Mc Entee & Kinsella (2009): different practices in radiography techniques affect the radiation dose.

small sampling size of 5 hospitals, which should be increased to improve the accuracy of the findings This study is a localized study in Ireland, and the results of this study could be further reinforced by including studies from other countries. Their training differed from protocol, 40% of radiographers did not adhere to hospital protocol, and thus selecting a standard protocol should be included in future studies to obtain more reliable data.

Errors in the images included: _ inaccurate positioning such as superimposition of the clavicle on associated structures in the cranial angled projection; _ inaccurate centring such that the centre of the clavicle was not central to the image; _ collimation that was too wide or that resulted in the exclusion of part of the region of interest on the image; _ penetrative power that resulted in suboptimal image quality, however, region of interest was still visualised.

80% performed an AP coned view of the clavicle and 20% an AP shoulder to demonstrate the clavicle. Results demonstrate that no radiographers trained in the Republic of Ireland performed AP shoulder for indication of query fractured clavicle with overseas trained radiographers utilizing the AP shoulder projection. the analysis of image archive in hospitals demonstrates no use of the PA position. Although numbers assessed were small it is reasonable to conclude that PA radiography is infrequent.

Ramli et al (2005): compares the image quality and entrance skin dose of computed and

conventional film-screen chest radiography Evaluate the image quality of the radiographs produced by giving scores based on the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) criteria: each individual may give different scores based on their own perception of the image digital recordings are still produced on hard copies, and it is difficult to determine the optimal settings to be printed onto the hard copy

Gorham & Brennan (2010): determine the impact of fine and broad focal spot sizes on the

visualization of normal anatomical parameters by using a visual grading analysis technique to score images produced from 4 common x-ray projections

The number of examinations used in this study is limited to four types. different areas should also be examined to back up the findings in this study for a more comprehensive result This study also did not cover diagnosis of abnormal lesions as it focuses more on the bony structures of the cadaver, hence the findings may not be valid for soft tissue abnormalities