Mathematics Education Forum aprial 2012, Vol. 1, Issue 31.

Year 16, pp 41-44

ul0ft lzIffsf] n}ls c;dfgtf

s'df/L ah|frfo{

8f= O{Gb|

e'ldsf
n}ls c;dfgtf eGgfn] dlxnf / k'?if lar ladfg c;dfgtf, leGgtfnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;nfO{ z}lIfs pknlAwdf k|efa kfg]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf+sf] ?kdf lnGg ;lsG5 . xfnsf aif{x?df cg';+wfgstf{x?nfO{ n}ls c;dfgtfn] ul0ft lzIf0fdf b]vfk/]sf] c;/n] cfs{lift ul//x]sf] 5 . ul0ftnfO{ clgafo{ laifosf] ?kdf sIff ! b]lv sIff !) ;Dd cWofkg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . cfd?kdf ul0ftnfO{ sl7g tyf w]/} laBfyL{x? km]n x'g] laifosf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . ul0ftdf /fd|f] cs+ Nofpg laBfyL{x?nfO{ OlGhlgP/, 8fS6/ tyf k|flalws k|flalws laifo lzIffsf] k9g pRr dt ldNg] cyf{t Pp6f ul0ftnfO{ cWoogsf]

dxTjk"0f{ f/sf] ?kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . o;}n] xfd|f] laBfno txsf] lzIffdf ul0ftnfO{ s'n lzIf0f ef/sf] !%=$! k| ltzt ;do 5'6ofO{ o:sf] k9fO{ e}O{/x]sf] 5 . o;/L laBfnotxdf dxTjk"0f{ :yfg lbPsf] ePtf klg ul0ftsf] pknAwL Go'g e}O{/x]sf] s'/f P;Pn;L sf] glthfn] ;d]t b]vfpF5 . o;kflnsf] -@)^* ;fn_ P;Pn;Lsf] glthfn] klg ;aeGbf al9 ul0ft laifodf km]n ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . To;df

;x k|fWofks, dx]Gb| /Tg SofDk;, tfxfrn, sf7df08f}+

klg al9 5fqfx? ul0ftdfg} km]n 5g . laBfnodf 5fq5fqfx? n] Pp6} kf7oqmdsf laifoa:t'x?, Pp6} kf7ok':tsx? Tfyf pxL lzIfsaf6 ul0ft lzIf0f e}O{/x]tf klg pgLx?sf] pknlAwdf km/s e}O/x]sf]] x'G5 . af:tadf eg] xf] eg] ul0ft lzIffdf n}ls lalebtfsf] c;/ Pp6f k|Zgsf] ?kdf v8f ePsf] 5 .

z}lIfs ;+:yfdf b]lvPsf] n}ls lae]b

lzIffdf n}ls lalebtf ePsf] s'/f ;a{lalbt} 5 . laZjsf ;a} b]zx?df dlxnfx?sf] lzIffsf] Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfP/ x]bf{ klg k|i6 x'G5 ls dlxnf lzIffsf] lasf; w]/} kl5 ePsf] xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf] ;fdflhs ca:yfnfO{ larf/ ubf{ n}ls lae]b w/af6 g} ePsf] kfpF5f} . oxfF s]6Lx?nfO{ lzIff lbg' eg]sf] lax]sf] nfuL cfwf/e't Pp6f k|df0f kqsf] ?kdf lnG5g eg] s]6fx?nfO{ lzIff lbg' eg]sf] pgLx?sf] 3/sf] cfly{s ca:yf alnof] agfpg' xf] eg] wf/0ff xfn;Dd klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf laBdfg g} 5 . lzIffsf] lasf;df ;fIf/tfsf] b/ af6 klg ;dfhdf e}O{/x]sf] n}ls lae]bnfO k'li6 ub{5 . g]kfnsf] s'n ;fIf/tf b/ %)% /x]tf klg dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ @& % dfq 5 . of] ;fIf/tfsf] b/af6 xfd|f] ;dfhdf ePsf] at{dfg lzIffdf e}O/x]sf laBdfg c;dfgtfnfO{ k|i6 b]vfpF5 . ;+:yfut laBfnodf 5fqx?sf] ;+Vof al9 x'g' / ;fd'bflos laBfnodf 5fqfx?sf] ;+Vof al9 x'g' klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf e}O/x]sf] n}ls lae]bsf] Ps k|i6 lrq0f xf] . To;}ul/ clQml/t ul0ftk9g] 5fqfx?sf] ;+Vof sd x'g',
2

5fqfx?sf] sIffsf] xflh/ /]s8{df sd x'g', laBfno, tyf laZjlaBfnodf dlxnf ul0ft lzIfLsf sdL x'g', pRrlzIff tyf k| flalws lzIffdf 5fqf ;+Vof sd x'g', P;Pn;L sf] glthf tyf laBfnosf] laleGg txdf ul/Psf] cg';+Gwfgx?n] klg 5fqx? sf] cf};t c+s 5fqfx?sf] eGbf al9 b]lvg' xfd|f] ;dfhdf laBdfg n}ls lalebtfsf] HjnGt gd'gf xf] .

ul0ft pknlAwsf ;lIfKt laa/0f laleGg tx tyf sIffsf]] laBfyL{x?sf] laleGg ;dodf
ul0ft laifosf] pknlAw:t/ x]g]{ laleGg cg';+wfgsf k| of;x? ePsf 5g . o;
EDSC

sf] @))* df sIff * sf laBfyL{x?sf]

kfFrj6f laifox?sf] pknlAw ;DalGw cWoog ePsf] lyof] . cWoogdf !* lhNnfsf !#@ j6f laBfnoaf6 @^$) laBfyL{x? ;lDdlnt lyP . pQm cWoogaf6 sIff * sf] ul0ftsf] cf};t cs+ #!=& /x]sf] 5 eGg] 5fqfx?sf] ul0ftsf] cf};t cs #)=# 5 . To;}ul/ FBC & CHIRAG -@))*_ n] sIff % sf laBfyL{x?sf] g]kfnL, ul0ft, la1fg, cu|]hL, / ;fdflhs tyf aftfa/0fLo lzIff s]f pknlAw ;DalGw cWoog ePsf] lyof] . pQm cWoogdf !* lhNnfsf !#) j6f laBfnoaf6 #@&# laBfyL{x? ;lDdlnt lyP . o; cWoogn] sIff % sf laBfyL{x?sf] ul0ft laifodf cf};t pknlAwdf cs+ $&=^$ / 5fqfx?sf] ul0ftsf] cf};t pknlAw cs $^= %^ /x]sf] b]vfof] . To;}ul/ Gof}kfg] -@))!_, n] dWo klR5df~rnsf kfFrj6f lhNnfx?df hghflt laBfyL{x?df ul/Psf] cg';+wfgdf klg ul0ftdf 5fqx?sf] cf};t c+s 5fqfx?sf] cf};t c+s eGbf al9 g} b]lvPsf] 5 . hf]zL -!
3

((&_ sf] cWoog cg';f/ sf7df08f}+ pkTosf sf] ltgj6f lhNnfx?sf] @$ j6f dfWolds laBfnosf laBfyL{x?df ul/Psf] cg';+wfgdf klg ul0ftdf 5fqfx?sf] cf};t c+s sd g} kfPsf] 5 . ah|frfo{ -@))*_ n] sf7df08f}+ pkTosf sf] ltgj6f lhNnfsf] $# j6f lgDg dfWolds laBfnosf laBfyL{x?df ul/Psf] cg';+wfg df klg ul0ftdf 5fqfx?sf] cf};t c+s -$#=@$_ / 5fqfx?sf] cf};t c+s -$%=+*#_ kfPsf] lyof] . To:t}ul/ ah|frfo{ -@)!)_ df sf7df08f}+ pkTosf sf] ltgj6f lhNnfsf] @^ j6f sIff * sf 5fqfx?df ul/Psf] cg';+wfgdf c+sul0ftsf] af:tlas ;\Vofx?, cfg'kflts ;\Vofx?, / cgfg'kflts ;\Vofx?, lahul0ftsf] b'O{ au{sf] cGt/sf] vl08s/0f, ax'kbLox?sf] efu, ;dLs/0fsf] xn, / c;dfgtf ;dLs/0fsf] xn
(inequalities)

Hofldltdf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'hsf] u'0fx?, cg'?k / ;d?k lqe'hx?Sf] u'0fx?, kfO{yfuf]/; ;fWo, lkHd, a]ngf / 8f]8]sfx]8\gsf hfnLx?, rt'e{'hsf] If]qkmn / :s]n 8\Ox? df klg sdhf]'/ b]lvPsf] lyof] . pknAwL sd x'g'sf sf/0fx? ul0ft lzIffsf] pknAwLdf b]lvPsf oL n}ls c;dfgtf laBfnosf] nfuL Pp6f uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf v8f ePsf] 5 . x'gt dfyLsf cg';+wfgtYox?n] ul0ftsf] pknAwLdf lzIfssf] z}lIfs of]Uotf, z}lIfs tflnd, laBfyL{x?sf] lgoldttf, laBfno Aoa:yfkg sldl6sf] ;lS|mo ;xeflutf, lzIfsx?sf] sfo{sf] d"Nofsg, lzIfs laBfyL{x? cg'kft, ufpF lasf; ;ldl6
4

af6 x'g] ;xof]u cfbL tTjx?n] c;/ kf/]sf] b]vfPsf 5g . ;fy} sIff ;+rfng x'g] lbg, laBfyL{x?sf] lgoldttf, yk lzIf0f ;fdfu|Lx? sf] k|of]u, lzIfssf] z}lIfs of]Uotf, dlxnf lzIfsx? sf] ;Vofn] ;sf/fTds k|efa k/]sf b]vfof] eg] lzIfssf] tflnd gx'g' laBfno Aoa:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;lS|mo e'ldsf gx'g', lzIfsx?sf] sfo{sf] d"Nofsg gx'g', lzIfs laBfyL{x? cg'kft al9 x'g', ufpF lasfz ;ldlt af6 x'g] ;xof]u k|of{Kt gx'g' h:tf tTjx?n] gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] cf}NofPsf 5g . oL cWoogx?n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;'emfax? klxNofpg] lt/ eGbf lzIffdf b]lvPsf oL n}ls c;dfgtf g]kfn h:tf] lasf;f]Gd'v b]zx?sf] nfuL Pp6f uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf v8f ePsf] b]vfPsf 5g .

ul0ft

lzIffdf

5fqfx?sf

pknlAw

a[l4

ug{ s]lx ;'emfa

k|fylds laBfnosf] sIffx?sf] k/LIffdf 5fq tyf 5fqfx? sf] ul0ft sf] pknAwLdf vf;} leGgtf b]lvb}g . t/ dfWolds txdf k'u]ul5 pgLx?sf] ul0ftsf] pknAwL w]/} leGgtf kfO{G5 . laz]if u/]/ sIff * k'u]kl5 tnf]txdf k|yd lblto x'g] 5fqfx? klg ul0ftdf km]n x'G5g\ . ul0ftsf laleGg laifox? eGbf Hofldltdf w]/} 5fqfx? km]n x'G5g\ . t/ cs+ul0ftsf] pknAwLdf eg] vf;} leGgtf x'b}g . o;/L ul0ft lzIffsf] pknAwL sd x'g', ul0ft lzIffdf b]lvPsf n}ls c;dfgtf af/]df laBfno txsf s]lx lzIfsx? ;+u u/]sf] cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn cg';f/ ul0ft laifosf] kf7oS|mddf sld sdhf]l/x? cf}NofPsf 5g . kf7oS|mddf laifoa:t'x? dfq
5

yk]/ ul0ft lzIffsf] :t/ a9g] xf]O{g ls ul0ftnfO{ ;dosf] dfu cg'?k kf7oa:t'x? Aoaxfl/s x'g'kb{5 . cg';G+wfgx?n] s]lx ;fdflhs tTjx? h:t} ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s tyf k/Dk/fut k|rng n] klg n}ls ;dfgtf k|efa kf/]sf] s'/f k'li6 u/]sf 5g . t/ at{dfg ul0ft laifosf] kf7os||||ddf tf]lsPsf laifoa:t'x? ;+Vof, gfk, Hofldlt, lahul0ft, lqsf]0fldlt tYyfs+zf:q cfbL ;fGb{les 5 5}g af/] cg';G+wfg ePsf] 5}g . ul0ftdf b]lvosf lae]b x6fpg ul0ft kf7os||||dnfO{ ;f+:S[mlt tyf ;fdflhs lalewtf cg'?k ul0ft lzIffsf] lasfz ug'kg]{ cfaZostf b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf a|flhlnPg ul0ft1 l8 Pda|]l;cf]
( D' Ambrosio)

sf

cg';f/ ul0ftnfO{ Ps lgLZrt ;d'bfosf] ;+f:S[mlt;+u ;DalGwt u/]/ lzIf0f ug'{k5{ atfpFb} OYgf] ul0ft
( Ethonomathematics)

sf] cfaZostf ePsf] pNn]v u/] . OYof] eg]sf] ul0ft / ;+:S[mltsf] cGt/ o:t}ul/ l8 Pda|]l;cf]n] -!((*_

ul0ft

( Ethonomathematics)

lqmof xf]

( Hammond, 2000) .

df gofF ul0ftLo kf7oqmdx?df phf{lzn l;sf?x?sf] laz]if cfaZostfnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g . olb ul0ftsf laifoa:t'x?nfO{ ;+:S[mlt;+u ;DaGw u/]/ l;sfpg ;lsof] eg] ul0ftsf] Aoaxfl/stfsf] pkof]u xG5 . o:sf] l;sfO{ klg cy{k"0f{ x'g;S5 . k|mfGs]g:6]g
( Frankenstion, 1989)

cg';f/ ul0ft cfhsf] ;dfhsf] cfaZostf ub{f ax';+Vos laBfyL{x?sf]

xf] . ul0ft kf7oqmd

;a}sf] nfuL x'g' k5{ . o;}n] ul0ftsf] lgdf{0f ;dfa]z ug'{ kb{5 . o;

Wofgsf /fv]/ Aoaxfl/s ul0ft

6

2[li6sf]0fnfO{ larf/ ubf{ xfn k|rlnt xfd|f] laBfno :t/sf] ul0ftdf larf/lgo ca:yf ePsf] s'/f AoQmub{f caZo klg km/s gk{nf .

pk;xf/
ul0ftnfO{ clgafo{ laifosf] ?kdf laBfnotxdf dxTjk"0f{ :yfg lbO{/fv]sf] ePtf klg ul0ft lzIfdf n}ls c;dfgtf e}O{/x]sf] s'/f @)^& sf] P;Pn;L glthfn] klg b]vfpF5 . x'gt laZjsf] ;a} b]zx?df dlxnf lzIffsf] lasf; w]/} kl5 dfq ePsf] xf] . ;fIf/tfsf] b/af6 ;dfhdf ePsf] at{dfg lzIffdf e}O/x]sf laBdfg lalebtf k|i6 b]vfpF5 . oxFfsf laBfnox?df laleGg txsf laBfyL{x?df ul/Psf] cg'; +wfgn] klg ul0ftdf 5fqfx?sf] cf};t c+s 5fqx?sf] eGbf sd kfPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . n}ls c;dfgtf g]kfn h:t} lasf;f]Gd'v b]zx?sf] nfuL Pp6f uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf v8f ePsf] 5 . n}ls c;dfgtf / ul0ftsf] pknAwL af/] lzIfsx? ; +u sf] 5nkmndf kf7oS|mddf laifos:t'x? dfq yk]/ ul0ft lzIffsf] :t/ a9g] xf]O{g ls ul0ftnfO{ ;dosf] dfu cg'?k kf7oa:t'x? Aoaxfl/s x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . ;Gb{eu|Gy
Bajracharya, I. K., (2008). Determinants of Achievement Status of Grade VIII Students in Mathematics unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Tribhuvan University Education Faculty. Bajracharya, I. K., (2010). Quantitative Analysis of Student Achievement in Mathematics: A Study of Community School Eight Grade Girl Students of Selected School in the Kathmandu

Valley, Sanothimi, Bhakatpur, Sponsored by the University Grant Commission of Nepal (UGC/N), 2011. D" Ambrosio, U. (1985). Ethnomathematics and its place in the history and pedagogy of mathematics. For the learning of mathematics. 5(1), 44-48. EDSC, (2008). National Assessment Level of Grade Eight Students, Kathmandu: ESDC. FBC & CHIRAG, (2008). National Assessment Level of GradeFive Students, Kathmandu. Joshi, Hemant. (1997). Determinants of Mathematics Achievement Using Structural Equation Modeling, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Alberta. Published (Pub No: NQ23000). Neupane, Shiva Ram. (2001). Mathematics Achievement of Primary School Children of Various Ethnic Groups in Nepal, Unpublished Ph. D Dissertation, Banaras Hindu University.

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