mm

IFToMM ARoTMM

THE NINTH IFToMM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THEORY OF MACHINES AND MECHANISMS BUCHAREST, ROMANIA, SEPTEMBER 1 - 4, 2005 SYROM 2005

DETERMINING THE DYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF CAMS

Florian Ion PETRESCU Relly Victoria PETRESCU Department of Mechanisms and Robots, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 77206 Bucharest, ROMANIA E-mail: tiberiuionro@yahoo.com Department of Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Graphics, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 77206 Bucharest, ROMANIA E-mail: victoriap@emoka.ro

ABSTRACT: The paper presents an original method to determine the efficiency of a mechanism with cam and follower. The originality of this method consists of eliminating the friction modulus. In this paper one analyzes four types of cam mechanisms: 1.The mechanism with rotary cam and plate translated follower; 2.The mechanism with rotary cam and translated follower with roll; 3.The mechanism with rotary cam and rocking-follower with roll; 4.The mechanism with rotary cam and plate rocking-follower. For every kind of cams and followers mechanism one uses a different method in determining the best efficiency design. One takes into account the cams mechanism (distribution mechanism), which is the second mechanism from the internal-combustion engines. The optimizing of this mechanism (the distribution mechanism), can improve the functionality of the engine and may increase the comfort of the vehicle too.

Keywords: efficiency, power, cam, follower, roll, plate, force, speed.

1. INTRODUCTION In this paper the authors present an original method to calculate the efficiency of the cams mechanisms. In this paper one analyzes four kinds of cams and followers mechanisms: 1. A mechanism with rotary cam and plate translated follower; 2. A mechanism with rotary cam and translated follower with roll; 3. A mechanism with rotary cam and rocking-follower with roll; 4. A mechanism with rotary cam and plate rockingfollower. For every kind of cams and followers mechanism, one has utilizing a different method for the cams design with a better efficiency.

2. DETERMINING THE MOMENTARY MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE ROTARY CAM AND PLATE TRANSLATED FOLLOWER The consumed motor force, Fc, perpendicular in A on the vector rA, is divided in two components, [2]: a) Fm, which represents the useful force, or the motor force reduced to the follower; b) F, which is the sliding force between the two profiles of cam and follower, (see the picture 1). See the written relations (2.1-2.10):
Fm = Fc sin v2 = v1 sin Pu = Fm v2 = Fc v1 sin 2 Pc = Fc v1
i =
Pu Fc v1 sin 2 = = sin 2 = cos 2 Pc Fc v1

(2.1) (2.2) (2.3) (2.4) (2.5) (2.6)

sin 2 =

s '2
2 rA

s '2 (r0 + s ) 2 + s '2

 2002 Florian PETRESCU The Copyright-Law Of March, 01, 1989 U.S. Copyright Office Library of Congress Washington, DC 20559-6000 202-707-3000

r Fc
r v1
A rA s r0 O D C

rB v12

r v2

r F
s

r Fm
E

Fig. 1. Forces and speeds to the cam with plate translated follower. Determining the efficiency of the cams mechanism.

F = Fc cos v12 = v1 cos

P = F v12 = Fc v1 cos 2
i =
P Pc = Fc v1 cos 2 = cos 2 = sin 2 Fc v1

(2.7) (2.8) (2.9) (2.10)

3. DETERMINING THE MOMENTARY DYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE ROTARY CAM AND TRANSLATED FOLLOWER WITH ROLL The pressure angle, , is determined by the relations (3.5-3.6), [3]; The written relations are the following:
2 rB = e 2 + (s0 + s) 2

(3.1) (3.2) (3.3) (3.4) (3.5) (3.6) (3.7) (3.8) (3.9)

2 rB = rB

e cos B sin = rB
s +s sin B cos = 0 rB

cos = sin =

s0 + s ( s0 + s ) 2 + ( s 'e) 2 s 'e ( s0 + s ) 2 + ( s 'e) 2 2 rb rB cos( + )

cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin

2 rA

2 rB

+ rb2

cos A =

e ( s0 + s) 2 + ( s 'e) 2 + rb ( s 'e) rA ( s0 + s) 2 + ( s 'e) 2

( s0 + s ) [ ( s0 + s ) 2 + ( s 'e) 2 rb ] rA ( s0 + s ) + ( s 'e)
2 2

sin A =

(3.10)

cos( A ) =

( s0 + s ) s ' rA ( s0 + s ) 2 + ( s 'e) 2

s' cos rA

(3.11) (3.12)

cos( A ) cos =

s' cos 2 rA

One can write the next forces, speeds and powers (3.13-3.18) (see the picture 2): Fm, vm, are perpendicular on the vector rA in A. Fm is divided in Fa (the sliding force) and Fn (the normal force). Fn is divided too, in Fi (the bending force) and Fu (the useful force). The momentary dynamic efficiency can be obtained from the relation (3.18):
2002 Florian PETRESCU The Copyright-Law Of March, 01, 1989 U.S. Copyright Office Library of Congress Washington, DC 20559-6000 202-707-3000

Fu, v2 Fn, vn B rb A rA B0 s0

Fn, vn

Fi, vi Fm, vm A- Fa, va rB B x

i =

s n

A0 0

A e

r0

Fig. 2. Forces and speeds to the cam with translated follower with roll.
va = vm sin( A ) Fa = Fm sin( A ) vn = vm cos( A ) Fn = Fm cos( A ) vi = vn sin Fi = Fn sin v2 = vn cos = vm cos( A ) cos Fu = Fn cos = Fm cos( A ) cos Pu = Fu v2 = Fm vm cos 2 ( A ) cos 2 Pc = Fm vm Pu Fm vm cos 2 ( A ) cos 2 s' s '2 = = [cos( A ) cos ]2 = [ cos 2 ]2 = 2 cos 4 Pc rA Fm vm rA

(3.13) (3.14) (3.15) (3.16) (3.17) (3.18)

4. DETERMINING THE MOMENTARY DYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE ROTARY CAM AND ROCKING FOLLOWER WITH ROLL The written relations are the following [3]:
cos 0 = b 2 + d 2 (r0 + rb ) 2 2bd 2 = + 0

(4.1) (4.2) (4.3) (4.4) (4.5) (4.6) (4.7) (4.8) (4.9) (4.10) (4.11) (4.12) (4.13) (4.14) (4.15) (4.16) (4.17) (4.18) (4.19) (4.20) (4.21) (4.22) (4.23) (4.24) (4.25)

RAD = d 2 + b 2 (1 ' ) 2 2bd (1 ' ) cos 2 d cos 2 + b 'b sin = RAD d sin 2 cos = RAD
2 rB = b 2 + d 2 2 b d cos 2

cos B =

b 2 d rB

2 + rB

sin B =

b sin 2 rB

sin( + 2 ) = sin cos 2 + sin 2 cos cos( + 2 ) = cos cos 2 sin 2 sin
B = + 2 + B

cos B = sin( + 2 + B ) sin B = cos( + 2 + B ) cos B = sin( + 2 ) cos B + sin B cos( + 2 ) sin B = sin( + 2 ) sin B cos B cos( + 2 )
2 2 rA = rB + rb2 2 rb rB cos B

cos =

2 rA

2 + rB

rb2

2 rA rB
rb sin B rA

sin =

A = B + cos A = cos B cos sin B sin sin A = sin B cos + cos B sin = A 2 cos = cos( 2 + + A ) = sin( 2 + ) sin A cos( 2 + ) cos A 'b cos = cos
rA

cos cos =

'b
rA

cos 2

The forces, velocities and powers are written in the relations (4.26-4.30) and the efficiency is written in the relation (4.31), see the figure 3.:
Fa = Fm sin va = vm sin

(4.26)

 Fn = Fm cos vn = vm cos Fc = Fn sin vc = vn sin Fu = Fn cos = Fm cos cos v2 = vn cos = vm cos cos Pu = Fu v2 = Fm vm cos 2 cos 2 Pc = Fm vm

(4.27) (4.28) (4.29) (4.30) (4.31)

i =

Pu 'b '2 b 2 = cos 2 cos 2 = (cos cos ) 2 = ( cos 2 ) 2 = cos 4 2 Pc rA rA

Fm, vm, are perpendicular on the vector rA in A. Fm is divided in Fa (the sliding force) and Fn (the normal force). Fn is divided too in Fc (the compressed force) and Fu (the useful force). For the mechanisms, with rotary cam and diverse kind of followers, one must use different methods in creating the design with maximal efficiency for every type of follower.
2002 Florian PETRESCU The Copyright-Law Of March, 01, 1989 U.S. Copyright Office Library of Congress Washington, DC 20559-6000 202-707-3000

A rA rB

Fn, vn

F u, v 2 F n, v n b

B Fc, vc Fm, vm 2 b d 0 D

Fa, va B B 0 A rb

r0 A

A0 0

Fig. 3. Forces and speeds at the rotary cam and rocking follower with roll.

5. DETERMINING THE MOMENTARY MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE ROTARY CAM AND GENERAL PLATE ROCKING FOLLOWER The written relations are the following, (5.1-5.6), see the picture number four [1]:
AH = [ d
2

(r 0 b) 2 cos (r 0 b) sin ]

'
1 '

(5.1) (5.2) (5.3)

OH = b + (r0 b) cos + d 2 (r0 b) 2 sin

r = AH + OH
2 2 2

sin =

AH ; r

sin 2 =

AH 2 r2

AH 2 AH 2 + OH 2

(5.4) (5.5) (5.6)

Fn = Fm cos = Fm sin ;

vn = vm cos = vm sin
2 2

i =
2002 Florian PETRESCU The Copyright-Law Of March, 01, 1989 U.S. Copyright Office Library of Congress Washington, DC 20559-6000 202-707-3000

Pn F v F v sin AH = n n = m m = sin 2 = 2 Pc Fm vm Fm vm AH + OH 2

Fn;vn

Fm;vm
l.

r . G A0 G0 r0 O M

Fa;va
B0 x d D 1 b B l 2

Fig. 4. Forces and speeds at the rotary cam and general plate rocking follower.

6. CONCLUSION The follower with roll, makes input-force, to be divided in more components. This is the reason for that, the dynamic and the precisely-kinematics (the dynamic-kinematics) of mechanism with rotary cam and follower with roll, are more different and difficult. The presented dynamic efficiency of followers with roll is not the same like the classical-mechanical efficiency. For the plate followers the dynamic and the mechanical efficiency are the same. This is the greater advantage of the plate followers.

REFERENCES 1. Antonescu, P., Oprean, M., Petrescu, Fl., La projection de la came oscillante chez les mecanismes a distribution variable, In: The Proceedings of 5th National Conference CONAT MATMA, Braov, vol. I, pp. M241-M246, 1985. 2. Petrescu, V., Petrescu, I., Randamentul cuplei superioare de la angrenajele cu roi dinate cu axe fixe, In: The Proceedings of 7th National Symposium PRASIC, Braov, vol. I, pp. 333-338, 2002. 3. Petrescu, I., Petrescu, V., The cam synthesis with maximal efficiency, In: The Proceedings of 7th National Symposium PRASIC, Braov, vol. I, pp. 339-344, 2002.