Compulsory English-II 1424-1 Autumn, 2011

BA/BS

Q.1 The following questions are based on Unit 1. Read the unit carefully and answer the following questions. i) Differentiate between formal and informal styles of writing. (05) Ans. The difference between formal and informal styles is mainly in the vocabulary. Informal words are the ones used in everyday conversations and formal are used in books, contracts, business letters and essays. If the task requires formal writing avoid using informal vocabulary. If the task requires informal writing, such as a letter to a friend, avoid using formal heavy words. Examples: Formal: This is to inform you that your book has been rejected by our publishing company as it was not up to the required standard. In case you would like us to reconsider it, we would suggest that you go over it and make some necessary changes. Informal: You know that book I wrote? Well, the publishing company rejected it. They thought it was awful. But hey, I did the best I could, and I think it was great. Im not gonna redo it the way they said I should. ii) What is cause and effect essay? (05) Ans. In this kind of essay, the aim is to explain the causes (reasons) or the effects (results) of an event or situation.
e.g. Causes of air pollution (multiple factors leading to air pollution). e.g. Effects of watching too much TV (many effects of a situation).

Sometimes an event causes something to happen, and that situation leads to another event, and it causes another event to happen. This is called the causal chain or domino effect.
e.g. Use of deodorants will bring the end of the world.

Organization: Depending on the topic, there may be three patterns of organization: 1. Multiple causes-->effect 2. Cause-->Multiple effects 1

In this pattern, the effects of a certain situation are explained in separate paragraphs. 3. Causal chain / Domino In this pattern, the events lead to one another.

iii) You must have read in detail about the process of essay writing and the essentials of a good essay. Now keeping in view all that information write an essay of 250 words on the topic My Aim in Life. Your essay should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs and a concluding paragraph. My Aim in Life Introductory paragraph Aim is very important in life; it brings all our energies to one point. Our aim is like a guiding star. What makes life gloomy is the want of motive. When a man does not know what harbor he is making for, no want is the right want. Aim that suits the nature of a man is the best for him. I desire to be a teacher. No doubt, teacher all over the world are low-paid people. Because the world can not pay for their services. Body paragraphs There are several reasons for my choice. It is a noble profession. The best people in the world are those who teach others. To me this is the only profession in which a man can serve his nation in the best possible manner. Engineers may build grand buildings, metal led roads, and massive dams. Doctors may treat the patient and may put life into the dead; civil and military officers may boast of their services to the nation. But, are they not what their teacher have made them? A teacher is like a ladder which remains at its place, but helps others to go higher and higher. Instead of being an engineer a doctor, or an officer, it is better to be an engineer maker, a doctor maker. It is only the men are made in the teaching institutions. Concluding paragraph Whatever others think of my aim, I am satisfied that by being a teacher I can do much for my country in another way. This aim is according to my taste and nature. Going against it would result in nothing but harm and confusion of mint. Words worth has said: A noble aim, faithfully kept, is as a noble deed; In whose pure sight all virtue succeed. Q.2 Read Unit 2 Sequence carefully and then answer the following questions or solve the following exercises that are given in the unit. i) Read the text Chronology of the Mughal Kings on Page 51 and 52 and then do exercise 6. You have to complete a sequence paragraph about Mughal Kings. Exercise Number 6 Here is an incomplete write up on the Mughal Kings. Read the above 'Chronology of the Mughul Kings' and then write a 'sequence' or chronological order 2

paragraph by adding appropriate sequence markers such as: first, after that, next, then, lastly, finally.... Ans: The Mughul Empire started its long reign in 1526 which lasted until 1857.The first Mughul king was Babur who was born in Ferghana in 1483. Babur was a descendant of Genghis Khan and Taimur. First, in 1526 Babur defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi. In 1530 Babur was died and after that Humayun assumes power. In1540 Afghan leader Sher Shah Suri fought with Humayun' and grab the empire. In the Next war in 1555 Humayun re-conquered Delhi. In 1556 Humayun was died. Then the young Akbar crowned as a king of Subcontinent. In 1605 Akbar was died and his son Jahangir took the charge. In 1617 in the southern states of the empire broke out the revolt and Jahangir sends son Khurram to pacify them. Khurram returned successfully and received the title of 'Shah Jahan'. After that in 1627 Jahangir died and Shah Jahan assumes the throne. In 1631 Shah Jahan's queen Mamtaz Mahal dies during childbirth. Shah Jahan built a tomb in her memories, the famous Taj Mahal. Then in 1658 Shah Jahan's son Aurangzeb executes his brothers, imprisons his father and captured the throne of Delhi. In 1666 Shah Jahan was died. Next in 1707 Aurangzeb died. Lastly 1857 the mutiny results in the massacre of people of Delhi. Finally, weak Mughul Empire collapsed and India converted into a British Colony. In 1862 Bahadur Shah (Zafar) II the last of the Mughul rulers dies in the jail. ii) A process essay has an organizational structure that describes the steps or stages involved in that process. On page 71 and 72 text is given about the process of digestion. You are supposed to write the missing information at various stages of digestion process in Exercise 14. Introduction: The three major steps involved in the digestive process and these are: ingestion, digestion, and absorption. Body Paragraph 1: Ingestion process begins, Food enters the mouth, Food is chewed. Saliva breaks the food. Food is ready to travel to the stomach. Body Paragraph 2: Digestion Chewed food reaches the bottom of the esophagus, Contraction of the stomach wall mixes the food, Acidic gastric juices, secreted by the gastric glands help in mixing the food, Mixed food turns into a partial liquid which then enters into the small intestine Enzymes are secreted, and digestion is completed Body Paragraph 3: Absorption Absorption takes place in the small intestine Small molecules of food are absorbed by the huge number of villi 3

Conclusion: The digestion process involves three major steps: ingestion, digestion, and absorption. Food enters the mouth, chewed, broke by saliva and reaches in stomach. Then this chewed food reached the bottom of esophagus, mixed and enzymes complete the digestion. Lastly the food is absorbed in small intestine by the huge number of villi. Q.3 Read Unit 2 Classification carefully and then answer the following questions or solve the following exercises that are given in the unit. i) Read the text which is about Pollution from page 89 to 91 and then answer the following questions: a) Make a tree diagram illustrating the six types of pollution. (03)

Air

Wat er Soil

Pollution

Noise
Radioactiv e

Visual

b)

Write the causes of each type of pollution and its possible effects. Pollution Cause Release of gases Chemical vapors Exhaust from burning fuels Burning of wood and charcoal Wastewater Sewage Rain water running through urban and industrial areas Chemicals released by spill or underground leakage Hydrocarbons Heavy metals Herbicides Pesticides Chlorinated hydrocarbons Solid and liquid residues and contaminated water Roadway noise Aircraft noise Industrial noise High-intensity sonar Overhead power lines Billboards Open storage of trash or municipal solid waste Effects Lungs diseases Tuberculosis Throat diseases Allergies

Air

Water

threat to our health threat to survival of the fish threat to wildlife that

Soil

Desertification Destruction of the vegetal covers

Noise

Loss of physical Loss of mental ailments such as irritability, depression, heart problems Degradation of natural or artificial environment Visually annoying Damage to alive tissue Leukemia Tumors Hair loss Diminution of life's expectation Genetic disorders Lesions

Visual

Radioactive

Activities in atomic physics Nuclear power generation Nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment

ii) Write classification essay of 250 words on the following topics. You must write an outline of the essay before you give the details of the essay. a) Classify and explain the various holidays we celebrate in our country. A Holiday is a day designated as having special significance for which individuals, a government, or a religious group have deemed that observance is warranted. It is generally an official (more common) or unofficial observance of religious, national, or cultural significance, often accompanied by celebrations or festivities. Holiday on the one hand provides us with changing atmosphere from monotonous work, and on the other hand it improves our output against monotonous nature of work. A holiday is a means that provides us with stimulus variation. People engage in different tasks, look to other corners of world, meet other people, make new friendships, all serving the purpose of variation. Like other countries in Pakistan also the holidays are observed. Most of the people wait for the holidays especially for the consecutive holidays so they could take long rest or visit their relatives. Specially school going children wait anxiously for the holidays. The holidays observed in Pakistan are classified as public holidays, optional holidays and local holidays. Public holidays including Christians holidays: Kashmir Day on 5th February Eid Milad un-Nabi 12th of Rabi ul Awwal * Pakistan Day 23rd March Labor Day 1st May Independence Day 14th August Eid-ul-Fitr 1st to 3rd Shawwal* Eid ul-Azha Day 10th to 12th Zulhijjaa * Birthday of Muhammad Iqbal Ashura 9th & 10th Muharram* Birthday of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Christmas 25th and 26th December** Easter** Optional holidays including non Muslims holidays: Shab-e-Barat 15 Shaban* Chehlum 20 Safar* New Year day*** Basant Punchami *** Shivartri *** Holi*** Dulhandi*** Baisakhi*** Eid-e-Rizwan (Bahis community only)*** Good Friday*** 6

Buddha Pumima*** Nauroze (Parsis new year day)*** Janam Ashtami**** Birthday of Lord Zoroaster (Khordad Sal)*** Durga Pooja*** Dussehra*** Birthday of Guru Valmik Sawani Ji*** Diwali*** Guru Nanaks birthday *** Local holidays also celebrated in the provinces of Pakistan. Particularly in Sind province more local holidays are observed. * Depends on the citing of moon ** Only for Christians *** Other than Muslims Q.4 Read Unit 2 Cause & Effect carefully and then answer the following questions or solve the following exercises that are given in the unit. Exercise 8 asks you to connect the sentences with because in two ways i.e in the middle and at the beginning. Refer to page 124 to solve the exercise. Do only 5. Exercise 8 Rewrite the sentences connecting them with 'because' in two ways. Use 'because' in the middle and at the beginning. Refer to the examples given above. 1. Sahir doesn't like going to school. The other children tease him. 2. Mustafa works hard. He needs to earn money. 3. All of the employees will have a party. It's the chairman's birthday. 4. DDT was banned in most countries. It is considered to be dangerous to animals and human beings. 5. The car will not start. The battery is dead. 6. The man was sent to prison. He robbed a bank. Ans: 1. Because Sahir doesn't like going to school as the other children tease him. Ans: Sahir doesn't like going to school because the other children tease him. 2. Because Mustafa works hard so he needs to earn money. Because Mustafa needs to earn money so he works hard. 3. Because all of the employees will have a party as its the chairman's birthday. All of the employees will have a party because it's the chairman's birthday. 4. Because the car will not start as the battery is dead. The car will not start because the battery is dead. 5. Because the man was sent to prison although he robbed a bank. The man was sent to prison because he robbed a bank. Read the cause and effect paragraph and do exercise 11 on page 127. Exercise 11 Read the following two Cause and Effect paragraphs. They are poorly written because there are too many short sentences and no transition words or connectors. Insert appropriate connecting words or transitions from the ones given in the box. 7

Since, because, therefore, so, as a result, due to, as, thus, For this reason, leads to, for, then

consequently,

Ans: There are three reasons as a result Mr. Salman was fired from his job. As he was often absent from work. Then he missed thirty working days last year. So His personality was a problem. For this reason he was nasty to other employees and to the customers. Because his performance was poor. Since he did not follow the boss's instructions. Thus he rarely completed assignments. As a result, he was finally sent home packing! Read another cause and effect paragraph and write causes of Salmans poor health. Refer to exercise 14 on page 131. Ans: Effect Reasons Seldom eats properly Eats all fatty foods Gets very little exercise Prefers driving even for short distances Salmans poor Spends his free time at home watching TV health Gets very little rest Works late into the night and gets up early Smokes Drinks numerous cups of tea or coffee Eats snacks in between