MASTER: The MODIS/ ASTER Airborne Simulator

Ames Research Center

Jeff Myers Univ. Of California, Santa Cruz

Introduction

Background on NASA Earth Observations Fundamentals of Multispectral Remote Sensing MASTER Instrument Description Sensor Calibration Data Format Example Data and Research Applications

The A-train constellation: Four NASA satellites carrying 15 separate scientific instruments that continuously observe the same path of Earth's atmosphere and surface EOS-Aqua: measurements of temperature, water vapor, and rainfall CloudSat & CALIPSO: radar and laser instruments that offer threedimensional views of clouds EOS-Aura: a suite of instruments that produce high-resolution vertical maps of greenhouse gases, and other atmospheric constituents

Why Airborne Remote Sensing?

The Role of Airborne Observations:

Multi-Stage Sampling for remote sensing observations in situ measurements for atmospheric chemistry Support for satellite programs: Validation of on-orbit sensor performance Provides data to develop and validate new retrieval algorithms Provides development platforms for new satellite systems Support focused studies of geophysical processes Collect high-temporal resolution data of rapidly evolving geophysical events (storm systems, volcanos, fires, etc.)

Fundamentals of Multispectral Remote Sensing The Electromagnetic Spectrum The mechanics of multispectral imaging MASTER spectral band placement

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

MASTER Range

Solar Energy Spectrum The Basis of Optical Remote Sensing

Solar Energy Available at the Surface

Thermal IR Radiation

The MASTER Instrument

Sensor Properties The mechanics of an imaging Spectro-Radiometer

MASTER: the MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator

Simulates: - ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer) on the EOS Terra satellite - MODIS (Moderate resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) on the Terra and Aqua (AM & PM) satellites 50 spectral bands in four spectral regions (visible through thermal infrared) Precision Geo-Referencing

Spectral Range (m) 0.440 - 0.965 (Vis/NIR) 1.600 - 2.427 (SWIR) 3.075 - 5.325 (MWIR) 7.700 - 13.000 (LWIR)

Number of Bands 11 14 15 10

Bandwidth (m) 0.040 0.050 0.150 0.500

Spectral Band Positions and

H 2O O2

H 2O

CO2

H 2O

CO2

H 2O

Window and Atmospheric bands

Spectral Band Positions and

H 2O

O3

CO2

MASTER Bands
Reflected Solar Energy Bands Emitted Infrared Energy Bands

Visible Mid-Wave IR Near-IR Short-Wave IR Thermal IR

Spectral Dispersion: Prisms or Diffraction Gratings

Spectral Dispersion and Detection

400nm

2500nm

Detector Array

Incoming Energy

MASTER Functional Components

Scan Head Assembly
Spectrometers & Detectors
Analog Signals

Data System
Data Storage Disk

Digitizer & Data System

Collimated Energy Beam

Scanning Optics
(telescope, scan mirror, motor/encoder, blackbody calibrators) Motor Controller

Inertial Measurement Unit

Blackbody Controller

Applanix POS-AV

Sensor Viewing Geometry

50 m pixel at nidir

Instrument Characteristics

4 Spectrometers

Scanning Telescope Optics

MASTER Instrument Platforms

WB-57F

ER-2

P-3B

DoE B200

DC-8
25

Airborne Sensor Facility

NASA Ames Research Center

Mission Statement: Develop and Operate Facility-Class Remote Sensing Instruments Collect Imagery for NASA Earth Science Research Programs Provide Rapid Delivery of Calibrated Data Component Labs For: Sensor Engineering & Operations Level-1B Data Processing and Archive NIST-Traceable Sensor Calibration Supported By: EOS Project Science Office NASA Airborne Science Program

Sensor Calibration

MASTER Calibration

ASF Sensor Calibration Lab

Spectral and Radiometric Calibration Facility for Airborne Sensors Spectral Range = 350nm 14um Fully NIST-Traceable, with NASA EOS Program Oversight Resources: Integrating Spheres Infrared Blackbodies 12 Collimator with spectral sources Focus targets Environmental chambers
Transfer Radiometer

Ref. Paper:
Radiometric Validation of NASA ARC Calibration Laboratory, S. Brown, C. Johnson, et al. Applied Optics/Vol.44, No. 30, Oct. 2005

Integrating Spheres Spectral Sources

Spectral Calibration Bench

30

Measured Spectral Response Functions

(atmospherically corrected)

Data Format

Level 1B HDF Data

The Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) has been selected by the EOSDIS Project as the format of choice for standard product distribution. HDF consists of a directory structure and a collection of data objects or Scientific Data Sets (SDS). MASTER HDF image data is stored as integer but unpacked to real (floating point) data in radiance units. MASTER HDF currently consists of 37 Global attributes and 44 scientific data sets 15 SDSs for calibration information 12 SDSs for navigation information 27 SDSs for engineering information Software is available to directly import MASTER HDF Unpacking code available to strip image data out of HDF format

http://www.hdfgroup.org

http://masterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/

Research Applications and Example Data

Natural Color (bands B=2 G=3 R-5)

Color Infrared (bands B=3 G=5 R=7)

NDVI (bands (7+5)/(7-5)

Thermal Infrared (band 43)

MASTER Atmospheric Data: TC4 (Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment)

TC4

DC-8 Contrail

Field-Generated Level-2 Data Products (with GSFC MODIS Cloud Team)

MAS IR Composite 41

Land Cover Mapping Costa Rica (2005)

Supervised Classification

Land Cover Mapping Costa Rica (2005)

Training Sites

Witch Fire Burn Area Assessment

(November 13-14, 2007, B-200 Aircraft)

Courtesy of JPL

Slide Fire Burn Area

R 2.2um (22) G 0.87um (9) B 0.65um (5)

Slide Fire Time Series: 2007 - 2008

Burn Severity 2007 Post-Fire

Summer 2008

Courtesy of JPL

Wallow Fire Mosaic 6/16/11

Mount Saint Helens 10-14-2004

5 meter MASTER data 2.5 meter LIDAR DEM

Shaded Relief from LIDAR DEM (2.5 m) Temperatures from MASTER TIR (5 m)

Mount Saint Helens 10-14-2004

Courtesy of JPL

>300 oC (highest temp = 330 oC) 200-300 oC 75-90 oC oC 150-200 60-75 oC oC 105-150 45-60 oC oC 90-105 30-45 oC
Courtesy of JPL

Ocean Color: Mayaguez Bay and Rio Grande de Anasco River Outfall, Puerto Rico

11/17/91

12/5/93

Airborne Ocean Color Imager

(50 m. resolution, Natural Color. From ER-2 Aircraft at 65,000 ft)
55

SARP 2010

(Sheely Farm Site)

R-G-B Natural Color Composite

SARP 2010

(Sheely Farm Site)

Color Infrared Composite R= band 7 ; G = band 5; B= band 3

Thermal Infrared Band 45 (red = warm)

(Courtesy MBARI)

Monterey Bay Science Observation Network

58

August 26, 2004: AVIRIS & MAS acquisitions

(two of five lines)

Stirring and seeding in progress?

(Courtesy J. Ryan, MBARI)

SARP 2010
Color Infrared

(Monterey Bay Mosaic)

SARP 2010

(Monterey Bay Mosaic) Thermal Infrared SST

SARP 2010
Natural Color

(Monterey Bay Mosaic)

Selected MASTER publications

Hook, S. J., Myers, J. S., Thome, K. J., Fitzgerald, M. and A. B. Kahle, The MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator A New Instrument for Earth Science Studies. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 79, Issue 1, pp 93-102, 2001 Yang-Lang Chang, Chin-Chuan Han, Kuo-Chin Fan, K.S. Chen, and Jeng-Horng Chang. 2002. A Modular Eigen Subspace Scheme for High-dimensional Data Classification with NASA MODIS/ASTER (MASTER) airborne simulator datasets of Pacrim II project. F. A. Kruse. 2002. Combined SWIR and LWIR Mineral Mapping Using MASTER/ASTER. RG Vaughan, SJ Hook, WM Calvin, JV Taranik. 2005. Surface mineral mapping at Steamboat Springs, Nevada, USA, with multi-wavelength thermal infrared images R. G. Vaughan, S. J. Hook, M. S. Ramsey, V. J. Realmuto, and D. J. Schneider. 2005. Monitoring eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens with TIR image data.