HTML 4.01 & XHTML 1.1

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................ 2 Chapter 2: HTML Basics...................................................................................... 7 Chapter 3: Basic HTML Page Structure............................................................. 14 Chapter 4: Displaying Text................................................................................... 24 Chapter 5: Formatting Text................................................................................. 27 Chapter 6: Creating Lists..................................................................................... 35 Chapter 7: Hyperlinks.......................................................................................... 38 Chapter 8: Tables.................................................................................................. 40 Chapter 9: Page Layout........................................................................................ 45 Chapter 10: Multimedia....................................................................................... 48 Chapter 11: Input Forms...................................................................................... 51 Chapter 12: Frames.............................................................................................. 63 Chapter 13: Creating scripts................................................................................ 64 Chapter 14: Advanced HTML Features.............................................................. 68 Chapter 15: Writing Secure HTML.................................................................... 73 Reference................................................................................................................ 75 Creative Commons License (CC-BY-NC-ND).................................................... 96
Chapter 1: Introduction
What is HTML?
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. Hypertext means being able to be accessed through the internet. Markup language means codes that allow the author to decide how information is supposed to appear in the web browser. HTML is the main markup language for web pages. HTML consists of HTML elements which are the basic building-blocks of web pages. When you use a web browser, your web browser downloads the HTML document from the web server and renders those HTML elements into a visible page. HTML elements provide the structure to a web page such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and so on. Other languages such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allow the web page to be styled. You can also use HTML to embed scripts into the web page which allow the web page to become interactive. Each language provides a specific function. HTML is for structure, CSS is for presentation and JavaScript is for advanced interaction.
Illustration 1: A basic diagram of how an HTML file is converted into a visible page on the user's computer
In summary, HTML gives author's the means to: Publish online documents with headings, text, tables, lists, photos, etc. Retrieve online information via hypertext links, at the click of a button. 2
Design forms for conducting transactions with remote services, for use in searching for information, making reservations, ordering products, etc. Include spread-sheets, video clips, sound clips, and other applications directly in their documents.
What is the Difference between HTML, HTML 4.01 and XHTML?

When HTML was first created it was only being developed with basic functionality such as the ability to create hyperlinks, show text and perform other basic abilities. Over time, HTML was updated to include new features such as file uploading and frames. The Latest standard is called HTML 4.01 and includes all the important features of the previous versions. XHTML is another markup language that is taught in this course. The X in XHTML stands for extended and allows for adding additional functionality to HTML pages. There is also HTML 5 which includes even more capabilities but these capabilities are generally more advanced than the intended scope of this course. We will be devoting an entire course to HTML 5 so all the features can be learned completely and thoroughly. All of this material will be covered in detail in further chapters. At this time its simply important to know that HTML started with the first version of HTML and over time more features were added to the language. HTML 4.01 is the final standard in HTML. Going forward the new standards are being added to HTML 5. Before you can learn HTML 5 you must first understand basic HTML which is HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.1. There are some important differences between HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.1 that we will be covering in later chapters.
Getting Started
As we just learned, HTML simply consists of information with HTML elements. These HTML elements are used to markup that information. With that being said, you don't need any complex software to get started writing your first web pages. You only need a way to write your HTML elements in plain text (.txt extension). If you are using the Windows operating system then we will be using notepad. It's already installed on your computer and should be located at: start button -> programs -> accessories -> notepad. Find that program and open it up. If you are using a different operating system then use any text editor that can save in plain text with a .txt extension.
Illustration 2: The Microsoft version of Notepad We will be writing all of our HTML code into these text editors then saving them with a .txt extension. When that is accomplished we will change the extension to .html or .htm. The icon for the file should change to your default web browser. When you open a file with a .htm or .html extension your web browser will use the HTML tags to create the web page. These HTML documents can also be uploaded to a web server and accessed by anyone with a web browser.
What is covered in this course?

This course consists of 15 chapters and 15 lectures. The 15 chapters are similar to a standard textbook you would read in a classroom setting and covers all the information you need to know in order to successfully use HTML in a professional setting. The 15 lectures cover everything in the textbook with hands on demonstrations and examples that you can follow. The lectures are also interactive and adaptive. What this means is that periodically you will be asked to answer a multiple choice question or solve a problem. Based on your results the video lecture course adapts to your needs. If you answer many questions wrong then you will be required to listen to additional information and solve additional problems until mastery of the concept is achieved. With that being said, there is no homework for this course as all the work will be required to be finished during the lectures. If you wish to obtain a certificate of
completion then you will need to complete all 15 lectures, the midterm and the final exam with a 90% or better.
Chapter
Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: HTML Basics Chapter 3: Basic HTML Page Structure Chapter 4: Displaying Text Chapter 5: Formatting Text Chapter 6: Creating Lists Chapter 7: Hyperlinks Chapter 8: Tables Chapter 9: Page Layout Chapter 10: Multimedia Chapter 11: Input Forms Chapter 12: Frames Chapter 13: Creating scripts Chapter 14: Advanced HTML Features Chapter 15: Writing Secure HTML
Description
A brief review of what HTML is and what this course covers Covers HTML elements and attributes. Build your first basic HTML page. Creating basic text and marking it up. Adding additional formatting to text. Covers creating lists of all varieties. Covers how to create links to other web sites. Covers how to create tables to organize data. Covers how to add styling to a page. How to add multimedia such as images. How to create input forms to collect data from visitors. How to implement frames. How to implement external scripts such as JavaScript. Advanced HTML features such as meta tags. Demonstrates how to make sure your HTML is secure and best practices.
Using Software to Build Websites VS Hand Coding

A good question many people ask is on the basis of using a software program to help build the website or building the website by writing line by line (referred to as hand coding). This course teaches you how to write HTML by hand coding. The main reason for teaching HTML this way is because you need to see how a website is designed from the ground up. Once you have mastered hand coding then you can quickly utilize a software program to build your websites. A software program will help you write the type of website you want more quickly but the software program may not build the website exactly the way you see it in your head. When you understand hand coding, you can easily look at the website HTML and modify it to look picture perfect. This is why I recommend learning hand coding first and then learning the HTML editor second. When you begin building websites you should use an HTML editor and then use hand coding to make minor adjustments. Another reason to learn hand coding is so you can study all the HTML elements and tags in detail. By doing this you will understand and learn the full functionally of HTML and XHTML. When you understand all the tags you can utilize the technology to its fullest potential. Many web development companies require their web developers to learn HTML hand coding for this very reason.
W3C Standards
W3C stands for World Wide Web Consortium. This organization is the main international standard setting organization for the world wide web. They make sure to design standards for HTML and CSS (among others) which allow websites to be designed so they can be read by different web browsers and appear essentially the same. If the W3C did not exist then each web browser could read HTML differently and display the website in an entirely different 5
fashion. With that being said it is very important to follow these web standards when writing your HTML. This course teaches HTML based on W3C standards. The official standards can be located at the following links:
HTML 4.01 (http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/ ) XHTML 1.1 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/ )
Chapter 2: HTML Basics

HTML Elements
HTML consists of elements which are used to markup various portions of the web page. A basic example of an HTML element is the bold tag which is used to make text appear bold. The text that is to appear bold is surrounded by the bold tags. Here is an example of the bold tag being used: <b>bold text</b> When your browser reads the html tags it converts the text to appear as bold, such as this: bold text Each HTML element generally consists of two HTML tags. All html tags are enclosed in inequality signs: < and >. In total there are 75 different HTML tags and we will be learning how to use all 75 tags. These 75 tags are used to create a variety of HTML elements. Once you know how to use all 75 tags and their functionality correctly then you have successfully mastered HTML. When writing HTML code you must always use a closing tag or end the tag with a slash at the end of the tag. The closing tag tells the browser when to stop marking up that specific piece of text. For XHTML this is a requirement. The opening and closing tag makes up the entire HTML element. The closing tag is bolded below: <b>bold text</b> Some html tags only consist of one tag such as the line break tag below: <br /> This code inserts a line break into the page and must be closed by using the / symbol. The line break tag above is a good example of the differences between HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.1. In HTML 4.01 you don't need to include the / symbol to close the tag. The html tag can simply be written as <br>. However, in XHTML 1.1 you must include the / in order for the tag to be displayed correctly. In the scope of this course the XHTML 1.1 standards will take precedence over HTML 4.01 standards. NOTE: Every tag must be in lowercase. This is a requirement of XHTML. If you are using HTML then you may use lowercase. One of the main differences between HTML and XHTML is that XHTML is more strict about how you should write the syntax. 7
Example list of All 75 HTML/XHTML Tags

 <!doctype> <a> <abbr> <address> <area> <b> <base> <bdo> <blockquote <body> <br> <button> <caption> <cite> <code> <col> <colgroup> <dd> <del> <dfn> <div> <dl> <dt> <em> <form> <h1> <h2> <h3> <h4> <h5> <h6> <head> <hr> <html> <i> <iframe> <img> <input> <ins> <kbd> <label> <legend> <li> <link> <map> <meta> <noscript> <object> <ol> <optgroup > <option> <p> <param> <pre> <q> <samp> <script> <select> <small> <span> <strong> <style> <sub> <sup> <table> <tbody> <td> <textarea> <tfoot> <th> <thead> <title> <tr> <ul> <var>
HTML Tag Attributes

Certain HTML tags allow you to define specific functionality for the element. Its kind of like defining the settings for how the browser is to use the element. One example of this is the font tag which is shown below without attributes: <font>font text</font> The above html tags doesn't do anything for the text. What if we want to make the text blue, 12pt size and times new roman font? The answer is we define it by using the font's attributes. The font tag has the following attributes which you can define: Color: Specifies the color of the text. Face: The font family (such as times new roman) Size: Size of the text. Using these attributes we can now create blue 12pt times new roman font using the following code: 8
<font size="12" color="blue" face="times new roman">font text</font>
Illustration 3: Diagram of an HTML element Take note that all the values of the attributes are surrounded by quotes. This is a requirement in XHTML. Here is how the text appears now: font text. Note: Every tag attribute must be defined. For example, in the above example you must define the attribute as: size="12" instead of size="". This is another requirement of XHTML. Note: Each HTML tag has different attributes that can be defined. We will be covering each HTML tag in this course and explaining the usage of each HTML tag's unique attributes. Note: The font tag has been made obsolete due to the introduction of CSS, this HTML tag will not be discussed in this course. In the CSS course, you will learn how to style your web pages.
Standard HTML Tag Attributes

Standard tag attributes means these are attributes which can be applied to most HTML tags. There are three types of standard attributes: core, language and keyboard. In total there are four core standard attributes. These attributes are the following: Class: Specifies a class name for the HTML tag so it can be styled by CSS. (discussed in detail in other courses). ID: Assigns a unique name to an HTML tag so it can be used by JavaScript or other scripting languages. Each ID must be unique within the document. Style: Style the tag by using inline CSS. (to be covered in the CSS course). 9
Title: Displays extra information to the user via a tool tip (the little box that pops up when you hover your mouse over something). Here is an example: Hover your mouse over this text. The core standard tag attributes can be applied to all HTML tags except the following: <base>, <head>, <html>, <meta>, <param>, <script>, <style>, and <title>. At this point in the course its only important to learn the title standard attribute as the other three attributes are primarily used in more advanced courses. Here is an example of the title core standard attribute being used: <p title="This is a tool tip.">Tooltip text</p> In total there are three language standard attributes. They can be applied to all tags except the following: <script>, <param>, <iframe>, <hr>, <frameset>, <frame>, <br>, and <base>. Here are the three language standard attributes: Dir: Specifies the text direction. Defined as either ltr (left to right) or rtf (right to left). Lang: Assigns the document's language using the iso 639-1 language code. These are two letter codes such as en for english. You can also use more specific languages codes such as en-us (United States) or en-uk (United Kingdom). (see the reference section for a list of the language codes). XML:lang: This is the same as the attribute above except its for XHTML documents. Its defined the same way as the above attribute. Here is an example of all three language attributes being used: <p dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en">Language Standard Attributes</p> The final two standard attributes are the keyboard attributes, which are the following: Accesskey: Creates a key combination to gain focus on the element. For example you can use this attribute to gain focus of an element by pressing one key on your keyboard. Tabindex: Defines the order in which you can navigate through a web page using the tab button with 1 being the first place you go when you press tab. Unlike the other standard attributes these attributes are only definable by seven tags which are the following: <textarea>, <select>, <object>, <button>, <area>, and <a>. Here is an example of these attributes being used: 10
<button accesskey="q" tabindex="1">Click here</button>
Types of HTML Elements

The opening and closing HTML tags make up an html element. In total there are three types of HTML elements: void elements, raw text elements and normal elements. Void elements don't have an ending tag. They simply consist of the opening tag which contains all the attributes. A good example of this is the link element displayed below: <link rel="stylesheet" href="/html/layout.css" type="text/css" /> In XHTML these elements must be closed properly with />. Raw text elements contain text in between the start and end tag. The start tag always contains the HTML element's attributes. The text in the middle may also contain other HTML elements. The end tag must be designated with a / before the tag's name. For example: </p> An example is the font tag which changes the font of text. <font size="12" color="blue" face="times new roman">font text</font> Note: These elements are closed with a full closing tag such as: </font>. Normal elements contain a start and end tag. Similar to a raw text element they have the following characteristics. This element is different from the raw text element in the sense that it does not need to perform a function for text. The start tag contains the HTML element's attributes. The text in the middle may also contain other HTML elements. The end tag must be designated with a / before the tag's name. For example: </p> An example of a normal element is the start and end HTML tags: <html> </html> Note: These elements are closed with a full closing tag such as: </html>.
Semantic HTML
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Semantic HTML is the use of HTML markup to reinforce the semantics, or meaning, of the information in web pages rather than merely to define its presentation (look). When using semantic HTML it is important to delegate all presentational function to cascading style sheets (CSS). HTML should only be used for building structure and adding additional meaning to that structure. When writing your documents it's important to always use the most specific tag that can be applied to the text or document structure. Key aspects of semantic HTML are the following: Elements for marking up text Elements used for user interactivity Elements which are invisible to the user Elements which include external documents (such as javascript code or CSS style sheet) Elements which are used to link to external documents Elements used for building document text structure (such as headings, paragraphs etc.) Elements used for quotes and references Elements used for contact information Elements used for document infrastructure Elements used for supporting international audiences Elements used to create forms Elements used to display programming information Elements used to create tables Elements used for definitions Elements used to create menus Elements used for multimedia Elements used in the creation of lists Elements used for generic purposes As you can see from the above, semantic HTML is all about the meaning of the text and the meaning of the usage of the HTML elements. The ultimate goal of semantic HTML is to provide as much meaning to the usage of the text you are marking up. Semantic HTML doesn't just relate to the usage of the elements. Additional semantic meaning can be provided through specific usage of attributes. This book has been written to explain, in detail, how to effectively use semantic HTML.
Using CSS
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. CSS style sheets are used to quickly style a website. To be an amazing web developer it is a good idea to always use CSS to style your pages instead of using the styling features in HTML. When you take the CSS course you should only use CSS to style your pages. At this point, don't worry about making your pages stylish. You simply need to worry about building good HTML pages that follow W3C standards.
Deprecated Elements and Attributes

A deprecated element or attribute means the functionality has become obsolete due to browsers no longer supporting its use or a different method has been created which made the 12
tag obsolete. Often times a better method gets created for performing that specific HTML function. A good example is with CSS and HTML. CSS is used for styling a document and this is the recommended method for doing so. However, before CSS was created HTML tags were created for styling the page. Once CSS was created many of these tags were deprecated.
Obsolete Elements and Attributes

Certain elements and attributes were made obsolete with the introduction of HTML 5 standards. Obsolete/deprecated elements and attributes have been removed from this course. This is because you will be taking the HTML 5 + CSS course after and will eventually know the complete working knowledge of HTML/HTML5/CSS. The following chart lists the HTML tags that were deprecated by HTML 4.01. It also lists the tags that were made obsolete by HTML 5. Deprecated since HTML 4.01 <center> <noframes> (obsolete) <s> <strike> <tt> <u> <xmp> (obsolete) Obsolete since HTML 5 <acronym> <applet> <basefont> <big> <dir> <font> <frame>
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Chapter 3: Basic HTML Structure

Basic HTML Page Structure
The overall structure of an html document consists of three HTML elements: <html>...</html> The root element of an HTML document. All other HTML elements are contained within these tags. The HTML element marks the beginning and the end of an HTML document. <head>...</head> Container for processing information and metadata about an HTML document. It contains head elements. Head elements are elements which can only be placed in between the head tags. <body>...</body> Container for the displayable content of an HTML document. Here is an example of this being demonstrated: <html> <head> </head> <body> </body> </html>
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Document Type Declaration

The document type declaration (DTD) is used to tell the web browser what type of HTML version you will be writing in. HTML 4.01 has three different DTDs and XHTML 1.1 has one. The HTML 4.01 Strict DTD includes all elements and attributes that have not been deprecated or do not appear in frameset documents. For documents that use this DTD, use this document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> The HTML 4.01 Transitional DTD includes everything in the strict DTD plus deprecated elements and attributes (most of which concern visual presentation). For documents that use this DTD, use this document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> The HTML 4.01 Frameset DTD includes everything in the transitional DTD plus frames as well. For documents that use this DTD, use this document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd"> and for XHTML 1.1: <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd"> When writing your doctype make sure to use uppercase as well as the exclamation mark. When the web browser processes the doctype the browser runs in one of two modes: standards mode or quirks mode. When a doctype is present it operates in standards mode and if no doctype is present then it runs in quirks mode. If no doctype is present then there might be issues with processing the page. For XHTML, the doctype is required. The reason doctype is good to declare is because certain HTML tags are only available in certain DTDs. If you declare the wrong doctype those HTML tags might not be rendered by the browser. Also the doctype must be written before the beginning <html> tag. Here is a chart of the HTML/XHTML DTDs.
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HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 DTDs Transitional Strict Frameset <a> Yes Yes Yes <abbr> Yes Yes Yes <acronym> Yes Yes Yes <address> Yes Yes Yes <applet> Yes No Yes <area /> Yes Yes Yes <b> Yes Yes Yes <base /> Yes Yes Yes <basefont /> Yes No Yes <bdo> Yes Yes Yes <big> Yes Yes Yes <blockquote> Yes Yes Yes <body> Yes Yes Yes <br /> Yes Yes Yes <button> Yes Yes Yes <caption> Yes Yes Yes <center> Yes No Yes <cite> Yes Yes Yes <code> Yes Yes Yes <col /> Yes Yes Yes <colgroup> Yes Yes Yes <dd> Yes Yes Yes <del> Yes Yes Yes <dfn> Yes Yes Yes <dir> Yes No Yes <div> Yes Yes Yes <dl> Yes Yes Yes <dt> Yes Yes Yes <em> Yes Yes Yes <fieldset> Yes Yes Yes <font> Yes No Yes <form> Yes Yes Yes <frame /> No No Yes <frameset> No No Yes HTML Tag
XHTML 1.1 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No
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<h1> to <h6> <head> <hr /> <html> <i> <iframe> <img /> <input /> <ins> <isindex> <kbd> <label> <legend> <li> <link /> <map> <menu> <meta /> <noframes> <noscript> <object> <ol> <optgroup> <option> <p> <param /> <pre> <q> <s> <samp> <script> <select> <small> <span> <strike> <strong>
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
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<style> <sub> <sup> <table> <tbody> <td> <textarea> <tfoot> <th> <thead> <title> <tr> <tt> <u> <ul> <var>
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
HTML Tag
The HTML tags define the beginning and end of your HTML code. To define your HTML tags use the following: <html> </html> As a rule of thumb, you should never place HTML tags outside of the <html> tags. There are three attributes that you can define for the HTML tag:dir, lang and xmlns. These attributes should sound familiar as two of them are standard core attributes and can be used by many elements. Let's cover them in more detail. The lang attribute tells the browser and search engines what language the document is in. Defining the HTML document as English: <html lang="en"> In order to define other languages you have to use the correct two letter language code. The language code follows ISO 639-1 (see reference section for other language codes). You can
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also use the xml:lang attribute when using XHTML. It is defined in the same way as the lang attribute. For example you would replace lang="en" with xml:lang="en". Using the dir attribute, you can define what direction the text in the document should be displayed. Defining the document's text direction as either left to right (LTR) or right to left (RTL): <html dir="rtl"> The last attribute is the xmlns attribute. This attribute stands for XML namespace. XML namespaces are used for providing uniquely named elements and attributes in an XML document. In XHTML this attribute should always be defined as: http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml. This is important to know because it tells the browser that you are using XHTML elements and tags. Without the XML namespace being defined you risk having errors with your web page. Remember, the web browser can read a variety of different markup languages, scripting languages and other web technologies. Often times each language has the same tag names as other languages. By using the xmlns this issue is resolved. Here is an example of xmlns being defined as an xhtml document: <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
Head Tags
Head tags are used to define head elements. Head elements include scripts, meta information, page title, and cascading style sheets (CSS). To define the beginning of your head section use the following tags: <head> </head> In total there are seven tags which can be placed in the head tag: <title>,<style>,<base>,<link>,<meta>,<script> and <noscript>. These tages must be placed in between the head tags.
Title Tags
When discussing the head tag it is important to mention the title tag. The title tag defines the title of the page and is a required tag in the head section. To define your page title use the following tags.
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<title>PAGE TITLE GOES HERE</title> The document title will show up in the browser toolbar, the page name if bookmarked and in search results pages. Make sure to name your documents accurately.
Base Tag
The base tag is used to define the base URL for all relative URLs (ie. /help) in the document. For example, using the base tag you can set the base URL as your primary domain URL (ie. http://www.tabletuniversity.com). Once you have accomplished that all further URLs can be set without the domain name URL. For example instead of typing "http://www.tabletuniversity.com/help" you can instead simply write /help instead. There are two attributes for the base tag: Href: This is the base URL to use for all relative URLs in the document. It must be placed before any relative URLs. Target - Defines how the link will be opened. There are five possible options listed below for this attribute: 1._blank: Opens the document in a new window. 2._self: Opens the link in the same windows at the current page (default value). 3._parent: Opens the document in the parent frame. 4._top: Opens the in the body of the window. 5.framename: Opens the document in a specific frame by name. <base target="_blank" href="http://www.tabletuniversity.com" />
Link Tags
The link tag is used for including CSS style sheets into your documents. In total there are five possible attributes for this tag: Href: The URL of the document you are including. Hreflang: The language the the linked document is in. Use the two letter language codes (ie. "en" for english). This is not a required attribute. Media: Defines the type of device which the linked document applies to. You can have different stylesheets for different devices (print, screen, braille, aural etc.).
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Rel: The relationship of the linked document to the current document. If the href is a CSS stylesheet then this could be set to: rel="stylesheet". Type: This attribute is used to define the type of document you linked to. If the href is a CSS style then this should be set to: type="text/css". <link href="/stylesheet.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" />
Script Tag
The script tag is used for embedding external or internal script files/code to be included in the document. This tag will be explained in Chapter 13: scripts.
Noscript Tags
The noscript tag is used for displaying content to the user when the included script is not supported or scripting is disabled by the browser. This tag will be explained in Chapter 13: scripts.
Style Tags
Style tags are used for including CSS code directly into your document. This tag will be explained in Chapter 9: Page Layout.
Meta Tags
Meta tags contain meta information. Meta information literally means data about data. In HTML, meta information is available to search engines through the use of meta tags. Meta information contains various data which we call metadata. The metadata can contain information such as: description, keywords, author etc. Since metadata is only available to search engines it is displayed in the head section of the web page. The meta information is placed in the head section of the document between the <head> tags. Meta tags are extremely powerful in what they can accomplish. These tags will be explained in detail in chapter 14: Advanced HTML Features & Publishing HTML Pages.
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Body Tags
The body tags define the content of the web page such as text, hyperlinks, tables, images, movies so on so forth. To define your html body use the following tags: <body> </body>
Adding Comments
Every now and then you may want to add extra information about the document without anyone seeing it. You are able to do this by adding a comment in the HTML code. These comments will only show up to people who are viewing the page code. It is a good habit to explain what your code is doing by using comments. This habit is good for when you need to update the page's code. To use a comment start it with this tag: <!-To define the end of your comment use the following tag: --> Your comment will be placed in between those tags, for example:  Due to the nature of comments, avoid using multiple hyphens inside a comment.
Putting it all together

So far we have discussed doctype, html tags, head tags, title tags, body tags and comments. Now its time to put it all together and write our very first html document. Using all of the above information, here is what we get: 1. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd"> 2. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 22
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
<head> <title>My First HTML Page</title> </head> <body> 
Page containing visible html code Page header information Starts beginning and end of HTML page Sets page name in the title bar Declares a comment Creates sections in the page Creates a section in the page
HYPERLINKS
<a href="/html/#?"> <a href="/html/URL"> <a href="/html/URL#?"> <a href="mailto:EMAIL"> <base>
link to anchor in current document link to another document link to anchor in another document email link Sets the base url for all relative URLs on the page
TEXT FORMATTING AND STRUCTURE
<br> <code> <div> <em> or <i> <h1>...<h6> <hr>
line break source code listing Formats structure or block of text italic text page headings from largest to smallest Horizontal line
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<p> <pre> <strong> or <b> <sub> <sup> <span> <abbr> <acronym> <address> <xmp> <center> <basefont> <bdo> <big> <blockquote> <del> <font> <ins> <kbd> <u> <tt> <strike> or <s> <pre> <q> <pre> <small> <samp>
paragraph preformatted text bold text subscript text superscript text Inline formatting Defines an abbreviation formatting Defines an acronym formatting Defines an address formatting Defines preformatted text (disables HTML tags) Centers text Defines the base font, color, or size for all font in the document Defines the direction of the text Defines big text formatting Defines block quote formatting Defines deleted text formatting Defines font text formatting Defines inserted text formatting Defines keyboard text formatting Defines underlined text formatting Defines teletype text formatting Defines strikethrough text formatting Defines preformatted text formatting Defines a single line quote Defines preformatted text formatting Defines small text formatting Defines sample computer text formatting
FRAMES
<frame> <frameset> <iframe> <noframe>
defines a single frame frame document inline frame defines alternate content for browsers that don't support
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frames
HEADER AND SCRIPTS
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/html/?" type="text/css"> <script language="Javascript" type="text/javascript"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="?"; charset="?"> <noscript>
external CSS link embedded javascript meta information defines alternate content for browser that don't support scripts
TABLES
<caption> <table> <tbody> <td> <td colspan="?"> <td rowspan="?"> <tfoot> <th> <th colspan="?"> <thead> <tr> <cite> <col> <colgroup>
table caption defines a table body section of the table table cell number of columns cell spans number of rows cell should spans footer section of the table table header cells number of columns table header cell spans the header section of the table table row creates a citation defines attributes for one of more columns in a table defines attributes for one or more columns in a group
LISTS
<dd> <dl> <dt> <li> <ol> <ul> <dfn>
definition definition list definition term item in a list ordered list unordered list definition term
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<dir> <menu>
directory list menu list

FORMS
<form> <fieldset> <legend> <input type="?"> <option> <select> <textarea> <button> <label> <object> <optgroup>
defines a form group of related form items Creates a caption for the fieldset element form element input control menu item in a select box drop-down list multi-row text area clickable button creates a label for an input element creates an embeddable object creates a group of related options in a drop-down list
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HTML Language Codes

These are the ISO 639-1 language codes. They are two letter codes used to represent a language. These codes are used for the tag to define what language the document is in using the lang attribute. See Chapter 3 of the textbook for more information on how to use these codes. Language (Afan) Oromo Abkhazian Afar Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Assamese Aymara Azerbaijani Bashkir Basque Bengali Bhutani Bihari Bislama Breton Bulgarian Burmese Byelorussian Cambodian Catalan Chinese Corsican Croatian Czech Danish Dutch ISO om ab aa af sq am ar hy as ay az ba eu bn dz bh bi br bg my be km ca zh co hr cs da nl Language Samoan Sangro Sanskrit Scots Gaelic Serbian Serbo-Croatian Sesotho Setswana Shona Sindhi Singhalese Siswati Slovak Slovenian Somali Spanish Sudanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tajik Tamil Tatar Tegulu Thai Tibetan Tigrinya Tonga Tsonga ISO sm sg sa gd sr sh st tn sn sd si ss sk sl so es su sw sv tl tg ta tt te th bo ti to ts
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English Esperanto Estonian Faeroese Fiji Finnish French Frisian Galician Georgian German Greek Greenlandic Guarani Gujarati Hausa Hebrew (former iw) Hindi Hungarian Language Icelandic Indonesian (former in) Interlingua Interlingue Inupiak Inuktitut (Eskimo) Irish Italian Japanese Javanese Kannada Kashmiri Kazakh Kinyarwanda Kirghiz Kirundi Korean
en eo et fo fj fi fr fy gl ka de el kl gn gu ha he hi hu ISO is id ia ie ik iu ga it ja jw kn ks kk rw ky rn ko
Turkish Turkmen Twi Uigur Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Vietnamese Volapuk Welch Wolof Xhosa Yiddish (former ji) Yoruba Zhuang Zulu
tr tk tw ug uk ur uz vi vo cy wo xh yi yo za zu
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Kurdish Laothian Latin Latvian, Lettish Lingala Lithuanian Macedonian Malagasy Malay Malayalam Maltese Maori Marathi Moldavian Mongolian Nauru Nepali Norwegian Occitan Oriya Pashto, Pushto Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Quechua Rhaeto-Romance Romanian Russian
ku lo la lv ln lt mk mg ms ml mt mi mr mo mn na ne no oc or ps fa pl pt pa qu rm ro ru
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MIME Types
MIME stands for Internet Media Type and is used to tell the web browser what type of media is going to be displayed. This information allows the web browser to display the media correctly. It is a good rule of thumb to always declare the MIME type if possible. file type ai aif aifc aiff asc atom au avi bcpio bin bmp cdf cgm class cpio cpt csh css dcr dif dir djv djvu dll dmg MIME type application/postscript audio/x-aiff audio/x-aiff audio/x-aiff text/plain application/atom+xml audio/basic video/x-msvideo application/x-bcpio application/octet-stream image/bmp application/x-netcdf image/cgm application/octet-stream application/x-cpio application/mac-compactpro application/x-csh text/css application/x-director video/x-dv application/x-director image/vnd.djvu image/vnd.djvu application/octet-stream application/octet-stream
82
dms doc dtd dv dvi dxr eps etx exe ez gif gram grxml gtar hdf hqx htm html ice ico ics ief ifb iges igs jnlp jp2 jpe jpeg jpg js
application/octet-stream application/msword application/xml-dtd video/x-dv application/x-dvi application/x-director application/postscript text/x-setext application/octet-stream application/andrew-inset image/gif application/srgs application/srgs+xml application/x-gtar application/x-hdf application/mac-binhex40 text/html text/html x-conference/x-cooltalk image/x-icon text/calendar image/ief text/calendar model/iges model/iges application/x-java-jnlp-file image/jp2 image/jpeg image/jpeg image/jpeg application/x-javascript 83
kar latex lha lzh m3u m4a m4b m4p m4u m4v mac man mathml me mesh mid midi mif mov movie mp2 mp3 mp4 mpe mpeg mpg mpga ms msh mxu nc
audio/midi application/x-latex application/octet-stream application/octet-stream audio/x-mpegurl audio/mp4a-latm audio/mp4a-latm audio/mp4a-latm video/vnd.mpegurl video/x-m4v image/x-macpaint application/x-troff-man application/mathml+xml application/x-troff-me model/mesh audio/midi audio/midi application/vnd.mif video/quicktime video/x-sgi-movie audio/mpeg audio/mpeg video/mp4 video/mpeg video/mpeg video/mpeg audio/mpeg application/x-troff-ms model/mesh video/vnd.mpegurl application/x-netcdf 84
oda ogg pbm pct pdb pdf pgm pgn pic pict png pnm pnt pntg ppm ppt ps qt qti qtif ra ram ras rdf rgb rm roff rtf rtx sgm sgml
application/oda application/ogg image/x-portable-bitmap image/pict chemical/x-pdb application/pdf image/x-portable-graymap application/x-chess-pgn image/pict image/pict image/png image/x-portable-anymap image/x-macpaint image/x-macpaint image/x-portable-pixmap application/vnd.ms-powerpoint application/postscript video/quicktime image/x-quicktime image/x-quicktime audio/x-pn-realaudio audio/x-pn-realaudio image/x-cmu-raster application/rdf+xml image/x-rgb application/vnd.rn-realmedia application/x-troff text/rtf text/richtext text/sgml text/sgml 85
sh shar silo sit skd skm skp skt smi smil snd so spl src sv4cpio sv4crc svg swf t tar tcl tex texi texinfo tif tiff tr tsv txt ustar
application/x-sh application/x-shar model/mesh application/x-stuffit application/x-koan application/x-koan application/x-koan application/x-koan application/smil application/smil audio/basic application/octet-stream application/x-futuresplash application/x-wais-source application/x-sv4cpio application/x-sv4crc image/svg+xml application/x-shockwave-flash application/x-troff application/x-tar application/x-tcl application/x-tex application/x-texinfo application/x-texinfo image/tiff image/tiff application/x-troff text/tab-separated-values text/plain application/x-ustar
86
vcd vrml vxml wav wbmp wbmxl wml wmlc wmls wmlsc wrl xbm xht xhtml xls xml xpm xsl xslt xul xwd xyz zip
application/x-cdlink model/vrml application/voicexml+xml audio/x-wav image/vnd.wap.wbmp application/vnd.wap.wbxml text/vnd.wap.wml application/vnd.wap.wmlc text/vnd.wap.wmlscript application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc model/vrml image/x-xbitmap application/xhtml+xml application/xhtml+xml application/vnd.ms-excel application/xml image/x-xpixmap application/xml application/xslt+xml application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml image/x-xwindowdump chemical/x-xyz application/zip
87
Doctypes
HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 DTDs Transitional Strict Frameset <a> Yes Yes Yes <abbr> Yes Yes Yes <acronym> Yes Yes Yes <address> Yes Yes Yes <applet> Yes No Yes <area /> Yes Yes Yes <b> Yes Yes Yes <base /> Yes Yes Yes <basefont /> Yes No Yes <bdo> Yes Yes Yes <big> Yes Yes Yes <blockquote> Yes Yes Yes <body> Yes Yes Yes <br /> Yes Yes Yes <button> Yes Yes Yes <caption> Yes Yes Yes <center> Yes No Yes <cite> Yes Yes Yes <code> Yes Yes Yes <col /> Yes Yes Yes <colgroup> Yes Yes Yes <dd> Yes Yes Yes <del> Yes Yes Yes <dfn> Yes Yes Yes <dir> Yes No Yes <div> Yes Yes Yes <dl> Yes Yes Yes <dt> Yes Yes Yes <em> Yes Yes Yes <fieldset> Yes Yes Yes <font> Yes No Yes <form> Yes Yes Yes <frame /> No No Yes HTML Tag 88 XHTML 1.1 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No
<frameset> <h1> to <h6> <head> <hr /> <html> <i> <iframe> <img /> <input /> <ins> <isindex> <kbd> <label> <legend> <li> <link /> <map> <menu> <meta /> <noframes> <noscript> <object> <ol> <optgroup> <option> <p> <param /> <pre> <q> <s> <samp> <script> <select> <small> <span> <strike> <strong>
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 89
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
<style> <sub> <sup> <table> <tbody> <td> <textarea> <tfoot> <th> <thead> <title> <tr> <tt> <u> <ul> <var>
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
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Character References
ISO-8859-1 Character Set Visual Reference

- - ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . / 0-9 : ; < = > ! " # $ % & &#39 ( ) * + , - . / 0 - 9 : ; < = >
Value
Unused Horizontal tab Line feed Unused Carriage Return Unused Space Exclamation mark Quotation mark Number sign Dollar sign Percent sign Ampersand Apostrophe Left parenthesis Right parenthesis Asterisk Plus sign Comma Hyphen Period (fullstop) Solidus (slash) Digits 0-9 Colon Semi-colon Less than Equals sign Greater than
91
? @ A-Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a-z { | } ~ -
? @ A - Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a - z { | } ~ - ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯ ° ±
Question mark Commercial at Letters A-Z Left square bracket Reverse solidus (backslash) Right square bracket Caret Horizontal bar (underscore) Acute accent Letters a-z Left curly brace Vertical bar Right curly brace Tilde Unused Non-breaking Space Inverted exclamation Cent sign Pound sterling General currency sign Yen sign Broken vertical bar Section sign Umlaut (dieresis) Copyright Feminine ordinal Left angle quote, guillemotleft Not sign Soft hyphen Registered trademark Macron accent Degree sign Plus or minus
92
² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð 93
Superscript two Superscript three Acute accent Micro sign Paragraph sign Middle dot Cedilla Superscript one Masculine ordinal Right angle quote, guillemotright Fraction one-fourth Fraction one-half Fraction three-fourths Inverted question mark Capital A, grave accent Capital A, acute accent Capital A, circumflex accent Capital A, tilde Capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark Capital A, ring Capital AE dipthong (ligature) Capital C, cedilla Capital E, grave accent Capital E, acute accent Capital E, circumflex accent Capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark Capital I, grave accent Capital I, acute accent Capital I, circumflex accent Capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark Capital Eth, Icelandic
Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î 94
Capital N, tilde Capital O, grave accent Capital O, acute accent Capital O, circumflex accent Capital O, tilde Capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark Multiply sign Capital O, slash Capital U, grave accent Capital U, acute accent Capital U, circumflex accent Capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark Capital Y, acute accent Capital THORN, Icelandic Small sharp s, German (sz ligature) Small a, grave accent Small a, acute accent Small a, circumflex accent Small a, tilde Small a, dieresis or umlaut mark Small a, ring Small ae dipthong (ligature) Small c, cedilla Small e, grave accent Small e, acute accent Small e, circumflex accent Small e, dieresis or umlaut mark Small i, grave accent Small i, acute accent Small i, circumflex accent
ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ
Small i, dieresis or umlaut mark Small eth, Icelandic Small n, tilde Small o, grave accent Small o, circumflex accent Small o, circumflex accent Small o, tilde Small o, dieresis or umlaut mark Division sign Small o, slash Small u, grave accent Small u, acute accent Small u, circumflex accent Small u, dieresis or umlaut mark Small y, acute accent Small thorn, Icelandic Small y, dieresis or umlaut
95
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99

HTML 4.01 &amp; XHTML 1.1

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

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Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

HTML 4.01 &amp; XHTML 1.1

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

1

What is the Difference between HTML, HTML 4.01 and XHTML?

What is covered in this course?

Using Software to Build Websites VS Hand Coding

Chapter 2: HTML Basics

Example list of All 75 HTML/XHTML Tags

HTML Tag Attributes

<font size="12" color="blue" face="times new roman">font text</font>

Standard HTML Tag Attributes

<button accesskey="q" tabindex="1">Click here</button>

Types of HTML Elements

Deprecated Elements and Attributes

Obsolete Elements and Attributes

Chapter 3: Basic HTML Structure

Document Type Declaration

Putting it all together

Chapter 4 - Displaying Text Paragraphs

<h3>heading <h4>heading <h5>heading <h6>heading

3</h3> 4</h4> 5</h5> 6</h6>

Here is how each heading tag looks like in your browser:

Inserting Horizontal Line

Changing Text Direction

Chapter 5 - Formatting Text Bold Formatting

Inserted Text Formatting

Deleted Text Formatting

Other Text Formatting Tags

Here is how abbreviated text looks in your browser:

Computer Code Text Formatting

Sample Computer Code

Chapter 6 - Creating Lists

Chapter 8 - Tables Table Element

how the table shows up: Age of Guests Age 18 19

<thead>, <tbody>, and <tfoot> elements

<col /> Element

Chapter 9 - Page Layout <Style> Element

Chapter 10 - Multimedia Img tag

Chapter 11 - Input Forms

Input Element Type

It shows up in HTML like this:

It shows up in HTML like this:

and how it shows up:

Chapter 13: Scripts

Chapter 14: Advanced HTML Features

Removing Large Sections of HTML via CDATA Section

Chapter 15: Writing Secure HTML

Always Host Scripts or Images on Your Server

Only Use Trusted Pages When using an Iframe

Make Sure to Check your Web Site Often

<body> <head> <html> <title> <!-<div> <span> -->

<a href="/html/#?"> <a href="/html/URL"> <a href="/html/URL#?"> <a href="mailto:EMAIL"> <base>

<br> <code> <div> <em> or <i> <h1>...<h6> <hr>

<frame> <frameset> <iframe> <noframe>

<dd> <dl> <dt> <li> <ol> <ul> <dfn>

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