DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES Derivational morphology changes the meaning of words by appliying deriva tions.

Derivational is the combination of a word stem with a morpheme. Which for m a new word, which is often of different calss. For example, develop becomes d evelopment, developmental or redevelop. The suffix ation converts the verb natio nalize, into the derived noun nationalization.. The suffix ize converts the naoun plural, into the verb pluralize. Nominalization is a common kinds of derivation in English, and it involv es forming new nouns from verbs or adjectives, by adding suffixes to them, for e xample: Suffix Verb / adjectives Derived noun -ness Happy (adj) Happiness -ee Employ (verb) Employee Derivational morphology can be quite complicated, as the classes of words tha a n affix apply to are not always clear cut, for example the suffix-ee cannot be a dded to all verb i.e to add it to run (V) gives runee which is clearly not an En glish word. In linguistics, derivation is Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-h appy from happy, or determination from determine. A derivational suffix usually a pplies to words of one syntactic category and changes them into words of another syntactic category. For example, the English Derivational suffix-ly changes adj ectives into adverbs (slow slowly). Some examples of English derivational suffixes: - adjectives-to-noun: -ness (slow slowness) - adjectives-to-verb: -ise (modern modernize)or ize (arch ze) In American English and Oxford spelling. Noun-to-adjectives: al (recreation recreational) Noun-to-verb: -fy (glory glorify) Verb-to-adjectives: -able (drink drinkable) verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver deliverance) -verb-to-noun (concrete): -er (write writer)

archaici

Although derivational affixes do not necessarily modify the syntactic category, the modify the meaning of the base. In many cases, derivational affixes change b oth syntactic category and the meaning: modren modernize (to make modern). T he modification of meaning is sometimes predictable: Adjective + ness the state of being (Adjectives); (white whiteness) A prefix (write re-write; lord over-lord) will rarely change sy ntactic category in English. The derivational prefix un-applies to adjectives (h ealty unhealty), some verbs (do undo), but rarely nouns. A few except ion are the prefixes en- and be-. En- (em-before labials) is usually used as a t ransitive marker on verbs, but can also be applied to adjectives and nouns to fo rm transitive verb: circle (verb) encircle (verb); but rich (adj) e nrich (verb). Large (adj) enlarge (verb), rapture (noun) enrapture (v erb): slave (noun) enslave (verb). Note that derivational affixes are bd mo rphemes are combined (lawsuit, Latin professor). Morphemes can also be devide into the categories of content and function morphem e, a distinction that s conceptually distinct from the free-bound distinction bu t that partially overlaps with it in practice. Thus (the stems of ) nouns, verbs , adjectives are typically content morphemes:throw, Kim, and sand are all Englsih con tent morphemes. Content morphemes are also often called open class morphemes, beca use they belong to categories that are open to the invention of arbitrary new it ems. People are always making up or borrowing new morphemes in these categories: smurf, nuke, byte and grok. By contrats prepositions (to, by), articles (the, a), prom\noun (she, his), a

typically function morphemes, since they either serve to tie elements together g rammatically (hit by a truck, Kim and Leslie, Lee saw his dog), or express obligatory (in a given language). Morphological features like definiteness (She found a tabl e or she found the table but not she found tables). Fuction morphemes are also calle d closed-class morphemes, because they belong to categories that are essentially c losed to invention or borrowing it is very difficult to add a new preposition, ar ticle or pronoun. The concept of the morpheme does not directly map onto the units of sound that r epresent morphems in speech.to do this,linguistist developed the concept of the allmorp.here is the definition given in a well known linguistic work book. Allomorphs: Non distinctive realizations of a particular morphem that ha ve the same function and are phonetically similar.for example,the English plural morpheme can appear as [s] as in cats, [z] as in churches.each of these three pronunciations is said to be an allomorph of the same morpheme. Derivational morphemes makes new words from old ones (crystal,p.90).thus creation is formed from create,but they are two separate words. Derivational morphemes generally: 1. Change the part of speech or the basic meaning of word.thus-ment added t o a verb forms a noun (judge-ment).re-activate means activate again. 2. Are not required by syntactic relations out side the word.thus un-kind c ombines un- and kind into a single new word,but has no particular syntactic conn ections outside the word-we can say he is unkind or he is kind,depending on wha t we mean. 3. Are often not productive derivational morphemes can be selective about wh at they ll combine with, and may also have erratic effects on meaning. Thus the s uffix-hood occurs with just a few nouns such as brother and neighbor. E.g. frien dhood, doughterhood, or candlehood. Furthermore brotherhood can mean the state or rela tionship of being brothers but neighborhood can not mean the state or relationship of being neighbors. . 4. Typically occur between the stem and any inflectional affixes. Thus in g overnments, -ment, a derivational suffix, precedes s,an inflectional suffix. 5. In English,m may appear either as prefixes or suffixes: pre-arrange, arr ange-ment. Some examples from derivational morphology: -ation Is added to a verb or root (finalize,anim-) To give a noun (finalization,animation) UnIs added to a verb (tie) To give a verb (untie) UnIs added to an adjective (happy) To give an adjective (unhappy) -al Is added to a noun (institution) To give an adjective (institutional) -ize Is added to an adjective (concrete) To give a verb (concretize) Although English is a Germanic language,and most of basic vocabulary derives fro m old English,there is also a sizeable vocabulary that derives from romance (lat in and French)some English affixes,such as re-,attach freely to vocabulary from both sources. ROOT tie consider Free form free form Germanic root latinet root SOURCE Old English tygan,to tie latin considerare, to examine PREFIX retie reconsider SUFFIX reties reconsiders Retying reconsideration

Retyings reconsiderations. The suffix -ize,objected to by Edwin newman in words like hospitalize, has a lo ng and venerable history.many of you chose to look up ize words as part of your f irst assignment. According to Hans Matchand, who wrote a book entitled the categ ories and type of present-Day English Word Formation,(university of Albama press ,1969),the suffix -ize comes originally from Greek-izo.many words ending with t his suffix passed from Ecclesiastical Greek into latin,where,by,by the fourth ce ntury,they had become established as verbs with the ending izare,such as barbariz er,catechizare,christianizare. In old French we find many such verbs,belonging p rimarily to the ecclesiastical sphere: baptizer (11 c),canoniser (13 c), exorc iser(14 c).