AIR POLLUTION IN VIETNAM

Hoang Duong Tung Vietnam Environment Protection Agency VEPA Hanoi, May 2004

Content
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Overview Air pollution by indicators Policy Challenges Recommendations

Overview
In Vietnam nowadays, air pollution is becoming an ever more pressing issue for urban, industrial and even rural area. Ardent industrialization and urbanization have intensified the air pollution sources, causing negative changes in air quality. Main air pollution sources in Vietnam include: industrial zone activities, transportation, construction, small scale industry and craft villages, forest-fire and household Air pollution has negative impacts on the eco-systems, on human health by causing respiratory diseases, and brings about climatic changes (greenhouse effect, acid rain and ozone layer deficiency) Decision No. 64/2003/Q-TTg: 56/430 (13%) factories/units related to the air pollution (cement factory: 13; craft village: 2; landfill: 2; others: 39

Overview (cont.)
In urban areas: Caused by dust, exhaust gas and noise from on-road transportation (70% of the cases), construction activities, households There are annual increases of 15-18% and 8-10% in the number of motorcycles and cars, respectively, but the quality of those are not satisfy standard, causing serious air pollution in Vietnam urban areas. The transportation used to 1.5 million tons gasoline and diesel fuels per year, equivalent with volume exhaust gases:
Air pollutants CO2 CO NO2 SO2 CmHn Volume (tons) 6,000,000 61,000 35,000 12,000 22,000

(Source: SOE report, 2003)

Overview (cont.)
Considerable increase in the numbers of cars and motorcycles in such large urban areas as Hanoi or HoChiMinh City during the past few years:
Year 1990 1995 2000 Years 1996-1997 2001 2002 Number of cars in Hanoi 34.222 60.231 130.746 Number of motorcycles Number of in HCMC motorcycles in Hanoi 600.000 1.000.000 1.300.000
(Source: SOE report, 2003)

1.200.000 2.000.000 2.500.000

Overview (cont.)
Industrial zones:
Plants and factories in the cement and building material, metallurgy, and chemical sectors also contribute to air pollution
Parameters Thuong Dinh Industrial zone (Hanoi) 0.285 3.438 0.076 0.027 Cement factory (Haiphong) Binh Duong Industrial zone 0.30 3.7 0.082 0.059 Vietnams Standard

SS (mg/m3) CO (mg/m3) SO2 (mg/m3) NO2 (mg/m3)

0.445 4.694 0.052 0.03

0.2 5 0.3 0.1

Concentration of air pollutants at Industrial zones

(Source: Monitoring report, 2003)

Overview (cont.)
In rural areas: Caused smoke, dust and some toxic gases such as CO, NO2, SO2 from home craft, households and craft villages

Parameters SS CO SO2 NO2

Unit mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3

K1 0.15 8.309 0.0031 0.0069

K2 0.31 5.699 0.0038 0.0104

Vietnams Standard 0.2 5 0.3 0.1

Air quality at Textile Enterprises (Ha Tay province) (K1: Phuc Hung Co. Ltd; K2: Tin Thanh Enterprise) (Source: Technology & Management solution applying for small enterprises for improving environment of Nhue- Day River basin, INEST)

Air pollution by indicators

Suspended solid (SS) : SS concentration in residential areas near industrial zones, highways and construction sites exceeds the acceptable standards by 1.5-3 times and 10-20 times respectively
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Industrial area traffic joints Location Residential area
2000
2001
2002
2003

Standard SS= 0.2

SS (mg/m3)

SS concentration at several spots in Hanoi (Source: Monitoring Report)

Air pollution by indicators (cont.)

PM10, PM2.5 pollution: dust concentration in dry season is much higher than rainy season. Besides, PM10, PM2.5 concentration at some spots are higher than the equivalent standards in the U.S
PM Concentration (M 2,5 g/Nm 3)
250 200 150 103 100 50 0 70 46 25 27 0

EPAs Standard : 65
198 170
Dry season
Rainy season

Locations

PM2.5 concentration at several spots in Hanoi (Results from survey by Institute of Science and Environmental Technology)
(monitoring data for traffic areas in rainy season are not available)

Tr an sp or ta tio n

G en er al

R es id en ce

C om m er ce

Air pollution by indicators (cont.)

PM10, PM2,5 pollution (cont.): As per following chart, PM10 dust concentration is highest at traffic joints.
PM10 Concentration (Mg/Nm3)

EPAs Standard : 150

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 140 91 38 55 72 98 251 243

285

152

Dry season
Rainy season

en er al

ce

er ce

en

Re sid

m m

Co

Locations

PM10 concentration at several spots in Hanoi (source: INEST)

Tr an

sp o

rta

tio

Air pollution by indicators (cont.)

SO2 pollution: almost all average concentrations of SO2 in the air of the urban are less than or approximately equal to the acceptable standards (0,3mg/m3). However, as per following chart, concentration of SO2 emission now equals to or exceeds the acceptable standards by 2-3 times at traffic joints or at industrial zones
Standard SO2= 0.3
0.08 0.07 SO2 (mg/m3) 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 Industrial area traffic joints Location Residential area 2000 2001 2002 2003

SO2 concentration at several spots in Hanoi

(Source: Monitoring Report)

Air pollution by indicators (cont.)

NO2 pollution: almost all average concentrations of NO2 in the air of the urban are less than or approximately equal to the acceptable standards (0,1mg/m3).
Standard NO2=0.1
0.07 0.06 NO2 (mg/m3) 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 Industrial area traffic joints Location Residential area 2000 2001 2002 2003

NO2 concentration at several spots in Hanoi

(Source: Monitoring Report)

Air pollution by indicators (cont.)

CO pollution: almost all average concentrations of CO in the air of the urbans are less than or approximately equal to the acceptable standards (5mg/m3 )
Standard CO= 5 mg/m3
6 5 CO (mg/m3) 4 3 2 1 0 Industrial area traffic joints Location Residential area 2000 2001 2002 2003

CO concentration at several spots in Hanoi

(Source: Monitoring Report)

Air pollution by indicators (cont.)

Lead Pollution (Pb): Mainly at urban areas due to circulation of transportation vehicles using lead petrol. However, since the implementation of Instruction No 24/2000/CT-TTg of the Prime Minister, Vietnam has been switching to non-lead petrol. The average lead concentration in 2002 has thus been reduced by 40-50% compared to previous years Acid rain: Rain water samples in several provinces have pH5.5 (acid rain)
pH=5.5
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Lao Cai acid rain Ha Noi acid rain Sub-Institute of water resource monitoring monitoring planning station station station

pH

(Source: Monitoring report)

2000

Bien Hoa Meteorology station

2001

2002

Air pollution by indicators (cont.)

Acid rain: Concentration of SO2 and NO2 is main reason of acid rain. Overview in Vietnam, there are only pollution of SO2 and NO2 in some areas . Air pollution can go through the border between countries, pollution of SO2 and NO2 in one country can cause acid rain in others
Location 2001 Number of rain sample Lao Cai Ha Noi Bien Hoa HCMC. Binh Duong 38 35 29 29 27 Ratio of sample has pH<5.5 (%) 3 3 36 33 33 2002 Number of rain sample 113 78 98 54 59 Ratio of sample has pH<5.5 (%) 15 8.51 34.7 1.9 64.4

(Source: State of Environment, 2003)

Air pollution by indicators (cont.)

Noise pollution: for which transportation and traffic are the main reasons. The noise level due to traffic and transportation in many urbans is ranging within 7578 dBA, with some large streets within 80-85 dBA
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75.8 75.7 75.7 75.6 75.5 75.7 76.2 77.4 312.3 351.3 492.9 513 510.5 495.7 663.6 757.3

Noisy level (dBA)

Traffic density (x10 vehicles/h)

Equivalent developments of noise/ day to traffic density at peak hours on the road to Southern Bus Station Hanoi (Source: Annual Report by Monitoring and Environment Analysis Station - CEETIA)

Policy (response)
System of Legal documents The promulgation and execution of: Law on Environment Protection, 1993. As stipulated in Article 17 (EIA); 28 (noise or vibration standards); 29 (emits poisonous smoke and dust) and Execution Decree No. 175-CP. Instruction No.36/CT-TW dated 25 June 1998 on the enhancement of Environment protection activities during the course of industrialization, modernization of the country, in which environment pollution prevention is considered the main principle. Instruction No. 24/2000/CT-TTg on using non-lead petrol. Decision No. 64/2003/Q-TTg dated 22/4/2003 on most polluted enterprises.

Policy (cont.)
Decision No. 35/2002/Q-BKHCNMT dated 25/6/2002 on VN environmental standards Decision No. 256/2003/Q-TTg dated 02/12/2003 by Prime Minister, approving the National Environment Protection Strategy until 2010 and guidelines until 2020, in which the Urban air quality improvement program is among 36 priority programs. Decree 67 on wastewater fee. In the coming time, MONRE will study and submit to the Government regulations on wastewater and garbage fee collectionwhich will be an efficient economic tools in protecting air in Vietnam .

Policy (cont.)
Some achievements in HN and HCM City Ha Noi: Initial networking for 4 automatic air monitoring stations (with 14 indexes, 9 out of which are meteorology indexes and 5 are air quality indexes: Dust PM10, NOx, SO2, CO and O3) and public disclosure on air quality via electronic information boards Begin drafting the proposal for Hanoi environment management masterplan in 2001-2020, including forecast on air quality and Hanoi air protection masterplan until 2020 Restrict motobike registration in some districts

Policy (cont.)
Many studies within the framework of the project Air quality enhancement in Asian developing countries (AIRPET) initiated and implemented in Hanoi. Participation into Asian Clean Air Initiative Network to surmount air pollutions in urban areas Hanoi Urban and Environment Company submitted to Hanoi Peoples Committee the study proposal for dust mitigation, scheduled to start as of July 01, 2004 Preparation for application of Cleaner production (VCEP) at certain enterprises and factories within 2004

Policy (cont.)
Ho Chi Minh City Maintained activities of the network of 15 air environment control station, monitored data include NO, NO2, SO2, CO, TSP, PM10, O3 and Pb indexes and public disclosure on air quality via electronic information boards Drafting the Air Environment Protection Strategy for the City until 2020 (implemented by DOSTE with supports by UNDP)

Policy (cont.)
Initiate and conduct researches on: air emission treatment equipment and technology efficiently used at enterprises and factories (jointly implemented by Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Institute of Science and Technology for Labor Protection and Tropical and Environment Protection Techniques Institute); on dispersion model of air polluted compounds emitted from traffic vehicles (by Institute of Environment and Natural Resources in cooperation with AIT); on impacts of air pollution on human health .... Also under interest and research is mitigation measures for air pollution starting from the sources via application of environment friendly manufacturing methods

Challenge
List of indicators for air pollution not yet clear Lacks some environmental standards ( PM10, PM2,5, CmHn, soot) Lack of in-depth study on the impact of air pollution on human health and life expectancy Exhaust gases from vehicles Public disclosure Limited budget Trans-boundary Networking and sharing of air quality monitoring information and data

Recommendation
Impove the list of indicators for air pollution Amending air quality standards Developing air quality monitoring system Improve legal document system Raise the efficiency of energy Applying cleaner production Implementing public disclosure programs Enhancing education and training for public

Some photographs