Silt Density Index (SDI) : Measurement AndSignificance In Membrane Applicationse pleting supplies of fresh water, ground water contamination

and the rising cost of water have compelled industries to increasingly turn to desalination of brac kish/sea water. The recent years have also witnessed a phenomenal increase in wa ter recycle plants with a terminal reverse osmosis (RO) system for removal of di ssolved solids. Water isrecovered from treated industrial effluent as well as se condary treated municipal sewage.The presence of finely divided particles in fee d water to an RO system can cause serious problems; as they are too small to be retained by conventional pretreatment systems they find their way to the RO memb rane.The function of an RO membrane is to concentrate dissolved solids on one si de of themembrane and allow water molecules to permeate through the other side. Suspended,colloidal particles are larger than dissolved solids and are also reje cted by the membrane.These fine undissolved suspended particles tend to settle o n the surface and, in the process,foul the membrane. The net result is an increa se in feed pressure, reduced flow and highconductivity of permeate. Spiral wound and hollow fine fibre membranes are the most vulnerable and once fouled, cleani ng of the element is often difficult.D Other components required for the test are asfollows: Membrane filter, 47 mm in di ameter,gridded, and with a mean pore size in therange of 0.45 0.02 micron, inclu sive.Use only filters that are packaged in thesame orientation.Graduated cylinder , 500 ml capacity.Stop watch, graduated in hundredths of aminute.Thermometer, liqu id-in-glass, suitable formeasuring the temperature of the watersample, capable o f being read within 1C.Test ProcedureThe procedure is based on the time required t ofilter a volume of feed water through a 0.45micron filter paper at a feed press ure of 30psig at start and then after 5, 10 and 15minutes of continuous filtrati on. If the test islimited to only 5 to 10 minutes reading, due tothe plugging of the filter pad one can expect ahigh level of plugging of the membrane.1.Assembl e the test equipment as per Figure 1.2.Locate a sample tap on the feed waterpipi ng and install the test equipment.3.Adjust the pressure regulator to 30 psi with a filter pad installed. Use a fresh filter forthe actual test.4. Take the temper ature of the feed water. Thetemperature should not vary more than 1C between the s tart and end of the test.5. Bleed any entrained air in the filter holder.Dependi ng on the model of the filter holder,either open the bleed valve, or loosen thef ilter holder while cracking the ball valve.Then close the bleed valve or filter holder.6.Place the 500 ml graduated cylinder underthe filter to measure the amou nt of waterthat passes through the filter.7.Open the ball valve fully, and measu re thetime required to collect 100 ml and 500 mlfrom the time the ball valve is opened.Record these times, leaving the valve openand letting the flow continue.8 .After 5 minutes, repeat the timemeasurement required to collect 100 mland 500 m l samples. Repeat again after10 and 15 minute intervals.9.If the time required t o obtain a 100 mlsample is greater than 60 seconds,pluggage will be about 90%, a nd it is notnecessary to continue the test.10.Measure the water temperature agai n toensure that it did not vary by more than1C from the initial temperature.11.Af ter completing the test and disconnectingthe apparatus, the filter paper may bes aved in a plastic bag for future reference.Note: For best resultsUse dull tweezer s when positioning thefilter to prevent puncturing the filter.Ensure that the O-r ing is clean and ingood condition, and is properly positioned.Avoid touching the filter with fingers.Flush the apparatus to remove any contaminants that may be in it.CalculationsSDI = P30 /Tt = 100*(1- Ti/Tf) / Tt WhereSDI=Silt Density IndexP 30=% pluggage at 30 psi feedpressure **Tt=Total test time in minutes (usually 15 minutes, but may be less if 75%pluggage** occurs in less than 15minutes).Ti=Init ial time in seconds required toobtain sample.Tf=Time required to obtain sample a fter15 minutes (or less).Note:*Time to collect 500 ml should beapproximately 5 t imes greater than thetime to collect 100 ml. If 500 mlcollection time is much gr eater than 5X,SDI should be calculated using 100 mlcollection times.**For accura te SDI measurements, P30should not exceed 70%. If P30 exceedsthis value, re-run the test and obtain Tfat a shorter time (T). LimitationsThe test, although popular, is at best anempirical method and its int erpretation calls forsome expertise on the part of the personcarrying out the te

st.Feed pressure must always be maintained ataround 30 psi as any variation in f eedpressure during the run can lead to erroneousresults.SDI may vary with the ma ke of the filter used;hence it is suggested that filter papers of thesame make b e used for each study.SDI is also a function of the water temperatureand values obtained at different temperaturesmay not necessarily be comparable.Temperature should not vary more than 1% Cbetween the start and end of the run.Interpretation of ResultsSDI Value1.Value higher than 6: Indicative of very high potential for fouling. Do not attempt to continuepassing the feed through the membranes till the pretreatment is set right and a value lowerthan 4 is obtained.2.SDI Profile: SDI reduction across various equipment like multigrade (MGF), activated (ACF)an d cartridge (CF) filter should be checked regularly. The following conclusions c an be drawnfrom the results:i) MGF: SDI reduction across the MGF should be maxim um. If no significant SDI reduction isseen across the MGF, this indicates that t he size of the particles in the raw water is less than25 m. Hence, coagulants/floc culants should be added to increase the size of the particlesand improve the rem oval efficiency of the MGF.ii) CF: SDI reduction across the CF should be minimum . If a significant reduction in SDI isseen across the CF, it will foul very freq uently. The remedy is to improve the particle removalefficiency of the MGF.3.Col our of filter paper used for SDI test:iSlightly yellowThe possible problem could be presence of iron and/ororganics in feed water. Check the source for presence of ironand organics in the water source. Also check for possiblecorrosion in th e lines.iiReddish brownPositive indication of presence of iron in feed water. Ta kecorrective steps for removal of iron.iiiGrayIndicates presence of carbon fines . Check the carbon filter,remove carbon fines.ivParticles present on Check the c artridge filter and the filter elements.the filter papervDark Black If the colou r dissolves in the acid, it indicates the presence ofmanganese in the water.Sign ificance and Use of SDI1.SDI can serve as a useful indication of thefouling pote ntial due to undissolved particlesof the feed water to NF and ROmembranes.2.SDI can be used to ascertain theeffectiveness of the pretreatment processeslike clar ification and filtration. 0 9 0 3 3 KIon Exchange (India) Ltd., Tiecicon Ho use, Dr. E. Moses Road, Mahalaxmi, Mumbai 400 011, India. Phone : 91-22-2493 952 0/23/25/31Fax : 91-22-2493 8737 E-mail:ho.techno@ionexchange.co.in Website : www .ionindia.comPretreatment OptionsMembrane manufacturers and systemdesigners insi st that the value for SDI (15 min)of feed water to membranes should be as lowas possible and in any case should not exceed4.0, to minimise fouling of membranes. Theindex is also used to evaluate the effectivenessof various pretreatment proc esses likeclarification and filtration.Experience has shown that conventionalpre treatment plants using clarification andfiltration through granular media are of teninadequate in reducing the turbidity and SDI offeed water streams. Industries now rely moreon the use of membrane processes likeultrafiltration especially wh en dealing withindustrial effluents or secondary treatedmunicipal sewage as feed water to RO systemsfor water recovery. Ultrafiltration systems havealready repl aced the conventional pretreatmentplants at several industrial installations lik eMadras Fertilisers Ltd., Chennai and SundaramFasteners, Madurai.The following g raph shows SDI reductionthrough ultrafiltration:SDI reduction of less than 3.0 is achieved in98.4% of the cases.SDI reduction of less than 2.0 is achieved in90% o f the cases.Figure 26-5-4-3-2-1-0-0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0100.0 S D I 1 5Percentage of SDI measurements90.1% 98.4%ilt De nsity Index has come to stay as one of the most important feed water limiting pa rameters that must be considered both during design and commissioning of water t reatment/ recycle plants based on either RO or NF membranes to minimise operatio nal problems that can occur due to fouling of membranes by finely divided partic les present infeed water. A carefully designed pretreatment plant aimed at reduc ing the SDI to as low a value as possible will go a long way in troublefree oper ation of the plant. S of 4 Leave a Comment

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