What Is A Block Diagram?

Block diagrams are ways of representing relationships between signals in a system. Here is a block diagram of a typical control system. Each block in the block diagram establishes a relationship between signals.

Here are the relationships for this particular system. E(s) = U(s) - Y(s) o This relationship is for the summer/subtractor (shown with a green circle) W(s) = K(s)E(s) o This shows how W(s) - the control effort that drives the system being controlled, G(s) - is related to the error. The controller is probably an amplifier - probably a power amplifier that provides an output to drive the plant, G(s). Y(s) = G(s)W(s) o This shows how the output, Y(s), is related to the control effort that drives the plant (system being controlled ) with a transfer function, G(s).

Next, you can combine all of those relationships and get an overall relationship between the input and the output in the system. Here is the process. Note that Y(s) = G(s)W(s) Note that W(s) = KE(s), and use that in the equation for Y(s). That gives you: o Y(s) = G(s)W(s) = G(s)KE(s) Note that the error is given by E(s) = U(s) = Y(s), and use that in the equation for Y(s). o Y(s) = G(s)W(s) = G(s)KE(s) = G(s)K[U(s) = Y(s)] Now, solve for Y(s), and you get: o Y(s) = U(s)KG(s)/[1 + KG(s)]

That's what you need to know, and the final relationship will allow you to compute the output given knowledge of the system components and the input. What if you have a more complex system? Here is a block diagram of a slightly more complex system.

A description of this system is as follows. The plant being controlled includes a pump motor. The output is the height of a liquid in a tank. o It takes some threshold voltage on the pump to get it started. After the voltage exceeds the threshold, the flow rate into the pump depends upon the amount by which the threshold is exceeded. o In the block diagram model above, the threshold voltage (V T)and attendant effects are modelled using another summer. The controller has a transfer function, GC(s). The sensor has a transfer function, GS(s). We can write the mathematical relationships that exist in this block diagram. o Y(s) = GP(s)[W(s) - VT(s)] o Y(s) = GP(s)[GC(s)E(s) - VT(s)] o Y(s) = GP(s)[GC(s)(U(s) - GS(s)Y(s)) - VT(s)] Now, solve for Y(s), and you get: o Y(s) = U(s)GP(s)GC(s)[1 + GP(s)GC(s)GS(s)] - VT(s)GP(s)[1 + GP(s)GC(s)GS(s)]

Now, notice that the output has two components. One of those components is due to the input something we know about. The other component of the output is due to the threshold voltage something we might not have expected. Actually, representing offsets and thresholds like this is a particularly good way to incorporate some simple nonlinearity into our block diagram algebra even though the block diagram representation was originally used only for linear systems. It's not hard to incorporate those offsets into your analysis. Here's what you can do. 1. Generate a complete block diagram for the system and be sure that you incorporate all of the offsets in your block diagram model. 2. Using your block diagram model write out the algebraic equations for each block. 3. Solve the equations you have written to determine the output of the system (or the error if that is what you are interested in). Note that the output will probably depend upon the input and all of the offset quantities you added. 4. Use the solution to determine numerical values for the output. Remember, you are often interested in steady state solutions (DC solutions) and you can get that by using DC gains with s = 0 in your transfer functions.

Block Diagram Models

Visualize input output relations Useful in design and realization of (linear) components Helps understand flow of information between internal variables. Are equivalent to a set of linear algebraic equations (of rational equations). Mainly relevant where there is a cascade of information flow.

Block diagram transformation theorems

There are occasions when there is interaction between the control loops and, for the purpose of analysis; it becomes necessary to re-arrange the block diagram configuration. This can be done using Block Diagram Transformation Theorem.

Complicated block diagrams can be broken into several easily recognized blocks. The summary of transformation theorem is a useful tool for this. W, X, Y, Z represents signals f(s) in the frequency domain. P, P1 and P2 represent transfer functions F(s).

Example 1 Moving a summing point ahead of a block

Equation

Equation { ( ) }

A complete set of Block Diagram Transformation Theorems is given in the table above.

Example 2
Find the overall closed-loop transfer function for the system shown Figure 4.6.

Solution
Moving the first summing point ahead of , and the final take off beyond gives the modified block diagram shown in Figure 4.7. The block diagram shown in Figure 4.7 is then reduced to the form given in Figure 4.8. the overall closed loop transfer function is then

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