone: 'igu 00, Q"ten'll'lil(]:bn 'tfu~, other or _ ,., ,-",.,"--" -"., ]-,.- l_ '. ,..1-, ,- -...lI\i:, d onnnare I,it: JlJ~~:S"_,lg,,hrl Y_-Ulepe[[IJy,].ng,t ~', - a g@o~, exren -t on. ,1'1:., , eo .. " ·,';;11 . 'I' ~;t,~~ pNcakd.
j

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~P!i!'!ii!J' kl. i!MiI:IIri'y 'fil!ill. Sj' ,dlrlCIwi'rt£1' 'rfli 11Ii'i!lii'h 'I'~iilim d~I1'1;I'iI!iltl!!' -n!,Qi lPi~h,I.rc1' glft!>!i!.

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iF1elll,l'~:Ii 'Q;r m~Io!n;!!::Ilft(l, ~ n-lr~ ~Il\e-~I 'ii ~'I1.t!!, !s!I!IEJ!~~ hl! l'i'JiCi ""hi..... o~ ti'r!l!i' ' IftIQu~r!:iliiliil 'flit !+iI~ ~~rt;. ~~' immQ!iIII,g~'Q~:r £!Z:i!i~ Ihu: ,d',Qj'jj~jj.Qj'j,i5r:. !Dr t'~1It i~t- ~lI,Ii .~!:~l!!~ !ITIi~\!Ir.iilli!~1!I 't~'k-e~ "q) ffiO:!o~ of 'I',~i' p-i(l'I1!i'I:!' ~J;!;g!l;(t t,r,i~~n ~, 'i1li!!~ tllri!i '!'~;eUi1r:ill Gf tt~ h1.!l9l1l'~ ~\Jw,!h~rmi'ng b"dl;.
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tOv,erICl,PIPing

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1

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than OQe. object In ditem" flg,d each ,o:[tern. dUfers: from the ethers ill siU! and shape, O\',eiiL.ha,pph'l@:' ,Tovfd~:5',a good, ,~a)f to otga"nize these varied obp jeers i, t.o :iDleresdn"i' 'nn,ifi:("!d, :n,ifT3Jlgemen.ts,,, -VV11JeillJJ e ,o¥~:rra.p [[hmg~in :fi, l:J_':ctU:~1!!'We are 3,'pp]yi:ng a :pri'n~ w Mos.t o.f. [[];·e' ph::t.u.reiSt make ba;ve
'IDO[,e

dp~J~we observe a ~ ¥lIar'll::, hl everyd,[I,Y ti:~e.,,~rO'S.'t o~' d~~ I~.hii:n~, we s-ee are panly hidden er o\,ier,la'piped 'by. od'iJe:r objects., Overlappin,g, hlow,e¥,e~~an al 0 hd:p tll$ litO' e')tp'Bi-e5 ' our rli!~i:.u:reIdea m'oro c dil,-e(:tly; fi.. p3rt]y eeneealing' the 5e~o.~]d.aryobj€"c~ through o\.I'c.r,hl:p':piI1g'. e C[u' '[na~e the imlJlo]"'~nn,ones more :proJ::nin.'i::rtt. w

1-

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We
glli;'j;

Slh;mll II,!~ 'il!,. 'r'c",.II1I' ,ll'rn,~11O' r;h; I'lli d. '1!'IiI:ln'I-"iiih: ~ma' ;uf·
W!ilti

r\~r:I;",.v
~11J1;i

of '.11 . pftlc:df:l,

I~

Ij!IIi'CI!!'I!ii!\p'

ilU'Ia'

'trl, ,~,y.Qji!l.

,
H.fi'~ f!i. !C i'!!1!I11!;!,fvl 'liIl~~til'nq malii'l{ :~Nlid:giit'~ 'h11ll1fO oa' tMrJlh '~hlDr dtf!~ aU of Qi!i!cih ,o.lbi!i:~'" !ilwt.a'l1;i;em

I.

Tb'j" liIil:llITO hl:ll..

OIi!~fii::~1< ~~l4Id!1l;n;h

!:Ii

Im~i!I' o'Iinr

~r.g! fiili;.'l\!fil"

!.iIo:1t;r - IbiIJii 1M
!11,1li1" O",Iii,t-liIp.

~bi:~b do "'!;iI' mgh,

,!:]

.'IoWi!II-a:t.!Ij!liiIili~dI tpidurn.

O'iig,rrgppiJ!1I1 ,!.1t!ll,uhl'

1:.", ~r'!:!

,~ciulNJi!,

~ffH' ~'(I1I'ig.~;pi ii'S - ~h!! ®. i~E'I'!i, 'tn.. Ii !II d ~p ~gtt,'" ibi!lMrnd ,I!Q!:.h !i!dh~r,.1\i~ iiJIp,p'la' 1'1'11 'il!i!!i' !b;Qwi 'rii; .IQ:Io1, fllI'iill ,tli(l Dillmii 't~1 If'it:j!t 00111.hi '''t.[(I,ElJ'OIl!IIJ1:! oppl!,

~m

M!i1'fJllo ah(il l1:iow' '~g, :t:!\I!iI' lfiu'I\i~1 I i!!~;~ - w.Q' ~'!1 I.' ~':h g iP.J P. r.Q iJI II IIIlQW" ,Buil if;'h 111 Ibo rliI' iii, iliI'led! ~iP' I!i
1'90

,dirre~1'lyMIMi'id tll flU gl'o.ijJlf'jd app.'l'q.,

N~.hl;l1 'liiOlimFJ-D:L'T'r1'oi"i r&:j, ',",olil. 'WI) ih~ lITf!cJj<i:ld '!!i'11I Ih,g, bQ!tlt"" i!iir.id bg'wi to flui' ~~I'. ~ - iii gp,pl ' l!:!o I ~ ilIi':IiIM, f'i\-q;rr)(hill 81 d':'fi'~fli't "'avo ~'o OVIilri'llip.

C -op,pi'- 9
Even the border rtll~r be 'Used (0 o~erlarp' obJc[ltS. T,M:s 'is CO'fn~ mo ] l'y cal led m,pp.i.llg'. • The border m,3,Y be used 1[0 Ct:Qp a
'f!

J.. rg,e, :patt o,{ the eb jeer ~ as, ]o,;ng iJ5 the 'pfirt wh lch sno,ws b typlQ) enough u'),idel:ltiI~~the a,'bj,ect.

Wl'iifilli

WitI il.;(lIW

on! (If' ao!l!i!ih obla~1 rill

dgM.

iii p~C'll,Ilffi'

Ih~ e~d

nil, 1P~~ilJlfIit.

'1IInd); 'fl:!' bao ,d''llill' 'CI!~d un]fif~i1=i'ti'nll!l. 'WiWi'd' hi!! b.;!~'!lI~' !~ ,J)bi!l!~lI' 'Wlllfj' 11

Ir~iI!Itrgf.i - - d !!:iii lill'

T~el iili!!i!P-lli ,hIII(,.' !:II1'a ~hJ!' sarfi'!'" ,gill f,hQg 1m, ~hi!l piCawrli 'liIi~ II!i~r ~, b",f. th.· f[lli :d' fIll rnQJ\j 11'1!l~ l!!ir!!lI!lI~I'li!ii ~J;!:Q,"". i ~!:Io.lbii!~ I!I~ . '!t>I:I!I'ilii:1I T:n jj'l~~, GJ!1d o~rilap,~. n;go, 1tra", 'i:'QJiP~d by ~l'Iifi'
1

lbe llIit!.r

i!'

iIle.!l'Viij ,Cit !!II 1.1

I BlBI iill.o 11

~ rifb!Jllm ,gl' ' d'rv'iYJI .l1iftfil'!fIilV w'ltMI'I 't~iD' 'E'rl;!!mil' if, ri'}. l!i;jj: ipJ~l,!IfiO m'Qy. aj!i'~-r 'fcl'mc~ O~ .!"I1o!"!€ldil:! C!1lJ<J.. III! u I' Wiliil~ii .P-'fl!rlil '!:If ,;.hn Db:[iQ>~t~. ct4;lo~d! 1b(l~llIcil ~{h,.1!1 ~1i'G~ 1111"1 'Q!I" Ib4I'nhnl Gilii' i'1I'ioimc'!". 'Wi! na'RI "Gti~jf.'"
~nI'!i9i1

Appl'y;ng co:mmo,n sense to co,m,pos;:t,ion

A:I tl:u.ou,gh ~he actual making ot pktures may be: n.ew lI:Q 'Y0u~]/QU w~n fi Ild, that 'You have a ;good dleaJ 0'( pr,a'cdca~ ~x]~r~einlcc and j1!.1dgnlern \v,hJich you can ~,ppJyin ron~pos'inJJ them, 'The same rules of.eommen sense hold true fo-rpictures as for real ]H~. Fer example, !J;' pkttHe:, ,I i:k~ a, room, :rnay be bare and. !e'mply! or. crowded iU1iC], ehutered, "Orhave too much in one comer»- and,

11

._\
I_

ilfi~J~, 'l;I!ppiy >!:II c:omIl'llOI!i-~i!ilI!!Ie iflP',pr.1:i~tl:hl it>l:i' lP:ld!lJ11ii1!l lI'rtia~,lng) ~'1fII Ulill orr(;ji'llgem!l;!\ftI~' 'o,i ~O!!'illi!' 'fmut., '(I, bowl (llnoil' a boull(!!. r,lrih: ~i:iditip~~'~Ui:i;1'iI d'Olij, mol ~Q!Ic!el ~!!IiIiI~l!!_ Wb)' (i!'g.wd '~'i'l!Iff'. H:lllng) !~ilIiQi'illi~!'NI~~ f;g:l:.1 bOli'fler',~ i!i!itdi y,;.,filj,'te'

lll![(ililI!J!Ll!I;!!IT!IU!IIJ mifi!itm 'Il~n'i'ili bFJCl!i!III!:liill' iji lirJ;(!ikll1:ii, mO-rlC! r.g!B~(;g:i lL!I:iiiJ' of tHl'l!i whlJ'l'tIIi piliillUrc 'Ol!,,~g. 'Tho obiili1(;~1! n!:li!' It~m:f~r:tJil!!b!:r wi~hillli Ih~ p5d!;,l!!'iCi I!;pg;:;\Ci" N~~Mrni9':PCi~rnll ihQ, Ibc foiil~ n'll

'!'i1!g

Q!.i!!'

of Qiijl" ~lfl!,iii'I!l' ICi~'iliD~ U,r~ Ui.'k~' i!ie'Uiil!'!;I1 obii!:c,t!. Or.i dt~ io'iEiry ~.d~8'~Cif Ci 'f,i:lbI~,. 'We get tlliill ijJi'i,~O;m,f'ortr:.iM~',r~I!II~r.i1;j!hEliI th,~t I
'MO ~,~jf~~
Qim'

!!;If ~'hili' ~gi!11IP(I:j;~~,gll1 g &;

,~I'I nil!!

:fI'ird

pl~!!!.I!t{l'. k~''h bQo'U!o ,~!f1Jd'b!;i1!.V~ aro piaood 'l;Idi' iW'l'If'~r'" t£!, ,~-v,~;d :&:~d'i:t~in!li!,l!hiEl',ptdu~,e' 'irl ' E1}!il U'i!l' iiilfl :5~d (11 0 f ~l1ii9 P ic;t!.l:ro. (I r,1l! g ~'!!i'!'liD ~il'. km9Cif i[tmlfi!"t~' gli dI w~lih"dI"

~'111 ,dial:'l1li;i!!f'

lfi'f,

ri::lmn,gl

,oifif.

. ; yfhii~,q
Q!re

'fOr alf.li!liiti"!:IiIl:ii: AII~ ~h~'<i;b;~eil:~1h;~~I!l' CKJ,I.i!aUy' 'ImlJ1lorIClllI'", !fjlrid 'OWl!" ey,E!! 'nl,llllji'!p~,Dfildk .r:ll!ld ,f(i,ll'J\!
WW!Pliitro!$ ol!le 1-0

hom

t.._ ' : ~ca'i!l!)':t:

""'Cir)'~'111!1:9! 11:5,11190'101 'I!~§'

~,.

~'j;_'.'

J"I'

1'1'

I~~GW, • ffoii:ii!,f

;g,d "'g(llirnl thl!i tg.;p bord(hF!,

~~nl' p;ldll.!'Ir.!!

''WIi:I(5.j,'r,ng

>of

,loUom [heayy;: 'fllii;s, Qlrin:llmil'e,met'it Ii!; th~ ~eY"¢"r~Qgf' th'!lir-cf~ OFle" Ev~lIjftm'i'tng i'lli l'lll m mill'cli {ligi:li1m~.I' th~ bo'Uom DO ~:~~ ~ii,d '~h~' 1f:!C:li1' '!~Ij IP!ld!.!l~'!;1' Qlma is. 1i.i,!liUi~ed_

t·~ r(lst.

~;h~ '~thi~r wttlu~IIJiI_'~r.!,Y ;f~i"!ile1' ,~~' '~!I!t.~i'C!~I' g;jij w'biit;'hi A~n righl' ,for a ft'lllfiaiP'i!i~,. ib-ld llii:ii~ ,~'~~ il!!il pl!t'hl F'~_

or

I,pd(llli.

i,'haJIH'I!S, :d~!oitiild be. cI1eat'~: h i$ d~fljkl!,dl' ~Q' :!!~,e lilt!!, man ii\fiHli t~~!t ;i;l;J '~h"" !r\i;,'.~' ;ljlitl~'Iil!!:I'wMdJ he j!j, iO'CI,min!1ll. CI.:~g·M" ~:~' ml;;!!k~n bili~"~t!1''~~if!!~(!i !~ ~,~g.w t~~ ;d(j'm~H').'~'i'I;g1 ·dtI]IP~' of' "ilUi' 'IlI1 !lIln :s.~ nd;l1l~ QU'I ;(lI!I,3S1ij'O:iol ,~~ <:~rf!!,Ni,!,ltftl~ U9hit. ~;ltI]dg;rolii md HC!'r.'i! ~~I f'orm '!;II!;j1'!oill Q~iiii 1R~!f'~!:~~r (:1"~i:Ii~.,
1b<1!~~lIJIilie, Mil; f,g:nml' ml[tl'IllOI
a,

nJ~"u

",in'

C:rolWd~dI~
'~i'~f

r~itl Q'biiD(;'t!:I;
Iig!!"
~'~(J'

illi 'Ihis.

m!lJi5iiC'QI~or.i,

pid!.i!lI"<i! '1]I11i\i!O. "lhi!y !ili~j'riig.:j,t b!!.llrnp Q,[!,!ilI':Il:l;I' ,~ac::'I1i o~!hll!,r~. '~re(jt~r,'!'S (:i n !(I:bl!fli@loI:&: I~ff,!)d of '''''~~'HO'wd~'ng.,
tOQ tgll"~!Ii

f.~tm,~us ,/\ r~ls,ts,C'o!iJ!lr,s1ffil,

COm1p'DSi' iOln,

'b P Oin' ti5, .'0 re'me.m,,: 'e:r _ ""

ins.ide u e picture area. Study tbese rules carefully i<1il1d fi'x them In l(H.u·'mind'~hre:~ ,nl b~~p }'Ot1 eo avold L1LU[.Jlecessary errors, A[ rheugh our ex,amp]es :ue very w simpte, [the' pohU-i itbat they make ,ap'pl.y- to much more complicated lP,ictu es also .

O'n dlis pa,ge we ' ~Ol'~'

'}'OU S0'l11e

mere cemmon-sense ru :~es,IDQlf ~r,r:ilIIrmgjDg objects I

lliliontl'

'i5\p"li,t th,e IP., Uir,g' ilii IhaU; d

IEury!hlm!91

!hrl;illfQf dt~rnFdolrltlly'

t, Ci!'~d",d
pid'!.:Irn.

ifl,t:o 'Ihl!l' rj~ihl'

Y'.I;-, 't:hlC wllol"D 'p,h:"~re ~!i't!l!~~ Noli[!; t"rlJ'~ '~hi!i' 'fiVl.!ltr;t!J ~~ p11C;t,~~ j!!.l!:lit:
,enolll~!:!1 001' c,enlQ1ji'
!'I

[Doni""", 'Uif!i

'tl1;lrIl9;;

IUlP~ rM~

'~hi·d ~f

wHh ih~, I~n ~kt '

kop

f!rom

em,ply.

p)I'!I:IrI:~i'f!qri'tiii 'ffl[J;.l1Ioh~nD"Il!~.fh;n8lii, am p.~I!:!i(IOg on a ~~IIJ~' ICr~iii.q ijlg~ ~'IR~.ef'l'!9b"

~,j;I!inn~'Q~ the

,~rClutilli

illl hclllt

'V,g'ry '~&e' pJacc mfllntf.:" 'fMmi;i!~ !c~k iITI 0'f1i! ,!'iIbiiifJi: f~i!liB 'willi !111m ~ IIIIi1lY' I!ii i' Ij \!,,g i"~ 'i~d ';111;pC:i:ilig,I'I' gRd i~,Ii:!iPPifld.

IiIi.O n~'t Iiilii'\iiliR

t:he Ihotiolltu H(tr,B' the 'ObjBiI:'I!l !1i:ive, bCIil'J'.I (rlj)'y,..d'illid inlQ. lime ba~illl!m hOll'f ilif th)1!i ph:hu~~ i5Q,d Ihe' iUPlP'c 1" Ihcdf :';;' crnply.

iU':sc tho
iCI\l"ei:l!.

ii,pp-e.r

hiCIllif;r too:: li\i

Imh~'IiiIll!l;l' ';'0 ".,i'gjtg gn)"

if:!: !II o~' YOiIJiW pi!!:it'1.!I1I'I1:I

ljjp.p<Cij"

l'DIiii'it

il;I!i,n-'",r, I~"",\ery i!iIf,!i

_> .'n9::
glihlt,I'",

Th;'",g;1i

Move

~{hil"9~' fro. t.hili li!i'e;I'e::

liM:Ii

'!:Ire' lili'ti!l!lil

vai'!iClQ I'ly", and

;eillrib

.he.:

,1Gi'

l,hi'
Q~

~alf

'~h,-'pid'u,r,e_, '100.

,~~" :~pam il!! 'Iho'

'~!!II'~ h:
'h~iI!I-,n

rnOItiCdill!m~!S. 'i.~e !C!b~!I!'(I$:i'CClm

0111

!!!! o.f

eA'-ei!:'~ ~'~, ifri 0 iii!:!' ililf.lilll'1l!t!iming 1::1I!!(c~I;I~' IO~ '!;itiiIi'11;!!.,ty in p!~iOOmelilll., 1'1hID' ~biili-tlJ; ~c b.eMl1Id: eDen l(j~'~~r. i'n 'PQ(]a.

bow'I' i!4if.'
,(lin

le'i!lY 'IJhg,

iii Iho it-')'oi,ii

_!"

rhj_j;

Millie.
S.pa:Cfii:

,!EliDlI!d

lUlU!'

of you,r
ilil
II~-; 1QC1t'~:1i;

will hl!'pPoll
iliilOrll1ili

Do "I"'it

,b~j\ldull':J. The-

~r~~.hililllll.

Th",

ICit' Olbli III c1i:s iiU!,~t

1'1h~ lbifitt.E::-:
'~JlIpI!!'QiiU;

Overf.a,p

'Ii I!i. e' ii!!Ibi'ec~\I';' RQi:w

;glAd ml!l-,,Q

:!.p,!CIi(!!i

fillir ,,0' )'(Il,Ir' t'i;IIl!!!! ~'jl!I""~

:p'ih:h!l1fO
rll t~
Oml"

'i!m;piJjr-

",,-nhu

,O'f tl\j_~ F-';!:it!.i!lre be>C?a;~~i!i

e,mpmy bob.

I!i'!leiro 'n~ ljjult

g>aod uw., pi!l:!!!libil~ly,.,

~o be II'\I:!';lIliil'i'Qi ~j'!j ~,~1i:II I;.gw,j'rClrridl ,DG.lh gbil!:'l;'!:;, 14!!ifn to

~'r'!9i1i'!"CI:~!C

ta;uch:

tne bow.m

it Q't'o1flla;p

d~·Q bi!:llltl"IJ. hrwl lIi~ IlolI'Iiiije-:r. 'l~u'!iihil!iJ bo~,d!l!lr~ ~nd t'h,r,:,rlP' b

'CJj

¥i~ii'Q ~P~'~i&.

b~ ilcil' "e~M!1g of m.ghmitG'.

,
I

'13

~~,[li!l' ..,!;;m til h!1! ,P'Ci , '~h'!tli mi;!gii!!liilliil!' OOVii]f' 'm!<!:!" ~g1!;'kwI!l"1~'~, ~li1i~!IIm I'o,' HlIiII' :II~mi'!!' IP rlImipli!!Ii, O'~ >00'111-' p.~~'~'h~~ W!iI' giQ-:!1iogif "r,.p:t.!:Id i!'Ji ,~'i'mpli[!lf i~i~C"f1eili' IUrJ;iM '!i!(I: tMO' liiHlfill' '131' Ihe fDr' ,iiilhl. IItgd~,gdI 'Cqm b.'I~lild Ihi:ii :iiijjv~1fgl 'Iii'du'l"c iG'nc.!I1'RI'lt.J till' (Jr'eDrh:!l' On ~ 'i"CI~:rcdl, 'ffihi:ilIeitiriiS!' Wh,gl~: '

l!iii'JdlLll..t!,d~ 'iiQ' 'ih; :l!1'mplo,

!tf-g~r©!'!l ~~g,Wi,

I'

..
'

snu'ffJy
m.g;'fII

lihi!l' Wfil!Ji'
!i!ilbi!fiC~!I; -

1Itg;(:'~wq'IU h,g,j iii! ~~' 't.otIilliihef

w'r~d~w;, :iili;;:.~ilff';
'tit!!)"
...

~~~~

'r~"l.Ii'

'!iI'!n!!

',",!Ilia

dog·=

Qll'la n;a,t'I~~
B!;!',!;!IPCDd
!II_..

MOW

~fii~'l!lr1.!int I I'ii-::: !j: !:I'

(ti(~..

'l{h'~I"l!B~' Olni'

Q'l~r'"
,..,I.

~'O Ull!f(!

C!'i wtul:lt
r_
'f1!'tili"II

,For
!Q;r
~,E'

ir~~~gl!l't~", ~l!ie
,'L, . ,

~GW

~:t:. L, 'I "111iIl 1~!1! I'

;L,' . !o!'('II!i!;llI!.!!i

,.!n ~ L,.

IFl~~!i!!lng~1:

. - : I.,

t.1!11li

Wlflu,IiIW

'Cil~

'tho

t,op.

'011'1..:1 i{~i!l'

'i:lifi.g!!!l~1iJ '~Q.
fi'!o:l!ii',~

idi!;illiliJy

nlil)l!!l

I~tij;i i;y

'MI;;ii)!i!lrnl:iZia

bl.!l~·~ ;i;;iijjll~ ~fiI!T!i\"'! ~Jnow i",,~Jt i:l!b'I~~i~ :E~~iijI~~ Ik~:rl' ~II"O b~;:::c!IIJIIi!i nt~)' br,;gk, tlflo

!Ilnl!: II:iIf 'Ibc di\!li!" :ii~g~'.

HAVES
,~,'_'(H']n(i'!J1. Rock

well

is famous, for the human

,mn U::r.esl and the

elaborate detail he PU[S, into 'h is ~:ktu res ,- but. dl~y (~,we JtlJ:s,[ ,~~~ much 'W lthe skiJ~, ;ieh which he (."U~JJ~l;los:eS' '~he[n. In 'cfeadng thb, w ]nU~tt~I.:t~:on a m~g~rci'll,e' (Qr cover Roc'kw'e:ll g,mf"'e clue'EuE. t[iou,gI1J'[ to idle s).te 0,'[ the main ¥igure and .W]l~l~ be ShOldd, :ph)_.(l~ it, ~'i!l ovC:r,I:~i'pp:i ng' tbe ,o:bj~ts" :he made sUr,e' rhar d]e irnpOf"[an L ,iden'li.= ryi:ng' ch~,t[l,'cu~1'i:Slli,tsof each one 'were not ebscured, His iPktlu"e' ' pf QV1t s' t:ha;t the ['bi []I,gs, you have been .stud;y~:ng abo'U l -slze, p:~a:(e·, raent and ove:rl~-iJppiJn.g' jU5i!: as i'~"[!!'pO',['l~'J'~n the success D,E a ~ £0 mmjo!r :m:agazine cover as: they are to YDur lesson a~lg,n ments,
:I~ij &~ c:iliH~ fo-rlrt'i~ iu.:h I!II~ ~,~"" ,d!~~ il',1ii ;d\g:tl!iin, r,~(diriml!' .mli' ii:ar~' wj~t.. wnidh IIlQd~11 dil!l!liTiS ~ed 'tlc:!~'h I)lb!II}Iii~; hI! Ulli! pii:1,UHi.. 'if1~~, iniddll!! Cif 'r,hi!!! ,ffi~'i;l1 b ~Mailt!ij 1!1!lm.m ',",Ii,ICir:l'l!;!Jppooi D)" b.~i-n'i ,~~.iI!i IbO€i\t.~ 'i:Ji'idl ,,;;Ji;l:!lf' ~~5J1 = Y'~~' '~O h,!:!;vo II;~I 1'~!ii!JJbJ!I1 Il'e,,:ogfl,i;":'irrl ~ 'I't!i: 'f'Oi'1fii I!Iiridl w,~ f'e!:!!1 !h~~' iI' iii ~], 'i!ht;iil"iIl v i,mill! ;1

~'f' 'He

WrIlI

bi!:~IIJ~Ii:' RQifI!:W~II' ~:~

'~mlFl<Dri~1!'1 ai'ildi

<iCi'i'\erilil

'i::hi)llf~l;ll!ill'H~lic;

,!~ ~1hQ,w P~fli!.

H~t

mo~"

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Depth, ~n a pi ture, is the' Ul'ls~,on of dist~ nc,e OJ' a 'thIrd dimenslo'tl. If QU], pictur.e,s are ItO create a oort~j:nd:ng sense 0"£ l'eaUtY'j we must !uggest a feeling of depth in .hem, One lV,a:)' 0.[ g'e'cd.~Ig:a, Ieeling 0[,£ depth Jn picrures, we have seen, ,i.s to o.veT~. . maF! dlb,gs., Another l' Iy is! [IDO draw obj~cts. .smaller ,as' he, get. further .from, Ithe eye'. Art i[h.. same time liV,eU1USt arrange our ob 'iects in depth so that the~t ~,:p~e'· e 'Our pictiilU"€ i'dea a,oclU'ln~.dy., Pnl:"p~e' and ,the' eilec we' ~l",e'l"forki:ng ro,r must be U]Je gu d i:ng considerations here, j U8t as they are when 'we arra:nge our eb jeers within the borders o[ '[be' picture, or P',[ctufle .' rea. In the Illustration below we see hOo''''Fred Ludekens has arranged 'two li.g:U~f\es in de.pdl to. make a dramatic storytellir g p.~(:tu·r[e'. e' bas placed one. 'figure' H .in d'J.'f, fo]]"eg:rOtUld. ,&0 [dose [0' the vie,~[e'l' chat l).\I'e ha've a feeling [of befllg direcdy ~tvolved in the' situation. The other 6gu re is Iu rtber [cdE't but w.~thn hl.~.king disW ranee, .3J'~ required by the: S ;o.ry .. Far' in the' background, even the ,higll, :meSillJ,
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appeal's [OlV,. In hi ·preJbnin.ary :,ketches, Lu ~1!ekenH5, tried out oithe:r pooswbl[e ,arr,ang,e]'Dleim]IUi In dep h. The '~Ha.gf'ams, elo\v :ruU[lstr~te ~e' kind of thin:~:i:l1.g'be. did. Like hhn, b y·orU should alwa So examine 'yOUI' elect. V'ery carefully 00 dedd.le 'w'het~er' U1.e figures are at just the 1"ig~ltdepth, - and. make changes and ,~dJu uments until they tell you story [be w~ayyou wan'[ it tok .'
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Th,e, term, :1 h,U~'i' a:5,g)~:IThe]f'ally U ndersrocd, :O.~ i$i'll:nply the iQ!ud:i fie 0'1' a shape .. Wh~n '\;VIe: , :~,pplyit to cornpositicu h()'wevei':~ line means the (Ure:cdon in 'wbic~hot.. ere moves; U-:' ,~I" \''11e ~(!IiO".., iJ! ,- p~Citure, \iV' e • -,', !--'I!~ ,t' a -'·-1" '1:-_ __ create uns ([,I recuonas 'Ii.,' id iDiII ]-."', '-b", ~i~~,I. '-ior ,1,,'1',', ,,, ,'-," -~ Kln ':11 me ;~I as a 'if ~l :fhngHll.~, tne',' obie ",:·c' "t,-, ""-II'C')'iiI,.,.,--", ""~"-I' -,-.',-,~., "II,-"~'i;l"" ,-,'" o~-j,!::cts, lrl tne p.[ct'!ue so II]' ,;,1:. blelit" ,s~i.I,ape$ " [.l'~U' ,OnJ~,~,n iJO~SI l!e~(~, u:1l{1:~'Y~ u.1!il~!i)n,~ LH,U. ,,' en center m mterest, ConnoU:i,n;g the m'ov'~m~'n'~ or the '\d~~'ile[l'\~ livi~'hi.:nthe pic[ttf'e bo-rders is a eye' 'Ve1~y importan t part of pkt'~.H·'~ 'n'~~'ki:l]:.g,The :r.I'rt~8t':illlJ,;~~t ~li'O'~'f~ 'be' aware of what a the Hnes in :h:i s p,i,.(tures dfJ'..I~71, (O'mr)OS~ fWg ,ttl picture 'we mu ~,H, lan ehese liues ~o' p help guide the '~,I.'~lMe:r~'~, ~!'~, ~'h6t1]d make sure that one ljne leads to another, ,e:~e. end 'U:Ihr.]JJl:tely t~ ~O~111e(>12'0tel" of Interest. IE we wo't'k 'lIu].:llij nk t:ngi.y ~ we m~:y create t ~,~ron,g llnes ttJJ,il~ ~ead, to lllt'li:i:m,pcu;;~:iJt par:ts of the :i]lusll:3,tio'l], or out 0..( :it :~d.t,og,etbe:r. . It 'is also important to, 'be aware of due type e,f' raovement llllJ~t.dl,r,ct;titG)llfU~ Une 111' ;;' ." (-'-j -I'" '" id ~'i" [,ul.[Jli.I,C1.liIL.lill'y ,r:, - - one j.Iil..,,!', '-r :5~ ',!!! 0y,. can n- "V e. our f:} e a.,oog qJU ue smoo {i']--'-I Y anc 1 d Y 1~,1 - .. :" ' ],0_ IJ.. }, ,u,l"Q[Wlj, ILU.I,[lg '[0 !~,'[Jiii,')'LI:iLe.[I"~, ping and ~d;3,d o'bjects tro'tl n,g w'i1.ffidl, be]olll,g l[o,ge'Llier. On, Ith,e other hand", the movemeae '[na'~'be ~brtl.p,t ~, I[~h.~ :a:rdst '~,ay purposefu Uy create a clash of lines. 'Thi:s. Inay be: ,a.plpro~);r,i:~.t~ U he :is dr,~n1ll,hl\g' ~ sCe:ne: 0'£ v~()[eiO.tQeor I~onfl.kt., Line can 'be :3. S'lI1)(I],g ,r!l).f~' o,r ~,sl~btI,~ one - 'bot it should ai,ways, ]ead the 'vruew,er '~I' f -~ "nn,gs Vile. \'L~lJ1ill, 'hi m - .. -I so L"-lID h,C WI,,,~ ,S~' ,ant,'I reei] c~e' It;] ,. 'at In'
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