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FABRICATION OF BASIC STIRLING ENGINE MODEL A MINOR PROJECT REPORT-2012 A minor project report submitted at Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal In partial fulfillment of the requirement as per the curriculum of BE IIIrd year in the Mechanical Engineering.
SUBMITTED BY MANISH SOLANKI (0830ME091032) MD. UMAR KHAN (0830ME091035) ROHAN GORALKAR (0830ME091050)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled FABRICATION OF BASIC STIRLING ENGINE MODEL has been carried out by, MANISH SOLANKI, MD. UMAR KHAN , ROHAN GORALKAR students of third year B.E. Mechanical Engineering under our supervision & guidance. They have submitted this Minor project report towards partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of Rajiv Gandhi Prodyogiki Vishvavidyalaya, Bhopal during the academic year 2011-2012.
Prof. Suman Sharma Madam Head of Department Mechanical Engg Dept. TCET
Director
TCET, INDORE
RECOMMENDATION
This is to certify that MANISH SOLANKI, MD. UAMR KHAN, ROHAN GORALKAR Students of Final year B.E (Mechanical Engineering) Of this institute have completed the project work entitled FABRICATION OF BASIC STIRLING ENGINE MODEL Based on the syllabus and have submitted a satisfactory report on it in the Academic year 2011-2012.
INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Date-
Date-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Working in this institute during this project had been a great learning experience for us. We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to all those people who have been instrumental in making our project a success. To make efforts is better than to achieve success and choose the capable person for success is greater than to make and succeed.
We feel deeply indebted to our project Guided by: Asst. Prof. Vishal Achwal ( Lecturer Mechanical Engineering Department) who generously shared his wisdom, experience and expertise with us and guided us through the project. We thank him for all his valuable guidance and suggestions.
We also extend our sincere thanks to all the faculty members of Mechanical Engineering Department for their constant guidance and support.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr.P.K.CHANDE (Director, T.C.E.T.) for his liberal encouragement and moral support not only during this project but also throughout the studies. Manish Solanki Md.Umar Khan Rohan Goralkar
ABSTRACT
The performance of Stirling engines meets the demands of the efficient use of energy and environmental security and therefore they are the subject of much current interest. Hence, the development and investigation of Stirling engine have come to the attention of many scientific institutes and commercial companies. The Stirling engine is both practically and theoretically a significant device, its practical virtue is simple, reliable and safe which was recognized for a full century following its invention by Robert Stirling in 1816. The engine operates on a closed thermodynamic cycle, which is reversible. The objective of this project paper is to provide fundamental information and present a detailed review of the efforts taken by us for the development of the Stirling cycle engine and techniques used for engine analysis. A number of attempts have been made by us to build and improve the performance of Stirling engines. It is seen that for successful operation of engine system with good efficiency a careful design, proper selection of drive mechanism and engine configuration is essential. This project paper indicates that a Stirling cycle engine working with relatively low temperature with air or helium as working fluid is potentially attractive engines of the future, especially solar-powered low-temperature differential Stirling engines.
5 6 7 12 14 15 18 18 20 20 22 23 24 25 26 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 39 40 41
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5. Disadvantages 5.1 Problems And Iteration 5.2 Causes Of Failure 6. Analyze From Economic Point 7. Applications of The Stirling Power 7.1. Cars 7.2. Submarine. 7.3. Nuclear power 7.4. Solar Energy 7.5. Aircraft engines 8. Conclusion 9. References 10. List of Figures 11. List of Tables 43 44 44 45 48 48 48 48 49 49. 50 52 54 55
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
HEAT FLOW: FIGURE: 1 State: Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas Phase of matter Equilibrium Control volume Instruments Processes: Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles: Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency
Material properties: Specific heat capacity Compressibility Thermal expansion Potentials: Internal energy Enthalpy Helmholtz free energy Gibbs free energy A thermodynamic cycle consists of a series of thermodynamic processes transferring heat and work, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables, eventually returning a system to its initial state. In the process of going through this cycle, the system may perform work on its surroundings, thereby acting as a heat engine. State quantities depend only on the thermodynamic state, and cumulative variation of such properties adds up to zero during a cycle. Process quantities (or path quantities), such as heat and work are process dependent, and cumulative heat and work are non-zero. The first law of thermodynamics dictates that the net heat input is equal to the net work output over any cycle. The repeating nature of the process path allows for continuous operation, making the cycle an important concept in thermodynamics. Thermodynamic cycles often use quasistatic processes to model the workings of actual devices.
Relationship to work
Because the net variation in state properties during a thermodynamic cycle is zero, it forms a closed loop on a PV diagram. A PV diagram's Y axis shows pressure (P) and X axis shows volume (V). The area enclosed by the loop is the work (W) done by the process:
This work is equal to the balance of heat (Q) transferred into the system:
Equation (2) makes a cyclic process similar to an isothermal process: even though the internal energy changes during the course of the cyclic process, when the cyclic process finishes the system's energy is the same as the energy it had when the process began. If the cyclic process moves clockwise around the loop, then W will be positive, and it represents a heat engine. If it moves counterclockwise, then W will be negative, and it represents a heat pump.
The clockwise thermodynamic cycle indicated by the arrows shows that the cycle represents a heat engine. The cycle consists of four states (the point shown by crosses) and four thermodynamic processes (lines). For example the pressure-volume mechanical work done in the heat engine cycle, consisting of 4 thermodynamic processes, is:
If no volume change happens in process 4->1 and 2->3, equation (3) simplifies to:
Thermodynamic cycles may be used to model real devices and systems, typically by making a series of assumptions.simplifying assumptions are often necessary to reduce the problem to a more manageable form.For example, as shown in the figure, devices such a gas turbine or jet engine can be modelled as a Brayton cycle. The actual device is made up of a series of stages, each of which is itself modelled as an idealized thermodynamic process. Although each stage which acts on the working fluid is a complex real device, they may be modelled as idealized processes which approximate their real behavior. A further assumption is that the exhaust gases would be passed back through the inlet with a corresponding loss of heat, thus completing the idealized cycle. The difference between an idealized cycle and actual performance may be significant. For example, the following images illustrate the differences in work output predicted by an ideal Stirling cycle and the actual performance of a Stirling engine:
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Actual performance FIGURE: 5 The adiabatic Stirling cycle is similar to the idealized Stirling cycle; however, the four thermodynamic processes are slightly different (see graph above):
180 to 270, pseudo-Isothermal Expansion. The expansion-space is heated externally, and the gas undergoes near-isothermal expansion. 270 to 0, near-constant-Volume (or near-isometric or isochoric) heat-removal. The gas is passed through the regenerator, thus cooling the gas, and transferring heat to the regenerator for use in the next cycle. 0 to 90, pseudo-Isothermal Compression. The compression space is intercooled, so the gas undergoes near-isothermal compression. 90 to 180, near-constant-Volume (near-isometric or isochoric) heataddition. The compressed air flows back through the regenerator and picks-up heat on the way to the heated expansion space.
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With the exception of a Stirling thermoacoustic engine, none of the gas particles actually flows through the complete cycle. So this approach is not amenable to further analysis of the cycle. However, it provides an overview and indicates the cycle work.
As work output is represented by the interior of the cycle, there is a significant difference between the predicted work output of the ideal cycle and the actual work output shown by a real engine. It may also be observed that the real individual processes diverge from their idealized counterparts; e.g., isochoric expansion (process 1-2) occurs with some actual volume change.
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Some example thermodynamic cycles and their constituent processes are as follows:
Cycle
Notes
Power cycles normally with external combustion - or heat pump cycles: Bell Coleman Carnot Ericsson Rankine Scuderi Stirling Stoddard adiabatic isentropic isothermal adiabatic adiabatic isothermal adiabatic isobaric isothermal isobaric isobaric variable pressure and volume isochoric isobaric adiabatic isentropic isothermal adiabatic adiabatic isothermal adiabatic isobaric isothermal isobaric isobaric isochoric isochoric isobaric the second Ericsson cycle from 1853 Steam engine A reversed Brayton cycle
Power cycles normally with internal combustion: Jet engines the external combustion version of this cycle is known as first Ericsson cycle from 1833 Pulse jets (Note: Process 12 accomplishes both the heat rejection and the compression) isochoric Gasoline / petrol engines
Brayton
adiabatic
isobaric
adiabatic
isobaric
Diesel
adiabatic
isobaric
adiabatic
isochoric
Lenoir
isobaric
isochoric
adiabatic
Otto
adiabatic
isochoric
adiabatic
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1.4 HISTORY:
The Stirling engine were invented in 1816 by Robert Stirling in Scotland, some 80 years before the invention of diesel engine, and enjoyed substantial commercial success up to the early 1900s. A Stirling cycle machine is a device, which operates on a closed regenerative thermodynamic cycle, with cyclic compression and expansion of the working fluid at different temperature levels. The flow is controlled by volume changes so that there is a net conversion of heat to work or vice versa. The Stirling engines are frequently called by other names, including hot-air or hot-gas engines, or one of a number of designations reserved for particular engine arrangement. In the beginning of 19th century, due to the rapid development of internal combustion engines and electrical machine, further development of Stirling engines was severely hampered.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The Stirling Engine is one of the hot air engines. It was invented by Robert Stirling (1790-1878) and his brother James. At this period, he found the steam engines are dangerous for the workers. He decided to improve the design of an existing air engine. He hope it wound be safer alternative. After one year, he invented a regenerator. He called the Economizer and the engine improves the efficiency. This is the earliest Stirling Engine. It is put out 100 W to 4 kW. The Ericsson invented the solar Energy in 1864 and did some improvements for after several years. Roberts brother, James Stirling, also played an important role in the development of Stirling engines.
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The original patent by Reverend Stirling was called the "economizer", for its Improvement of fuel-economy. The patent also mentioned the possibility of using the device in an engine. Several patents were later determined by two brothers for different configurations including pressurized versions of the engine. This component is now commonly known as the "regenerator" and is essential in all high-power Stirling devices.
During the early part of the twentieth century the role of the Stirling engine as a "domestic motor" was gradually usurped by the electric motor and small Internal combustion engines until by the late 1930s it was largely forgotten, only produced for toys and a few small ventilating fans. At this time Philips was seeking to expand sales of its radios into areas where mains electricity was unavailable and the supply of batteries uncertain. Philips Management decided that offering a low-power portable generator would facilitate such sales and tasked a group of engineers at the company research lab (the Nat. Lab) in Eindhoven to evaluate the situation. After a systematic comparison of various prime movers the Stirling engine was considered to have real possibilities as it was among other things, inherently quiet (both audibly and in terms of radio interference) and capable of running from any heat source (common lamp oil was favored). They were also aware that, unlike steam and internal combustion engines, virtually no serious development work had been carried out on the Stirling engine for many years and felt that with the application of modern materials and know-how great improvements should be possible.
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3-4: isothermal expansion process. Work W3-4 is done by the working fluid, while an equal amount of heat Q3-4 is added to the system from the heating source. The working fluid heats and expands at constant temperature TH.
4-1: constant volume displacement process with heat rejection. Heat Q4-1 is rejected by the working fluid and temperature decrease from TC to TH. No work is done.
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(4.1)
(4.2)
so that by substitution of Equation 4.2 into Equation 4.1,we can evaluate the work integral:
where the subscripts H and L denote the high and low temperature isotherms respectively. This equation can then be further simplified by noting that V4 = V1 and V3 = V2 so that a final equation for work can be obtained:
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)(TH -TL)
(4.3)
The work done represents energy out of the system, and so has a negative value according to the sign convention used here. Inspection of Equation 4.3, therefore, shows that the work output for a Stirling-cycle machine can be increased by maximizing the temperature difference between hot and cold ends (TH-TL), the compression ratio (V2/V1), the gas mass (and hence either the total volume of the machine and/or the mean operating pressure), or the specific gas constant. Material strength/temperature considerations and practicalities such as the overall size of the machine usually limit the amount that the temperature, volume, or pressure can be increased. However, it is interesting to note that the specific work output (i.e. work output per kilogram) can be dramatically enhanced in a Stirling-cycle machine simply by selecting a working gas with a high specific gas constant. One of the reasons that hydrogen and helium are so often used as the working gas in large Stirling-cycle machines can be deduced by inspection of the values for specific gas constants given in Table 4.1. (another reason is the lower flow losses that occur with smaller molecule gases). Table: Specific gas constants for a variety of gases at 300 K
Gas Air Ammonia Carbon dioxide Helium Hydrogen Nitrogen Propane Steam
Specific gas constant, R (J/kgK) 319.3 488.2 188.9 2077.0 4124.2 296.8 188.6 461.5
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dS
This integral can be most easily evaluated by considering the First Law of Thermodynamics in the form: QH=
pV=mRT n be expressed in terms of volume and temperature, and (noting that there is no change in internal energy during an isothermal process) the integral can be easily solved: QH= giving: QH = mRTH ln ( ) (4.4)
dV = 0 +
dV
which is a somewhat convoluted (but hopefully instructive) method of derivation. The same expression can, of course, be obtained much more easily by simple inspection of Equation 4.3., since the heat and work transfers for an isothermal expansion process are equal but opposite.
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The isothermal compression process can also be readily evaluated (noting that V4 = V1 and V3 = V2, and where the subscripts H and L denote the high and low temperature isotherms respectively), giving:
QL = - mRTL ln ( )
(4.5)
hence an equation for the efficiency of an ideal Stirling-cycle engine can be developed by considering Equations 4.3. and 4.4., giving:
STIRLING=
this demonstrates the interesting fact that the efficiency of an ideal Stirlingcycle engine is dependant only on temperature and no other parameter. It is worth recalling that the Carnot efficiency for a heat engine is:
CARNOT=
or, in other words, that the Stirling-cycle engine has the maximum efficiency possible under the Second Law of Thermodynamics. However, it should be noted that unlike the Carnot Cycle, the Stirling-cycle engine is a practical machine that can actually be used to produce useful quantities of work.
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Actual Stirling Engine: FIGURE: 9 In real life, it is not possible to have isothermal and isochoric process because they are instantaneous. In stirling cycle heat addition and rejection is assumed to be instantaneous which is not possible and because of some internal losses in friction and other the actual graph is oval shape.
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Alpha Stirling: FIGURE: 10 The hot piston cylinder is situated inside the high temperature heat exchanger and the cold piston cylinder is situated inside the low temperature heat exchanger. The generator is illustrated by the chamber containing the hatch lines.
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Expansion: At this point, the most of the gas in the system is at the hot piston and expands, pushing the hot piston down, and flowing through the pipe into the cold cylinder, pushing it down as well.
Transfer: At this point, the gas has expanded. Most of the gas is still in the Hot cylinder. As the crankshaft continues to turn the next 90, transferring the bulk of the gas to the cold piston cylinder. As it does so, it pushes most of the fluid through the heat exchanger and into the cold piston cylinder
Contraction: Now the majority of the expanded gas is shifted to the cool piston cylinder. It cools and contracts, drawing both pistons up.
Transfer: The fluid is cooled and now crankshaft turns another 90. The gas is therefore pumped back, through the heat exchanger, into the hot piston cylinder. Once in this, it is heated and we go back to the first step.
This type of engine has a very high power-to-volume ratio but has technical problems due to the usually high temperature of the "hot" piston and its seals.
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Expansion: At this point, most of the Transfer: At this point, the gas has gas in the system is at the heated end expanded. Most of the gas is still of the cylinder. The gas heats and located in the hot end of the expands driving the power piston cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries outward. the crankshaft the next quarter turn. As the crank goes round, the bulk of the gas is transferred around the displacer to the cool end of the cylinder, driving more fluid into the cooled end of the cylinder.
Contraction: Now the majority of the expanded gas has been shifted to the cool end. It contracts and the displacer is almost at the bottom of its cycle.
Transfer: The contracted gas is still located near the cool end of the cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries the crank another quarter turn, moving the displacer and transferring the bulk of the gas back to the hot end of the cylinder. And at this point, the cycle repeats.
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Gamma engines configuration FIGURE: 13 Furthermore during the expansion process some of the expansion must take place in the compression space leading to a reduction of specific power. Gamma engines are therefore used when the advantages of having separate cylinders outweigh the specific power disadvantage. The advantage of this design is that it is mechanically simpler because of the convenience of two cylinders in which only the piston has to be sealed. The disadvantage is the lower compression ratio but the gamma configuration is the favorite for modelers and hobbyists.
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MODEL DESCRIPTION
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CYLINDER 1 2
TIN TIN
PISTON 1 HARD FIBRE (HOLLOW) 2 HARD FIBRE LINK 1 ALUMINIUM 2 ALUMINIUM 3 ALUMINIUM WOOD 4 STAINLESS STEEL
BEARING
CRANKSHAFT
CRANK RADUIS 1 (mm) PLASTIC 22 (Note: * Represents rectangular section width) DESIGN: TABLE: 3 (D1)2 L1 = 1.231 x 10(-5) m3
D2 L2 =2.155 x 10(-5) m3 Heat given (through wax i.e. candle) = m x C.V. = x V x C.V. =0.93(g/cm3) x 3.53(m3) x 10(-5) x 106 x 7.8(kJ/g) =253.8 kJ Work done , TH -TL) Assuming TH = 120 0C (Temperature of hot air) TL = 40 0C (Temperature of cold air) W = 5.358 x m kJ = = 0.328=32.8 %( on assumed conditions)
Hence, efficiency,
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LINK: FIGURE: 17
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3.1.2 PISTON
Criteria: Light weighted Material preferred: Hard fiber Processing: Sealing on both side Turning on surface Finishing by lathe machine FIGURE:18
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3.1.4 CONNECTING ROD & LINK Criteria: Light weighted , Fatigue resistance Material preferred: Aluminum FIGURE: 20
ASSEMBLY: FIGURE: 21
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3.2
METHODOLOGY
3.2.1 ASSEMBLY AND PROCEDURE
a. Firstly we have designed our stirling engine model on the software Wildfire Pro- Engineer designing software 5.0; We have calculated our Dimensions requirement on the software. All the analysis taken on the software taken into consideration for the fabrication of our project. b. As per the requirement we have gathered our parts from various places from the market.Both the cylinders are connected perpendicularly via a small diameter pipe through welding & M-seal . c. For the assembly of our project our workshop was the better place for the fabrication as we get all the facilities at the same place. d. For the piston cylinder arrangement. We have used Tin Cylinders for vertical position and PVC Pipe for Horizontal cylinder. For the fabrication of piston for vertical we buyed solid hard fiber of cylindrical shape.than by using LATHE machine available in workshop. By the operations turning on that fiber with a small clearance of 2mm. e. As per cylinder diameter is considered.Reciprocation of piston in the cylinder is quiet freely. On piston a aluminium link has been attached..(LENGTH AND DIAMETER SPECIFICATION IN TABLE 3) By cutting the upper portion of cylinder for placing the horizontal cylinder of varying dia.and upper portion for the air movement.All this parts were arranged than fixed by M-Seal making the arrangement air tight. f. Our Fan which is Acting as crank for both the arrangement is fixed on the bearing which is fixed by us on the wood frame fabricated by us in Carpentry shop. Rest of the assembly was done by us at our home. g. Crank and links are connected. Now this whole model is placed on rigid structure and clamped by strips to make It rigid while working.Hinged support for the vertical cylinder piston & FAN arrangement is done by cutting a PVC pipe and providing wood rip between the PVC and Attaching both the arrangement on the hinged support. than fabricating horizontal piston & connecting rod and attaching it to the crank.
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h. Our model is ready to work by providing Heat BY candle. Than by providing sufficient heat so that expansion of air takes place by which the reciprocation of piston takes place easily which will help to rotate our crank easily. Every arrangement in the engine is so light weighted so that reciprocating motion can be achieved easily in both the cylinders. i. Working: Through the expansion of air inside the cylinders piston moves vertically upwards and which helps in moving the cold air above the piston to the horizontal cylinder by reciprocating the piston backwards, the link and the connecting rod arrangement is done in such a way that the reciprocation of piston in respective cylinders helps in the rotation of fan by the hinged support. This process is continuous and thus fan rotates by small amount of heat. and this cycle is ecofriendly and thus providing pollution free environment. j. Future Aspects of our project: Continuous rotation of fan can be used for the generation of electricity ,by providing Dynamo at the shaft of fan .
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Hinged support
Cylinder 1
FIGURE: 22 CONTINOUS ROTATION OF FAN with small amount of HEAT by CANDLE. BY THE use of STIRLING Cycle concept.
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QUANTITY
PRICE
CYLINDER PISTON CONNECTING ROD FAN WOOD RIPS M-SEAL(PACKETS) CANDLES WOODEN STAND PVC PIPE NAILS BEARING OTHER TOTAL
2 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 20 -
EXPENSES: TABLE: 4
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ADVANTAGES
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4. ADVANTAGES
There are several reasons to use a Stirling Engine: 1. Inside the pistons can be used air, helium, nitrogen or hydrogen and you dont have to refill it because it uses always the same body of gas. 2. To produce heat you can use whatever you want: fuel, oil, gas, nuclear power and of course renewable energies like solar, biomass or geothermal heat. 3. The external combustion process can be designed as a continuous process, so the most types of emissions can be reduced. 4. If heat comes from a renewable energy source they produce no emissions 5. They run very silent and they dont need any air supply. Thats why they are used a lot in submarines. E.g. in the Royal Swedish Navy. 6. They can run for a very long time because the bearings and seals can be placed at the cool side of the engine they need less lubricant and they dont have to be checked very often ( longer period between the overhauls ).
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DISADVANTAGES
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5. DISADVANTAGES
5.1 PROBLEMS AND ITERATION
1. Initially we have made crankshaft using separate flywheel for both cylinders, in which link-crankshaft assembly functioning is not proper. Hence it is replaced by crankshaft made by bending the rod. 2. Firstly we have used large links, this increases weight and vibration. Therefore we have reduced their length. 3. Due to the large clearance between piston and cylinder, it is not able to displace by hot air. Hence for decreasing clearance small diameter cylinder is used and reassembling of the model has done.
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This experiment shows that only a very small power operation can carry out a Stirling engine, which contributes a lot to energy conservation. This characteristic especially shows out on economy point. The benefits obtained from the Stirling engine are definitely far beyond the costs. So once solar is used to produce energy for the Stirling engine, the cost would surely be cut down for quite a lot. As long as there is sunshine, the Stirling engine will run on and on. Of course it costs much to manufacture a Stirling engine, as it requires a high level of the materials and manufacturing processes.
Some engines cause a lot of pollution, so much is cost for pollution control and government. On contrast, Stirling engine exhausts cleanly and avoid this type of matter. Development and utilization of solar will not pollute the environment, as solar is one of the cleanest energy. While the environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious today, this characteristic is extremely valuable. It saves the cost for a lot while making sustainable development. Nowadays, more and more countries have recognized that a society with sustainable development should be able to meet the needs of the community without endangering future generations. Therefore, use clean energy as much as possible instead of the high carbon content of fossil energy is a principle which should be followed during energy construction. Vigorously develop new and renewable sources of energy utilization technology will be an important measure to reduce pollution. Energy problem is a worldwide one, and it is sooner or later to get into the transition-to-new-energy period. Because of its sustainability, renewably and efficiency, the Stirling engine is just the very one being consistent with the requirements of the times.
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APPLICATIONS
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In the ages of 1970s and 1980s several automobile companies like General Motors or Ford were researching about Stirling Engine. This device is good for a constant power setting, but it is a challenge for the stop and go of the automobile. A good car can change the power quickly. One possibility to obtain this important characteristic is design a power control mechanism that will turn up or down the burner. This is a slow method of changing power levels because is not enough to accelerate crossing an intersection.
7.2.
Submarine
Kockums, a Swedish defense contractor, produce Stirling Engines for the Navy making the quietest submarines in the world.This high-technology is named air-independent propulsion (AIP). There are four submarines equipment with Stirling AIP. The models are HMS Ncken, which was launch in 1978 and after ten years 1988 became the first submarine equipped with AIP system, by means of a cut and lengthened by an intersection of a Stirling AIP section, which before the installation is equipped by two Stirling units, liquid oxygen (LOX) tanks and electrical equipment. 7.3. Nuclear power
Steam turbines of a nuclear plan can be replaced by Stirling engine thus reduce the radioactive by-products and be more efficient. Steam plants use liquid sodium as coolant in breeder reactors, water/sodium exchanger are required, which in some cases that temperature increase so much this coolant could reacts violently with water. NASA has developed a Stirling Engine known as Stirling Radioisotope (SRG) Generator designed to generate electricity in for deep space proves in lasting missions. The heat source is a dry solid nuclear fuel slug and the cold source is space itself. This device converter produces about four times more electric power from the plutonium fuel than a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.
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7.4.
Solar Energy
Placed at the focus of a parabolic mirror a Stirling engine can convert solar Energy to electricity with efficiency better than non-concentrated photovoltaic cells. In 2005 It is created a 1 kW Stirling generator with a solar concentrator, this was a herald of the coming of a revolutionary solar, nowadays It generates electricity much more efficiently and economically than Photovoltaic (PV) systems whit technology called concentrated solar power (CPS). Nowadays the company Infina Applications has development a 3 kW Solar Stirling Product. By a mirror to focus the suns rays on the receiver end of a Stirling engine. The internal side of the receiver then heats hydrogen gas, which expands. The pressure created by the expanding gas drives a piston, crank shaft, and drive shaft assembly much like those found in internal combustion engines but without igniting the gas. The drive shaft is connected to a small electricity generator. This solar application is called concentration solar power (CSP) and is significant potential grid for water pumping or electrification.
7.5. Aircraft engines Stirling engines may hold theoretical promise as aircraft engines, if high power density and low cost can be achieved. They are quieter, less polluting, gain efficiency with altitude due to lower ambient temperatures, are more reliable due to fewer parts and the absence of an ignition system, produce much less vibration (airframes last longer) and safer, less explosive fuels may be used.
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CONCLUSION
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8. CONCLUSION
Our Stirling engine model has a good point that they can be constructed in a way that they produce no emissions. That means, in combination with solar or geothermal heat, they can be used as a renewable energy source to produce electricity by means of dynamo. The real renewable energy is the solar application for this device because the other ways to produce the heat source are burning something. It is possible to decrease the emissions of CO2 or other toxic gases but not eliminate completely this problem for the earth and therefore for humans. This application could be one of the different ways to solve the problem of greenhouse gas emissions and to continue and also to develop our comfort. No high-tech materials are needed. Future Aspects of our project: Continuous rotation of fan can be used for the generation of electricity ,by providing Dynamo at the shaft of fan .
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REFERENCE
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
Heat Flow P-v diagram of a thermodynamic cycle Ideal stirling cycle Actual and ideal overlaid, showing difference in work output Actual performance Sketch of Robert Stirling of his invent Earliest stirling engine Distinct processes Actual stirling engine Alpha stirling Alpha type stirling Beta stirling Gamma engines configuration A model of a four-phase Stirling cycle Stand & cylinder Hinged support Link Piston. Fan acting as crank. Connecting rod Assembly in pro-engineer software Our stirling engine model Stirling engine working on a cup of coffee
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6 8 10 10 11 14 16 18 24 26 26 28 30 31 34 34 34 35 35 36 36 39 45
S.NO.
NAME
Page no.
1 2.
Well-known thermodynamic cycles Specific gas constants for a variety of gases at 300 k Design Expenses spend on our project
13 21
3 4.
33 40
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