PRESENTING OF AN ATOMIC MODEL AND SOME POSSIBLE

APPLICATIONS IN LASER FIELD

1
Petrescu, Florian Ion
*

1
Bucharest Polytechnic University, Romania
KEYWORDS Electron, nucleus, nucleons, proton, neutron, atom, quantum
ABSTRACT The movement of an electron around the atomic nucleus has today a great
importance in many engineering fields. Electronics, aeronautics, micro and nano technology,
electrical engineering, optics, lasers, nuclear power, computing, equipment and automation,
telecommunications, genetic engineering, bioengineering, special processing, modern
welding, robotics, energy and electromagnetic wave field is today only a few of the many
applications of electronic engineering. This paper presents shortly a new and original relation
which calculates the radius with that the electron is running around the atomic nucleus.
INTRODUCTION

This paper presents, shortly, a new and original relation (20 & 20) who determines the
radius with that, the electron is running around the nucleus of an atom [2].
In the picture number 1 one presents some electrons that are moving around the nucleus
of an atom [1];

Fig. 1 Electrons moving around the atomic nucleus;
The atomic nucleus consists of nucleons (protons and neutrons)

One utilizes, two times the Lorenz relation (5), the Niels Bohr generalized equation (7),
and a mass relation (4) which it was deduced from the kinematics energy relation written in
two modes: classical (1) and coulombian (2). Equalizing the mass relation (4) with Lorenz
relation (5) one obtains the form (6) which is a relation between the squared electron speed
(v
2
) and the radius (r). The second relation (8), between v
2
and r, it was obtained by
equalizing the mass of Bohr equation (7) and the mass of Lorenz relation (5). In the system
(8) (6) eliminating the squared electron speed (v
2
), it determines the radius r, with that the
electron is moving around the atomic nucleus; see the relation (20). For a Bohr energetically
level (n=a constant value), one determines now two energetically below levels, which form an
electronic layer. The author realizes by this a new atomic model, or a new quantum theory,
which explains the existence of electron-clouds without spin [1-2].


CONAT20101290

THE NEW RELATIONS

Writing the kinematics energy relation in two modes, classical (1) and coulombian (2)
one determines the relation (3). From the relation (3), determining explicit the mass of the
electron, it obtains the form (4) [2].
2
.
2
1
v m E
C
= (1)
r
e Z
E
C
. .
.
8
1
0
2
c t
= (2)
r
e Z
v m
. .
.
4
1
.
0
2
2
c t
= (3)
r v
e Z
m
. . . . 4
.
2
0
2
c t
= (4)
Now, we write the known relation Lorenz (5), for the mass of a corpuscle in function of
the corpuscle squared speed. With the relations (4) and (5) one obtains the first essential
expression (6).
2 2
0
.
v c
c m
m

= (5)
r v
e Z
v c
c m
. . . . 4
. .
2
0
2
2 2
0
c t
=

(6)
One utilizes now, the Niels Bohr generalized relation (7). It uses for the second time the
Lorenz relation (5) with the Bohr relation (7) and in this mode one obtains the second
essential expression (8):
Z e r
h n
m
. . .
. .
2
2
0
2
t
c
= (7)
Z e r
h n
v c
c m
. . .
. . .
2
2
0
2
2 2
0
t
c
=

(8)
Now, one keeps just the two essential expressions (6 and 8). It writes (8) in the form (8):
Z e c m r h n v c . . . . . . . .
2
0
2
0
2 2 2
t c = (8)
Elevating the relationship (8) to the square, to explicit the squared electron speed, it
obtains the form (9):

4 2
0
4
2 2 4 2
0
2 2 4 2
0
4
2
. .
). . . . . . . (
h n
c Z e m r h n
v
c
t c
= (9)
The formula (9) can be put in the form (10), where the constant k takes the form (10).
2 2 2 2
. . r c k c v =
(10)
4 2
0
4
2 4 2
0
2
. .
. . .
h n
Z e m
k
c
t
= (10)
Now one writes the essential relation (6) in the form (6):
2 2 2 2
0 0
. . . . . . . . 4 v c e Z v r c m = c t (6)
Then, putting the relation (6) at the square, it obtains the formula (6):
) .( . . . . . . . 16
2 2 4 2 4 2 2
0
2 2 2
0
v c e Z v r c m = c t (6)
In the relation (6) one introduce the squared velocity of the electron, taken from the
expression (10) and one obtains the formula (11):
k e Z r c k c m . . ) . . .( . . . 16
4 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
2 2
0
= c t (11)
The (11) relationship can be arranged in the form (12):
2
0
2 2
0
4 2
2 2 2 2
. . . 16
. .
) . . (
c t m
k e Z
r c k c = (12)
One squares the relation (12) and it obtains the expression (13):
0 0
2
2 2 2
. . . 4
. .
) . . (
c t m
k e Z
r c k c = (13)
The relation (13) can be arranged to the form (14):
0 0
2
2 2 2
. . . 4
. .
. .
c t m
k e Z
c r c k = (14)
From relation (14) it explicit the squared electron radius and one obtains the relation (15):
CONAT20101290


2
0 0
2
2
. . . . . 4
. 1
c k m
e Z
k
r
c t
= (15)
Now, one exchange in the relation (15), the constant k with its expression (10) and it
obtains the relation (16):
2 2
0
2
2 2
2 4 2
0
2
4 2
0
4
2
. . . 4
.
. . .
. .
c m
h n
Z e m
h n
r
t t
c
= (16)
The expression (16) can be put in the form (17):
)
. . . . 4
.
1 .(
. . .
. .
2 2 2
0
2
2 4
2 4 2
0
2
4 2
0
4
2
n h c
Z e
Z e m
h n
r
c t
c
= (17)
Extracting the square root of the expression (17), it obtains for the electron radius (r), the
expression (18).
2 2 2
0
2
2 4
2
0
2
0
2
. . . . 4
.
1 .
. . .
. .
n h c
Z e
Z e m
h n
r
c t
c
= (18)
Physically there is only the positive solution (19):
2 2 2
0
2
2 4
2
0
2
0
2
. . . . 4
.
1 .
. . .
. .
n h c
Z e
Z e m
h n
r
c t
c
+ = (19)
The relation (19) is writing in final form (20) [3]:
2 2 2
0
2
2 4
2
0
2
0
2
. . . . 4
.
1 .
. . .
. .
n h c
Z e
Z e m
h n
r
c t
c
= (20)
The expression (20) its not just a new theory for calculating the radius with that the
electron is running around the nucleus of an atom, it is also a really new theory of an atomic
model, or a new quantum theory. For a value of the quantum number n (for a constant atomic
number Z), we havent just one energetically level (like in the Bohr model). Now we can find
two energetically below levels, which form an electronic layer, an electronic cloud. For
example, for n=1, we have two sublevels (two below levels) [1-2].

USED NOTATIONS
The permissive constant (the permittivity): ] [ 10 85418 . 8
2
2
12
0
m N
C

=

c ;
The Planck constant: ] [ 10 626 . 6
34
s J h =

;
The rest mass of electron: ] [ 10 1091 . 9
31
0
kg m

= ;
The Pythagoras number: 141592654 . 3 = t ;
The electrical elementary load: ] [ 10 6021 . 1
19
C e

= ;
The light speed in vacuum: ] [ 10 997925 . 2
8
s
m
c = ;
n=the principal quantum number (the Bohr quantum number);
Z=the number of protons from the atomic nucleus (the atomic number) [2].
DETERMINING THE TWO DIFFERENT ELECTRON SPEED VALUES
Relationship (6) may be written in the form (6) [2]:
CONAT20101290

0 16
2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2
0
2 2 2
0
= + c e Z v e Z v r c m c t (6)
It can see easily that the relation (6) represents a two degree equation in v
2
.
One calculates v
2
with the formula (6
IVa
):
2 2
0
2 2 2
0
2 4 2 4 2
0
2 2
0
2 8 4 4 2
2
2 , 1
. . . . . 16 . 2
8
r c m
r e Z c m e Z e Z
v
c t
c t +
=
(6
IVa
)
Physically there is just the positive solution, and one keeps it for the relation (6
IV
) (only
the positive sign) [2]:
2 2
0
2 2 2
0
2 4 2 4 2
0
2 2
0
2 8 4 4 2
2
. . . . . 16 . 2
8
r c m
r e Z c m e Z e Z
v
c t
c t + +
= (6
IV
)
It can thinks that the relation (6
IV
) gives only one solution for the electron squared speed
(v
2
), but really there is two solutions for this parameter, v
2
, because the value of the squared
radius (r
2
) gives two physically solutions. It put the relation (6
IV
) in the form (6
V
) [2]:
2
4 2
2
0
2 2 2
0
2
2 2
4 2
2 2
0
2 2
0
2
2
2 , 1
8
2
1
8
1 1
r
e Z
c m
r c
e Z
c m
v
c t
c t
+ +
= (6
V
)
The formula (6
V
) can be written in the form (6
VI
), where the constant k
1
takes the form
(6
VII
) [2]:
2 1
2 2
1 2
2 , 1
2
1 1
r
k
r c k
v
+
= (6
VI
)
4 2
2 2
0
2 2
0
2
1
.
. . . . 8
e Z
c m
k
c t
= (6
VII
)
Now one starts with relation (6
VI
) who can be written in the form (21):
1 . . 1
. 2
2 2
1
2
2
+ +
=
r c k
c
v (21)
One notes the radical with R (see the relation 22):
2 2
1
. . 1 r c k R + = (22)
In relation (22) one introduces for r
2
the expression (20) and it obtains the form (22):
)
.
. 2
1 (
.
1
1
2
1
k c
k
k
c k
R + = (22)
In relation (22) one exchanges the two constant k
1
and k with the two values from
expressions (6
VII
) respective (10) and it obtains for (22) the form (22) [2]:
)
8
. 2
1 (
8
1
2 2 2
0
2
2 4
0
2 4 2
0
2 4 2
4 2
0
4 4 2
0
2 2
0
2
c h n
Z e m
Z e m e Z
h n c m
R
c
t
t
c c t
+ =
(22)
One put the expression (22) in the form (22):
)
4
1 (
8
1
2 2 2 2
0
2 4
4 8
4 4 4 4
0
2
n h c
Z e
Z e
n h c
R
c
c
+ =
(22)
The expression (22) will be written in the form (22
IV
):
2 4
2 2 2 2
0
4 8
4 4 4 4
0
2
8 . 2 8
1
Z e
n h c
Z e
n h c
R
c c
+ = (22
IV
)
The expression (22
IV
) can be restricted to the forms (22
V
) and (22
VI
):
2
2 4
2 2 2 2
0
)
8
1 (
Z e
n h c
R
c
= (22
V
)
2 4
2 2 2 2
0
.
. . . . 8
1
Z e
n h c
R
c
= (22
VI
)
CONAT20101290

One notes with E the expression (23):
2
2
4
2 2 2
0
. . . 8
Z
n
e
h c
E
c
= (23)
This expression must be evaluated:
2
2
2
2 68 2
76 4
16 2 24 2
06551 . 37564 10 626 . 6
10 6021 . 1
10 997925 . 2 10 85418 . 8 8
Z
n
Z
n
E

=

(23)
For Zmax=92, we have a minimum of expression E (23):
2
min
* 438098477 . 4 n E = (23)
It can see easily that Emin > 1:
1
min
E (24)
Now one can write the expression (22
VI
) in the forms (22
VII
) a and b:
1
1
= E R (22
VIIa
) 1
2
+ = E R (22
VIIb
)
Only now the expression (21) can be evaluated and reduced to two forms (21
Ia
) and
respective (21
Ib
):
1 1
. 2
2
2
1
+
=
E
c
v (21
Ia
)
1 1
. 2
2
2
2
+ +
=
E
c
v (21
Ib
)
The two relations take the forms (21
II
) a and b:
2
2
2
1
E
c
v = (21
IIa
)
1
2
2
2
2
+
=
E
c
v (21
IIb
)
If one replaces E with its expression (23) it obtains for the electron speeds the relations
(21
III
) a, and b [2]:
2 2 2
0
2 4
2
1
. . . 4 n h
Z e
v
c
= (21
IIIa
)
1
.
. . . . 4
2 4
2 2 2 2
0
2
2
2
+
=
Z e
n h c
c
v
c
(21
IIIb
)
DETERMINING THE MASSES AND THE ENERGY OF THE ATOMIC
ELECTRON IN MOVEMENT
The exact squared speeds can be written in the forms (25, 26) [2]:
2 2 2 2
0
2 2 4
2
1 1
. . . . 4
. .
n h c
c Z e
v r r
c
= =

(25)
2 4 2 2 2 2
0
2 2 4
2
2 2
. . . . . 4
. .
Z e n h c
c Z e
v r r
+
= =
+
c
(26)
With these velocities one can write the two adequate masses (27), (28) [2]:
2 2 2 2
0
2 4
0
1 1
. . . . 4
.
1
n h c
Z e
m
m r r
c

= =

(27)
2 4 2 2 2 2
0
2 4
0
2 2
. . . . . 4
.
1
Z e n h c
Z e
m
m r r
+

= =
+
c
(28)
The total electron energy can be written in the forms (29) and (30) [2]:
2 2 2 2
0
2 4
2
0
1 1
. . . . 4
.
1
.
n h c
Z e
c m
W r r
c

= =

(29)
CONAT20101290

2 4 2 2 2 2
0
2 4
2
0
2 2
. . . . . 4
.
1
.
Z e n h c
Z e
c m
W r r
+

= =
+
c
(30)
The possible frequency of pumping, between the two near energetically below levels can
be written in the form (31) [2]:
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
2 4 2 2 2 2
0
2 4
2 2 2 2
0
2 4
2
0 2 1
. . . . . 4
.
1
1
. . . . 4
.
1
1 .
Z e n h c
Z e
n h c
Z e
h
c m
h
W W
c c
v
(31)

THE POSSIBLE LASER FREQUENCIES

In the table 1, one can see the possible LASER pumping frequencies (all in visible domain
4.34*10
14
6.97*10
14
[Hz]), calculated for different principal quantum number n.

The possible L A S E R pumping frequencies Table 1

n Z ]zH[ Element n Z ]zH[ Element
2 15 =5.54942E14 P
11
78 =4.43344E+14 Pt
3
22 =5.072E14 Ti 79 =4.66537E+14 Au
23 =6.0598E14 V 80 =4.90629E+14 Hg
4
29 =4.8452E+14 Cu 81 =5.15642E+14 Tl
30 =5.54942E+14 Zn 82 =5.41601E+14 Pb
31 =6.32782E+14 Ga 83 =5.68529E+14 Bi
5
36 =4.71283E+14 Kr 84 =5.96449E+14 Po
37 =5.25911E+14 Rb 85 =6.25386E+14 At
38 =5.8516E+14 Sr 86 =6.55364E+14 Rn
39 =6.49284E+14 Y 87 =6.86408E+14 Fr
6
43 =4.6261E+14 Tc
12
85 =4.41451E+14 At
44 =5.072E+14 Ru 86 =4.6261E+14 Rn
45 =5.54942E+14 Rh 87 =4.8452E+14 Fr
46 =6.0598E+14 Pd 88 =5.072E+14 Ra
47 =6.60463E+14 Ag 89 =5.30668E+14 Ac
7
50 =4.56488E+14 Sn 90 =5.54942E+14 Th
51 =4.94145E+14 Sb 91 =5.8004E+14 Pa
52 =5.34086E+14 Te 92 =6.0598E+14 U
53 =5.76403E+14 I 93 =6.32782E+14 Np
54 =6.21189E+14 Xe 94 =6.60463E+14 Pu
55 =6.68536E+14 Cs 95 =6.89044E+14 Am



CONAT20101290


8
57 =4.51937E+14 La
13
92 =4.39854E+14 U
58 =4.8452E+14 Ce 93 =4.59306E+14 Np
59 =5.18835E+14 Pr 94 =4.79396E+14 Pu
60 =5.54942E+14 Nd 95 =5.00139E+14 Am
61 =5.92904E+14 Pm 96 =5.21548E+14 Cm
62 =6.32782E+14 Sm 97 =5.43638E+14 Bk
63 =6.7464E+14 Eu 98 =5.66422E+14 Cf
9
64 =4.48422E+14 Gd 99 =5.89916E+14 Es
65 =4.77132E+14 Tb 100 =6.14134E+14 Fm
66 =5.072E+14 Dy 101 =6.39091E+14 Md
67 =5.38669E+14 Ho 102 =6.64801E+14 No
68 =5.71581E14 Er 103 =6.9128E+14 Lw
69 =6.0598E+14 Tm
14
99 =4.38489E+14 Es
70 =6.4191E+14 Yb 100 =4.56488E+14 Fm
71 =6.79416E+14 Lu 101 =4.75037E+14 Md
10
71 =4.45624E+14 Lu 102 =4.94145E+14 No
72 =4.71283E+14 Hf 103 =5.13824E+14 Lr
73 =4.98035E+14 Ta 104 =5.34086E+14 Rf
74 =5.25911E+14 W 105 =5.54942E+14 Db
75 =5.54942E+14 Re
76 =5.8516E+14 Os
77 =6.16596E+14 Ir
78 =6.49284E+14 Pt
79 =6.83255E+14 Au

THE LASER FREQUENCIES AND CONCLUSIONS

If the second speed value does not exist physically, we must calculate the new atomic
model just for the new first value, with the next relations:
2 2 2
0
2
2 4
2
0
2
0
2
. . . . 4
.
1 .
. . .
. .
n h c
Z e
Z e m
h n
r
c t
c
= (20)
2 2 2
0
2 4
2
. . . 4
.
n h
Z e
v
c
= (25)
2 2 2 2
0
2 4
0
. . . . 4
.
1
n h c
Z e
m
m
c

= (27)
2 2 2 2
0
2 4
2
0
. . . . 4
.
1
.
n h c
Z e
c m
W
c

= (29)
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
2 2 2
0
2 4
2
1
2 2 2
0
2 4
2
0
. . . . 4
.
1
1
. . . . 4
.
1
1 .
n h c
Z e
n h c
Z e
h
c m
c c

(31)
The pumping frequency required to achieve the transition of the electrons between two
energetically levels can be written in the form (31). In the table 2, one can see the LASER
pumping frequencies. All frequencies are outside visible area. One can make Ultraviolet
Frequency-X ray LASER. The bold value can be used to make a Rubin (Crystal) LASER.
The paper realizes a new atomic model and a new quantum theory (relation 20). It
determines as well the frequency of pumping for the transition between two energetically
levels, with possible applications in LASER, MASER, IRASER industry (relation 31).

CONAT20101290

The pumping frequencies, between two nearer level Table 2
Z El n
1
-n
2
Z Element Z Element
1 H 2 He 3 2.22122E+16 Li 1-2
4 3.95022E+16 Be 1-2 5 6.17499E+16 B 1-2 6 8.89688E+16 C 1-2
7 1.21175E+17 N 1-2 8 1.58388E+17 O 1-2 9 2.00631E+17 F 1-2
10 2.47929E+17 Ne 1-2 11 5.53738E+16 Na 2-3 12 6.59213E+16 Mg 2-3
13 7.73939E+16 Al 2-3 14 8.97936E+16 Si 2-3 15 1.03123E+17 P 2-3
16 1.17383E+17 S 2-3 17 1.32578E+17 Cl 2-3 18 1.48709E+17 Ar 2-3
19 5.7866E+16 K 3-4 20 6.41348E+16 Ca 3-4 21 7.07288E+16 Sc 3-4
22 7.76485E+16 Ti 3-4 23 8.48944E+16 V 3-4 24 9,24672E+16 Cr 3-4
25 1.00368E+17 Mn 3-4 26 1.08596E+17 Fe 3-4 27 1.17153E+17 Co 3-4
28 1.2604E+17 Ni 3-4 29 1.35258E+17 Cu 3-4 30 1.44806E+17 Zn 3-4
31 1.54686E+17 Ga 3-4 32 1.64899E+17 Ge 3-4 33 1.75446E+17 As 3-4
34 1.86327E+17 Se 3-4 35 1.97544E+17 Br 3-4 36 2.09097E+17 Kr 3-4
37 1.01887E+17 Rb 4-5 38 1.07502E+17 Sr 4-5 39 1.1327E+17 Y 4-5
40 1.19192E+17 Zr 4-5 41 1.25268E+17 Nb 4-5 42 1.31498E+17 Mo 4-5
43 1.37882E+17 Tc 4-5 44 1.44421E+17 Ru 4-5 45 1.51116E+17 Rh 4-5
46 1.57966E+17 Pd 4-5 47 1.64972E+17 Ag 4-5 48 1.72134E+17 Cd 4-5
49 1.79453E+17 In 4-5 50 1.86928E+17 Sn 4-5 51 1.94561E+17 Sb 4-5
52 2.02352E+17 Te 4-5 53 2.10301E+17 I 4-5 54 2.18408E+17 Xe 4-5
55 1.22612E+17 Cs 5-6 56 1.2715E+17 Ba 5-6 57 1.31772E+17 La 5-6
58 1.36479E+17 Ce 5-6 59 1.41271E+17 Pr 5-6 60 1.46147E+17 Nd 5-6
61 1.51109E+17 Pm 5-6 62 1.56157E+17 Sm 5-6 63 1.6129E+17 Eu 5-6
64 1.66508E+17 Gd 5-6 65 1.71813E+17 Tb 5-6 66 1.77203E+17 Dy 5-6
67 1.8268E+17 Ho 5-6 68 1.88243E+17 Er 5-6 69 1.93893E+17 Tm 5-6
70 1.9963E+17 Yb 5-6 71 2.05453E+17 Lu 5-6 72 2.11364E+17 Hf 5-6
73 2.17362E+17 Ta 5-6 74 2.23448E+17 W 5-6 75 2.29621E+17 Re 5-6
76 2.35883E+17 Os 5-6 77 2.42232E+17 Ir 5-6 78 2.4867E+17 Pt 5-6
79 2.55197E+17 Au 5-6 80 2.61813E+17 Hg 5-6 81 2.68517E+17 Tl 5-6
82 2.75311E+17 Pb 5-6 83 2.82195E+17 Bi 5-6 84 2.89168E+17 Po 5-6
85 2.96231E+17 At 5-6 86 3.03385E+17 Rn 5-6 87 1.8618E+17 Fr 6-7
88 1.90549E+17 Ra 6-7 89 1.94972E+17 Ac 6-7 90 1.99447E+17 Th 6-7
91 2.03976E+17 Pa 6-7 92 2.08557E+17 U 6-7 93 2.13193E+17 Np 6-7
94 2.17881E+17 Pu 6-7 95 2.22624E+17 Am 6-7 96 2.2742E+17 Cm 6-7
97 2.3227E+17 Bk 6-7 98 2.37174E+17 Cf 6-7 99 2.42131E+17 Es 6-7
100 2.47144E+17 Fm 6-7 101 2.5221E+17 Md 6-7 102 2.57331E+17 No 6-7
103 2.62506E+17 Lr 6-7 104 2.67736E+17 Rf 6-7 105 2.73021E+17 Db 6-7

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] David Halliday, Robert, R., - Physics, Part II, Edit. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. - New York,
London, Sydney, 1966;
[2] Petrescu F.I., The movement of an electron around the atomic nucleus, in ICOME 2010,
Craiova, 2010.