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OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
Geophysical Exploration is an process/activity for searching natural resources (hydrocarbons, minerals, etc.) or other anomalies which is used some methods that deal with physical properties of materials within earth sub-surfaces.
Passive Methods Gravity Method, and Magnetic Method Active Method Seismic Method
Gravity Method
Gravity Methods
This method measures variations in Earths gravitational field, caused by differences density of material sub-surfaced. In fact, it measures the variation in the acceleration due to gravity. It is expressed in so called gravity anomalies (in milligal, 10-5 ms-2), i.e. deviations from a predefined reference level, geoid (a surface over which the gravitational field has equal value). Gravity is a scalar.
Gravity Methods
Gravity Methods
Gravimeter
Gravimeter
Magnetic Method
Magnetic surveying aims to investigate the subsurface geology by measuring the strength or intensity of the Earths magnetic field Lateral variation in magnetic susceptibility and remanenece give rise to spatial variations in the magnetic field It is expressed in so called magnetic anomalies, i.e. deviations from the Earths magnetic field.
The unit of measurement is the tesla (T) which is voltssm-2 In magnetic surveying the nanotesla is used (1nT = 10-9 T) The magnetic field is a vector Natural magnetic elements: iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium Ferromagnetic minerals: magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, pyrrhotite
Magnetic Method
Magnetometer
Seismic Method
Seismic Method
Seismic method using seismic waves that produced by artificial source that propagate through subsurfaced rock layer and somehow travels back to the surface to be sensed by a receiver. There are 2 type of this method according to the way seismic waves travel back to surface: 1. Seismic Reflected Method 2. Seismic Refracted Method
QUICK-REVIEW
Quick-a-Review
Geophysical Exploration is a kind of activity of exploring somewhat sub-surface through specifics physical properties of the rocks. Geophysical Exploration should be carried out with geological methods, so that interpretation could be correlated and corrected There are 3 main methods using in Petroleum Exploration, i.e. Seismic, Magnetic and Gravity methods