PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs). PREPOSITIONS TIME English on Usage days of the week months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?) from a certain point of time (past till now) over a certain period of time (past till now) a certain time in the past earlier than a certain point of time telling the time telling the time marking the beginning and end of a period of time in the sense of how long something is going to last in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time Example on Monday in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour

in

at

at night at the weekend at half past nine

since

since 1980

for ago before to past to / till / until till / until

for 2 years 2 years ago before 2004 ten to six (5:50) ten past six (6:10) from Monday to/till Friday

He is on holiday until Friday. I will be back by 6 oclock. By 11 o'clock, I had read

by

PREPOSITIONS PLACE (POSITION AND DIRECTION) English

in

Usage room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio left or right of somebody or something on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else lower than something else but above ground covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle higher than something else, but not directly over it

Example

in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world

at

at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work

on

the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.

by, next to, beside

under

the bag is under the table

below

the fish are below the surface put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall

over

above

a path above the lake

English

across

Usage getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side something with limits on top, bottom and the sides movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed enter a room / a building movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) movement to the top of something in the sense of where from

Example

walk across the bridge swim across the lake

through

drive through the tunnel

to

go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed

into

go into the kitchen / the house go 5 steps towards the house

towards

onto from

jump onto the table a flower from the garden

OTHER IMPORTANT PREPOSITIONS English from of by Usage who gave it who/what does it belong to what does it show who made it walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle entering a car / Taxi leaving a public transport Example a present from Jane a page of the book the picture of a palace a book by Mark Twain

on

on foot, on horseback get on the bus

in off

get in the car get off the train

English out of

Usage leaving a car / Taxi rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horseriding) for age for topics, meaning what about

Example get out of the taxi prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus she learned Russian at 45 we were talking about you

by

at about

EXERCISE I Complete the exercise according to the picture.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

In the picture, I can see a woman. The woman is sitting at a table. She is sitting on a chair. There is another chair in front of the woman. Her feet are under the table The woman is holding a cup in her hands. On the table are a laptop, a paper, a calculator, an appointment calendar, two pens and a muffin. 8. The woman is looking at her laptop. 9. The woman's bag is under the table.

EXERCISE II Complete the exercise according to the picture.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

In the picture, there are four people. A couple is sitting at the table. hey are sitting on chairs. The drinks are on the table. One woman is standing in front of the table. Behind her is a man who is barbecuing.

POSITION OF ADVERBS ADVERB OF MANNER (e.g.: slowly, carefully, awfully) These adverbs are put behind the direct object (or behind the verb if there's no direct object). subject verb(s) direct object He drove the car He drove adverb carefully. carefully.

ADVERBS OF PLACE (e.g.: here, there, behind, above) Like adverbs of manner, these adverbs are put behind the direct object or the verb. subject I He verb(s) didn't see stayed direct object him adverb here. behind.

ADVERBS OF TIME (e.g.: recently, now, then, yesterday) Adverbs of time are usually put at the end of the sentence. subject verb(s) indirect object direct object time I will tell you the story tomorrow. If you don't want to put emphasis on the time, you can also put the adverb of time at the beginning of the sentence. time subject verb(s) indirect object direct object Tomorrow I will tell you the story.

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY (e.g.: always, never, seldom, usually) Adverbs of frequency are put directly before the main verb. If 'be' is the main verb and there is no auxiliary verb, adverbs of frequency are put behind 'be'. Is there an auxiliary verb, however, adverbs of frequency are put before 'be'. subject auxiliary/be adverb main verb object, place or time I often go swimming in the evenings. He doesn't always play tennis. We are usually here in summer. I have never been abroad.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Positive Form Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions: as as Example: Jane is as tall as John. not as as / not so as Example: John is not as tall as Arnie. COMPARATIVE FORM AND SUPERLATIVE FORM (-ER/-EST)

one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap) two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever) comparative form cleaner superlative form (the) cleanest

positive form clean

EXCEPTIONS IN SPELLING WHEN ADDING -ER / -EST

silent e is dropped Example: late-later-latest

final y after a consonant becomes i Example: easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled Example: hot-hotter-hottest

COMPARATIVE FORM AND SUPERLATIVE FORM (MORE/MOST)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er)

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE FORM FORM FORM difficult more difficult most difficult

COMPARATIVE FORM AND SUPERLATIVE FORM (IRREGULAR COMPARISONS)

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE FORM FORM FORM good bad / ill little (amount) better worse less best worst least smallest most

little (size) smaller much / many more

far (place + further time) far (place) late (time) farther later

furthest farthest latest last nearest

late (order) latter near (place) nearer

near (order) old (people older and things) old (people) elder

next oldest eldest

Positive Form

Comparative

Superlative

happy difficult heavy hungry ill

happier more difficult heavier hungrier worse

happiest most difficult heaviest hungriest worst

Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y/-er are compared with -er/-est (y becomes i). Adjectives of three or more syllables are compared with more/most. Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y/-er are compared with -er/-est (y becomes i). Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y/-er are compared with -er/-est (y becomes i). irregular comparison FILL IN THE CORRECT FORMS. Positive Form Comparative __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Superlative __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

strong noisy afraid wild near

GERUND Use and Word Lists Example same meaning I started to read. / I started reading. same meaning but different use She forbids us to talk. / She forbids talking. different meaning He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking. infinitive or present participle I saw him go up the stairs. / I saw him going up the stairs.

Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice)