1

Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12

Copyright 2012
CONTI NUI TY AND DI FFERENTI BI LI TY

I NTRODUCTI ON:
Geomet ri caly t he definit ion of cont i nuit y of a funct ion x = a implies t hat t he graph of t he
funct ion has no break at x = a. The graph cannot j ump immediat el y t o a point above or
bel ow t he li ne y = ( a) .
y = f( x)
O a
x
f( x)
Cont inuous funct ion at x = a Di scont inuous funct ion at x = a
y

=

f
(
x
)
O a
x
f( x)
CONDI TI ONS FOR A FUCNI TONS TO BE CONTI NUOUS
( i) Lef t hand li mit of f( x) at x = a

exi st s.
( i i) Right hand l imit of f( x) at x = a
+
exi st s.
( ii i) Lef t hand li mit of f( x) = Right hand limi t of f( x) = Value of funct ion ( at x = a) .
Not e: A f unct i on which is not cont inuous at x a is known as discont inuous at x = a.
y = f( x)
y = f( x) y = f ( x)
f ( a)
y
=
f(
x
)
O O O a a a
x x x
f ( x) f ( x) f ( x)
Left hand l imi t f( x) Right hand l imi t f( x)
Limi t f( x) does not exi st x a f (x) is not
cont i nuous at x = a
=

Left hand limit f(x) Right hand limit f(x)
Limi t f ( x) exist at x = a f( x) is
cont inuous x = a
=
= f( a)
Left hand l imi t f( x) Right hand l imi t f( x)
The funcit on f( x) is cont i nuous at x = a
= = f( a)
Let f be a r eal f unct i on and a be in t he domain of f. We say f i s cont inuous at a, if
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 x a x a
Lim f x f a Lim f x Lim f x f a
+

= = = =
Hence f( x) is cont inuous i f ( )
x a
Lim f x

exist s and equal s f( a) .

The funct ion f( x) is said t o be cont inuous at x = a fr om l eft i f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
Lim f x f a Lim f x f a
+

= =
DI SCONTI NUI TY OF A FUNCTI ON:
A f unct i on f ( x) , which is not cont inuous at a point x = a, i s said t o be discont i nuous at
x = a. The f unct i on f( x) can be discont i nuous at a poi nt x = a i n any one of t he f ollowing
aways.
f( a) is not defi ned
Eit her
( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
Lim f x or Lim f x
+

or bot h non exist ing ro i nfinit e
LHL and RHL bot h exist but unequal, i.e.
( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
Lim f x Lim f x
+

=
LHL and RHL bot h exist and equal but not equal t o f( a) , i.e.,
( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
Lim f x Lim f x f a
+

= =
Thi s par t icul ar kind i s cal led REMOVABLE DI SCONTI NUI TY
2 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
Cont inuit y of a Funct ion in an I nt erval:
A f unct i on f ( x) i s said t o be cont i nuous in an open i nt erval ( a,b) , if f ( x) i s cont inuous
at every point of t he int erval.
A f unct i on f ( x) i s sai d t o be cont inuous in a closed int erval [ a, b] if f( x) is cont i nuous in
( a, b) . I n addit ion f( x) is cont inuous at x = a fr om r ight and f ( x) is cont inuous at x = b
from left .
SOME CONTI NUOUS FUNCTI ON:
Every const ant f unct ion is cont inuous at all point s.
Proof : Let f( x) = c, where c is const ant .
The domain of a const ant funct i on is R. Let a be an arbit rary numbe in D, t hen
f( a) = c,
( )
x a x a
l im f x li mc c

= =
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we have
( ) ( )
x a
l im f x f a

=
Thus, f( x) is cont inuous at x = a, f or al l
x R e
.
Hence, f ( x) is cont inous. Since, a i s an arbit rary number in R.
Therefor e, f( x) is cont inuous everywhere in R.
The ident it y funct ion is cont inuous.
Proof: Lef f( x) = x, for ever y
x R e
Let a be an arbit rary real number.
Then, f( a) = a .... .( 1) and ( )
x a x a
l i m f x l im x a

= =
.... .( 2)
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we get ( ) ( )
x a
l i m f x f a a

= =
Thus, f( x) is cont inuous at x = a,
a R e
. Hence t he i dent it y f unct i on is cont inuous in R.
A polynomial funct ion is everywhere cont inuous.
Proof: Let ( )
2 n
0 2 2 n
f x a a x a x ...a x , n I, n 0, x R = + + + e > e be a polynomial f unct i on.
We shall prove t he t heorem by induct i on on n.
St ep 1: When n = 0, we get ( )
0
f x a =
whi ch is a const ant funct ion t herefore is cont inuous.
When n = 0, we get ( )
0 1
f x a a x = +
whi ch is t he sum of const ant funct ion and a mult iple of t he ident it y funct ion. I t
bei ng t he sum of t wo cont i nuous funct ions is cont i nuous everywhere.
St ep 2: Let every polynomial funct ion of degree at most n be everywhere cont inuous.
Consider a general polynomial funct ion of degree ( n + 1) , be
( )
2 n n 1
0 1 2 n n 1 n 1
g x a a x a x ... a x a x , where a 0
+
+ +
= = + + + =
( ) ( )
n 1 n
0 1 2 n n 1
g x a x a a x . . . . . a x a x

+
= + + + + +
I t is t he sum of a const ant funct ion a
0
( which is everywhere cont i nuous) and t he product
of ident it y f unct ion x ( whi ch is ever ywher e cont inuous) and t he polynomial funct ion
n
1 2 n 1
a a x ...a x
+
+ + of degr ee at most n ( which is everywhere cont i nuous by i nduct ion
assumpt i on) . Ther efore, g( x) is everywher e cont inuous.
Hence, by t he pri ncipl e of mat hemat i cal i nduct ion, a polynomial f unct i on is every where
cont inuous.
3
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
I f f and g be cont inuous funct ions in D, t hen,
( i) fg is cont inuous ( ii) f g is cont inuous
( iii) c f is cont inuous. ( iv) fg is cont inuous.
( v)
f
g
is cont inuous in D except t hose point s wher e ( ) g x 0 =
( vi) ( ) { }
1
is cont inuous on D x : f x 0
f
=
Proof: Let a be an arbit rary number in D. Since f and g are cont inuous on D. so t hey are
cont inuous at a al so.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x a x a
li m f x f a and l i m g x g a

= =
( i) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x a x a
l i m f g x li m g x f a g a f g a

+ = = + = +
.... .( 1)
And ( f + g) ( x) = ( f + g) ( a) .... .( 2)
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we have ( f + g) is cont inuous at x = a.
Since a is an aribt rary number in D. Hence, ( f + g) is cont inuous in D.
( i i) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x a x a x a x a
lim f g x lim f x g x lim f x lim g x f a g a f g a

( = = = =

.... .( 1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f g x f g a at x a = = .... .( 2)
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we get ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x a
l i m f g x f g a

=
Thus, ( f g) is cont inuous at x = a. Since a is an ar ibit rary number in D.
Hence, ( f g) is cont inuous in D.
( ii i) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x a x a x a
lim c f x lim c f x clim f x c f a

= = =
.... .( 1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) c f x c f x c f a at x a c f a = = .... .( 2)
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we have ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x a
l i m c f x c f a

=
Thus, ( c f ) i s cont inuous at x = a. Since a is an ar ibit rary number in D.
Therefor e, ( c f ) i s cont inuous in D.
( i v) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x a x a x a x a
l i m f g x l im f x g x l i m f x l im g x

= =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f a g a f g a = = .... .( 1)
At x = a, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f g x f g a = .... .( 2)
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we get ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x a
l i m f g x f g a

=
Thus, ( ) f g is cont inuous at x = a. Since a is an ar ibit rary number in D.
Therefore, ( ) f g is cont inuous in D..
4 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
( v)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
x a
x a x a
x a
l i m f x
f x f a
f f
l i m x li m a
g g x l i m g x g a g

| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ . \ .
.... .( 1)
( ) ( )
f f
At x a, x a
g g
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
.... .( 2)
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we have
( ) ( )
x a
f f
l i m x a
g g

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
Thus,
1
f
is cont inuous at x = a. Since a is aribt rary point in D such t hat ( ) f a 0 = .
Hence,
1
f
is cont inuous on ( ) { }
D x : f x 0 = .
I f f is cont inuous on it s domain d, t hen | f| is also cont inous on D.
Proof. Recall t hat | f| ( known as absolut e funct ion) is defi ned as : | f| ( x) = | f( x) |
Let a be an aribi t rary real number i n D. Then, f is cont inuous at a.
( ) ( ) f x f a at x a = = .... .( 1) ( ) ( )
x a
li m f x f a

=
Now, ( ) ( )
x a x a
lim f x lim f x

=
[ By defi nit ion of | f| ] ( ) ( ) ( )
x a
lim f x f a f a

= =
.... .( 2)
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we have ( ) ( )
x a
l i m f x f a

=
| f| is cont inuous at x = a.
Since a si a arbit rary point in D. Therefore, | f| is cont inuous in D.
Remark: The converse of t he above t heorem not be t r ue.
The composit ion of t wo cont inuous funct ions is a cont inuous f unct ion.
Proof: Let f and g be t wo real funct ions such t hat gof exist s. Then,
Then, ( ) a Domain f e ( ) ( ) f a Range f e
( ) ( ) f a Domain g e ( ) Range f Domai n g ( _

Since f and g are cont i nuous on t heir domai ns,
Therefore, ( ) ( ) a Domain f and f a Domain g e e
f i s cont inuous at x = a and g is cont inuous at f ( a)
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
x a x f a
li m f x f a and l im g y g f a

= =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x a f x f a
l i m f x f a and l i m g f x g f a , where y f x

= = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x a
lim g f x g f a

=
( ) ( ) x a f x f a (

( ) ( )
x a
li m gof x gof a

=
gof is cont inous at x a = .
Since a is an arbi t rar y piont in it s domai n, Hence, gof is cont inuous
5
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
The logarit hmic f unct ion is cont inuous in it s domain.
Proof: Let f( x) = l og
c
x, wher e c > 0, be t he logarit hmic funct ion. Domain of f i s ( ) 0,
Let a ab an arbi t rar y poi nt i n ( ) 0, . Then,
Right hand l imit ( at x = a) .
( ) ( )
h 0 x a
lim f x lim f a h
+

= = +
[ Put t ing x = a + h]
( )
c c
h 0 h 0
h
li ml og a h li m l og a 1
a

| |
= + = +
|
\ .
c
c c c
h 0 h 0 h 0
h
log 1
h h a
lim log a log 1 lim log a lim
h a a
a

( | |
+
| (
( | |
\ .
(
= + + = +
( |
(
\ .
(

( )
c
c c c
h 0 h 0
h
log 1
h a
log a lim lim log a log c 0 log a f a
h a
a

| |
+
|
\ .
= + = + = =
.... .( 1)
Similarly,
( )
x a
lim a f a

=
.... .( 2) ( ) ( )
c c
f x log x f a log a = = .... .( 3)
From ( 1) , ( 2) and ( 3) , we get
( ) ( ) ( )
x a x a
lim f x lim x f a
+

= =
So, f( x) is cont inuous at x = a. But a is a real number i n ( ) 0,
Hence, l og x is cont inuous i n ( ) 0, .
The exponent ial funct ion a
x
, a > 0 is everywhere cont inuous.
Proof: Let f( x) = ax, we have
( )
x
x x
x 0 x 0 x 0
a 1
lim a lim a 1 1 lim x 1
x

( | |
(
= + = +
( |

( \ .
x
x 0 x 0 x 0
a 1
lim lim x lim 1
x

| |
= +
|
\ .
x
e
x 0
a 1
lim log a
x

( | |
=
( |
( \ .
( )
e
log a 0 1 0 1 1 = + = + =
Let c be an arbit rary real number. Then,
Lef t hand limi t ( at x = c) .
( ) ( )
1
h 0 x c
lim f x lim f c h

= =
[ Put t ing x = c h]
( )
( )
c h c h c c c c
h 0
h 0 h 0 h 0
1 1 1
l i m a l i m a a a l i m a a a f c
1 a a


| | | |
= = = = = = =
| |
\ . \ .
0
a 1 ( =

Right hand l imit ( at x = c) .

( ) ( )
h 0 x c
lim f x lim c h
+

= = +
[ Put t ing x = c + h]
c h c h c h
h 0 h 0 h 0
lim a lim a a a lim a
+

= = =
( ) ( )
c 0 c c
a a a 1 a f c = = = =
0
a 1 ( =

Lef t hand li mit ( at x = c) = Right hand l imit ( at x = c) = f ( c)

So, f( x) is cont inuous at x = c. Since c i s an arbit rary real number.
Cor ollary: e
x
is ever ywher e cont inuous.
6 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. Find t he point s at which t he funct ion ( )
2
3x + 7
f x =
x 5x + 6
is cont inuous.
Sol: The funct ion ( )
2 2
3x 7 3x 7
f x
x 5x 6 x 3x 2x 6
+ +
= =
+ +
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3x 7 3x 7
x x 3 2 x 3 x 2 x 3
+ +
=

The funct ion is not defined if x
2
5x + 6 = 0 at x = 2 and x = 3
The numerat or of t he funct ion is cont inuous at every point . Also t he funct ion in t he denominat or
is cont i nuous at every poi nt .

f ( x) is cont inuous at every point eR, except for x = 2 and x = 3, wher e is not defined.

f ( x) is cont inuous on t he point s R { 2, 3} .

2. Show t hat t he funct ion f( x) = 2 x | x| is cont inuous at x = 0.
Sol : We have, ( )
( )
2x x, when x 0
f x
2x x , when x 0
>
=

<

or ( )
x, when x 0
f x
3x, when x 0
>
=

<

f( 0) = 0 .... .( 1)
Lef t hand limit ( at x = 0)
=
( ) ( )
x 0 h x 0
l im f x l im 2x x

=
[ Put t i ng x = 0 h as x 0, h 0 ]
=
( ) ( )
h 0
li m 3 0 h 3 0 0 0

= =
.... .( 2)
And right hand limit ( at x = 0) =
( ) ( )
x 0 h x 0
l i m f x l im x
+
+
=
=
( ) ( )
h 0
l im 0 h 0 0 0

+ = + =
.... .( 3) [ Put t ing x = 0 + h ]
From ( 1) , ( 2) and ( 3) , we have
( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
l im f x li m f x f 0
+

= =
Hence, f unct i on f is cont inuous at x = 0.
3. I s t he f unct ion f defined by ( )
x, i f x 1
f x
5, i f x 1
s
=

>

, cont inuous at x = 0? at x = 2?
Sol: We have,
( )
x, i f x 1
f x
5, i f x 1
s
=

>

At x = 0. Fi rst not e t hat t he f unct ion i s def ined at t he gi ven point x = 0 and it s value is 0.
Then find t he limi t of t he funct ion at x = 0.
Lef t hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 h h 0 x 0
lim f x lim x lim 0 h 0

= = =
; Right hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 h h 0 x 0
lim f x lim x lim 0 h 0
+
+
= = + =
Also, f( 0) = 0. Thus, L. H.L. = R. H.L. = f( 0) .
At x = 1. Fi rst not e t hat t he f unct ion i s def ined at t he gi ven point x = 1 and it s value is 1.
Then find t he limi t of t he funct ion at x = 1.
Lef t hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 1 h h 0 x 1
lim f x lim x lim 1 h 1

= = =
; Right hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 1 h h 0 x 1
lim f x lim 5 lim 5 5
+
+
= = =
Thus, L.H.L.
=
R.H.L. Hence, f is not cont inuous at x = 1.
7
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
At x = 2. Fi rst not e t hat t he f unct ion i s def ined at t he gi ven point x = 2 and it s value is 2.
Then find t he limi t of t he funct ion at x = 2.
Lef t hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 2 h h 0 x 2
lim f x lim 5 lim 5 5

= = =
; Right hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 2 h h 0 x 2
lim f x lim 5 lim 5 5
+
+
= = =
Also, f( 2) = 5. Her e, L. H.L. = R.H.L. Hence, f is not cont inuous at x = 2.
4. I f
( )
si n 3x
, when x 0
f x
x
1, when x 0

=
=

, f ind whet her f is cont inuous at x = 0.

Sol: We have,
( ) ( )
si n 3x
, when x 0
f x f 0 1
x
1, when x 0

=
= =

.... .( 1)
and ( )
x 0 x 0 x 0
si n 3x si n 3x
l i m f x li m li m 3
x 3x

= =
( )
3x 0
sin 3x
3 lim 3 1 3
x

= = = .... .( 2)
x 0
si n x
l i m 1
x

(
=
(

From ( 1) and ( 2) , we have ( ) ( )

x 0
l i m f x f 0

=
. Therefor e, f is not cont inuous at x = 0.
5. Find t he relat ionship bet ween a and b so t hat t he funct ion f def ined by
( )
ax 1, i f x 3
f x
bx 3, i f x 3
+ >
=

+ >

is cont inuous at x = 3.
Sol: We have,
( )
ax 1, i f x 3
f x
bx 3, i f x 3
+ >
=

+ >

Fir st not e t hat t he funct ion is defined at t he given point x = 3 and it s val ue is 3a + 1.
Then find t he limi t s of t he funct ion at x = 3.
Lef t hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 3 h h 0 x 3
l i m f x l im ax 1 li m a 3 h 1 3a 1

( = + = + + = + (

Right hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 3 h h 0 x 3
li m f x li m bx 3 li m b 3 h 3 3b 3
+
+
( = + = + + = +

For cont inuit y, Left hand l imit = Right hand li mit
2 2
3a 1 3b 3 3a 3b 2 a b a b
3 3
+ = + = = = +
6. For what values of k, is t he following funct ion cont inuous at x = 0?
( )
2
1 cos 4x
, x 0
f x
8x
k, x 0

=

[ CBSE 2 000 C]
Sol: Lef t hand ( )
2
x 0 x 0
1 cos 4x
li m f x li m
8x

=

( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2 2
x 0 h h 0 h 0
2 sin 2 0 h
2 sin 2x sin 2h
lim lim lim 1 1
2h 8x
8 0 h

| |
= = = = =
|
\ .
8 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
Right hand ( )
2 2
2
2 2 2
x 0 h h 0 h 0 h 0 x 0
1 1 2 si n 2h
1 cos 4x 2 sin 2h si n 2h
l im f x l im l im l i m l i m 1
2h 8x 8h 8h
+

(
| |
= == = = = =
|
\ .
Also, f ( 0) = k
For cont inuit y at x = 0, ( ) ( )
x 0
l i m f x f 0 1 k k 1

= = =
.
7. A f unct ion f( x) is defined as ( )
1
x
1
, i f x 0
f x =
1 + e
0, i f x = 0

. I s t he funct ion cont inuous at

x = 0 ?
Sol: Lef t hand li mit = ( )
1 1/ 0 h
x 0 h h 0 x 0
x
1 1
l im f x l i m l im
1 e
1 e


= =
+
+
[ Put t ing x = 0 h]
=
h 0
1/ h
1 1 1
li m 1
1 1
1 0
1 1
e e

= = =
+
+ +
.... .( 1)
Right hand l imit =
( )
1 1/ 0 h
x 0 h h 0 x 0
x
1 1
l i m f x l im l im
1 e
1 e
+ +
+
= =
+
+
=
1
h 0
h
1 1
li m 0
1 e
1 e

= =
+
+
.. ...( 2)
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we have
Lef t hand limit of f( at x = 0)
=
Right hand limit of f( at x = 0) = f ( 0) ( )
x 0
l im f x does not exist

(

Hence t he funct ion f i s not cont inuous at x = 0.
8. A f unct ion f ( x) is defined by
( )
2
2
2
2
x 1
, f or x 1
f x
x 1
0 , f or x 1
(

=
=

. Discuss t he cont inut it y of

f( x) at x = 1 .
Sol: We have,
( )
2
2
2
2
x 1
, f or x 1
f x
x 1
0 , f or x 1
(

=
=

2
2
2
2
1
, for 0 x 1
x 1
1 1
0, for 1 x 2
x 1

< <

= s <

( )
2
x 1 x 1
1
Li m f x Li m
x 1

So,
( )
x 1
l i m f x

does not exist . Hence, f ( x) is not cont inuous at x = 1

9. I f ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
x
2
4 1
, x 0
f x
si n x / 4 l og 1 x / 3
k , x 0

=
=
+

is cont inuous at x = 0, f ind k .

Sol: Si nce f ( x) i s cont inuous at x = 0. Ther efore,
( ) ( )
x 0
Li m f x f 0

=
9
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
( )
3
x
2
x 0
4 1
Lim k
x x
sin log 1
4 3

=
| |
+
|
\ .
( )
3
x
x 0
2
2
4 1
12
x
Li m k
x
si n
l og 1 x / 3
4
x / 4 x / 3

| |
|
\ .
=
| |
| |
+ |
|
|
|
|
\ . |
\ .
( )
3
12 l og 4 k = ( )
3
k 12 l og 4 =
10. Discuss t he cont inuit y of t he following f unct ions
( i) f( x) = sin x + cos x ( ii) f( x) = sin x cos x ( iii) f( x) = sinx cos x
Sol: We have proved t ha sin x and cos x ar e t he cont inuous funct ions.
( i) f( x) = sin x + cos x being t he sum of t wo cont inuous f unct i ons i s cont inuous wherever
it is defined.
( i i) f( x) = sin x cos x being t he difference of t wo cont inuous funct ions is cont i nuous it
is defined.
( ii i) f( x) = sin x cos x being t he product of t wo cont inuous funct i ons i s cont inuous
wherever it is defined.
11. I f a funct ion f is def ined as ( )
{ } x 2
, x 2
f x
x 2
0, x 2

=
=

. Show t hat f is everywhere

cont inuous except x = 2.
Sol: We have,
( )
{ }
( )
( ) x 2
1, x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2 , x 2
f x f x 1, x 2
x 2
x 2
0, x 2
0; x 2

= <

=
= = >



=

( ) x 2 , x 2
x 2
x 2, x 2
( <

= (
> (

Case I : When x < 2, we have f( x) = 1, which, bei ng a const ant funct ion, is cont i nuous at
each point x < 2.
Case I I : Also, When x < 2, we have f ( x) = 1, which, being a const ant funct ion, is
cont inuous at each point x > 2.
Case I I I : Let us consi der t he point x = 2 we have, left hand limit ( at x = 2) .
( )
x 2 x 2
lim f x lim 1 1
+

= = =
.... .( 1)
and right hand ( at x = 2)
( )
x 2 x 2
lim f x lim 1 1
+ +

= = =
... ..( 2) and f ( 2) = 0 .... .( 3)
From ( 1) , ( 2) and ( 3) , we have
( ) ( ) ( )
x 2 x 2
Left limit f x Right limit of f x f 2
+

= =
Thus, f ( x) i s not cont inuous at x = 2.
Hence, f ( x) i s everywhere cont inuous, except at x = 2.
10 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
CLASSROOM WORKSHEET - 1

1. Examine t hat sin | x| is a cont inuous f unct i on. [ NCERT]
2. Show t hat t he funct ion defi ned by f( x) = | cos x| is a cont inuous f unct i on. [ NCERT]
3. Show t hat t he funct ion def ined by g( x) = x [ x] i s discont inuous at all int egral point s. Here,
[ x] denot es t he great est i nt eger less t han or equal t o x. [ NCERT]
4. For what val ue of k i s t he foll owing funct ion cont inuous at x = 2?
( )
2x 1, x 2
f x k, x 2
3x 1, x 2
+ <

= =

>

5. For what val ue of k i s t he funct ion

( )
2
kx , x 2
f x
3, x 2
s
=

>

cont inuous at x = 2. [ NCERT]

6. Discuss t he cont inuit y of t he funct ion f( x) = sin
2
x + x
2
2x at , t he point x = 0.
7. I f ( )
1
xsi n , x 0
f x = x
0. x = 0
| |
=
|
\ .

. Find whet her f is cont inuous at x = 0.

8. Show t hat
( )
si n x
, x 0
f x
x
x 1, x 0

<
=

+ >

is a cont inuous f unct i on. [ NCERT]

9. Discuss t he cont i nuit y of t he funct ion f( x) = sin | x| .
10. Discuss t he cont i nuit y of t he f unct ion f ( x) = | x| + | x 1| in int er val [ 1, 2] .
11. Show t hat sec x i s cont inuous f unct i on.
12. Show t hat ( )
x 4
, x 4
f x
x 4
0, x 4

=
=

is cont inuous at each poi nt except 4.

13. Find t he val ue of

, so t hat
( )
3x 8, x 5
f x
2 , x 5
s
=

>

is cont inuous.
14. Find t he val ue of a, b so t hat ( )
2, if x 3
f x ax b, if 3 x 5
9, if x 5
s

= + < <

>

is cont inuous.
15. I f ( )
2
2
2
x
, 0 x 1
a
f x a, 1 x 2
2b 4b
, 2 x
x

s <

= s <

s <

is cont inuous
0 x s <
, f ind a, b..
11
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
HOME WORKSHEET - 1

1. Show t hat t he funct ion f( x) = 2x | x| i s cont inuous at x = 0. [ CBSE 20 02]
2. I f ( )
x
, x 0
f x ,
x
0, x 0

=
=

fi nd whet her f( x) is cont inuous at x = 0. [ NCERT]

3. I f t he funct ion
( )
3ax b, if x 1
f x 11, if x 1
5ax 2b, if x 1
+ >

= =

<

is cont inuous at x = 1, find t he values of a and b.

[ CBSE 20 00]
4. Find t he val ue of k so t hat t he funct ion f i s cont inuous at t he indi cat ed point
( )
k cos x
, i f x
2x 2
f x at x
2
3, i f x
2
t
=

t t
= =

. [ NCERT]
5. Prove t hat t he funct ion f( x) = 5x 3 is cont i nuous at x = 0, x = 3 and at x = 5.
[ NCERT]
6. Find t he val ue of k so t hat t he ( )
2
kx , x 1
f x at x 1
4, x 1
>
= =

<

funct ions f are cont i nuous at t he

indicat ed point s. [ CBSE 20 07]
7. A f unct i on f( x) is defi ned as ( )
1 + x when x < 2
f x =
5 - x when x 2

>

I s t he funct ion cont i nuous at x = 2 ?

8. For t he funct ion ( )
2
x, x 0
f x a, x 0
x , x 0
<

= =

>

fi nd t he value of a t hat wil l make it cont inuous at x = 0.

9. I f f( x) =
2
2
si n ax
f (x)
x
= for x 0, f (0) 1 = = is cont inuous at x= 0 t hen a=
10. A f unct i on f is defi ned as
si n(a 1)x si n x
x
+ +
when
0 x <
and
( )
1 2
2 1/ 2
3/ 2
x bx x
bx
+
when
x > 0, t he value of a when f is cont inuous at x= 0 | | b 0 = is
11. The value of f( 0) so t hat f( x) =
( )
2/ x
1 5x + is cont inuous at x = 0 is
12. I f
( ) ( )
kx
2
e 1 si n kx
f (x) , x 0 and f (0) 9
4x

= = = , t hen f ind k is
12 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
13. Discuss t he cont i nuit y of t he f unct i on f ( x) at x = 0 i f
( )
2x 1, i f x 0
f x
2x 1, i f x 0
<
=

+ >

.
[ CBSE 20 02]
14. Show t hat t he funct ion
( )
si n x
, when x 0
f x
x
2, when x 0

=
=

is cont inuous.
15. Find t he val ue of

so t hat
( )
x 5, x 2
f x
x 1, x 2
+ s
=

>

is cont inuous.
16. Find t he val ue of a, b so t hat ( )
1, if x 0
f x ax b, if 3 x 5
7, if 5 x
>

= + < <

is cont inuous.
17. I f ( )
2
a ax b, 0 x 2
f x 3x 2, 2 x 4
2ax 5b, 4 x 8
+ + s <

= + s s

+ < s

is cont inuous on [ 0, 8] f ind t he values of a and b..

OBJECTI VE TYPE QUESTI ONS
1. The funct ion
1/ x
1/ x
x.e 1
f (x) si n for x 0,
1 e x
= + =
+
f( 0) = 0 at x = is
1) cont inuous 2) dis- cont inuous 3) not det erminant 4) none
2. Let f( x) = ( )
1
cos cos x

t hen f ( x) is
1) cont inuous at x = t 2) discont inuous at x= t
3) discont inuous at x= t 4) none of t hese
3. Let a f unct i on f be difined by
x | x |
f(x)
x

= for
x 0 =
and f( 0) = 2, t hen f is
1) cont i nuous no where 2) cont i nuous every where
3) cont i nuous for all x except x= 1 4) cont i nuous for all x except x= 0
4. I f ( )
2
2
x , for x rat i onal
f x
x , for x i rr at ional

, t hen
1) f i s cont inuous at x = 0 and x = 1/ 2
2) f i s discont inuous at x = 0 and x = 1/ 2
3) f i s cont inuous at x= 0 ans discont i nuous at x = 1/ 2
4) f i s di scont inuous at x= 0 and cont i nuous at x = 1/ 2
5. The funct ion
2
5x 4 for 0 x 1
f(x) 4x 3x for 1 x 2
3x 4 for x 2
< <s

= < <

+ >

1) cont inuous at x = 1 2) dis- cont inuous at x = 1

3) cont inuous at x = 2 4) dis- cont inuous at x = 2
13
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
6. The funct ion
3
x 27
f (x) for x 3, f (3) 27
x 3

= = =

at x = 3 is
1) cont inuous 2) dis- cont inuous 3) not det ermi ned 4) none
7. Column- I Column- I I
a) f (x) | x| | x 1| = + p) f( x) is discont inuous at x = 1
b) f (x) [x] | 1 x| = + q) f( x) is cont inuous at x = 1
c)
2
| x 3| , x 1
f(x)
x 3x 13
, x 1
4 2 4
>

=

+ <

r) f( x) is cont inuous ever y where

d)
2
2
x , for x r at i onal
f (x)
x , for x i r r ati onal

s) f( x) is cont inuous at x = 0
8. Column - I Column - I I
a)
x
e
is cont i nuous on p) ( 0,

)
b) logx is cont i nuous on q) R- { 0 }
c) cosx is cont i nuous on r)
R (2n 1) ; n z
2
t
+ e
`
)
d) secx is cont i nuous on s) R
9. The
2
2x 3
f (x)
2x 5x 2

=
+
is discont i nuous at x = a, x = b t hen 2( a + b) = ______
SYNOPSI S

DI FFERENTI ABI LI TY AT A POI NT:
Let f( x) be a real val ued f unct ion defined on an open i nt erval ( a, b) wher e ( ) c a, b e .
Then f( x) is said t o be di fferent iable or derivable at x = c,
iff,
( ) ( )
( )
x c
f x f c
li m
x c

exi st s f init ely..

Thi s l i mi t i s cal l ed t he der i vat i ve or di f f er ent i al coef f i ci ent of t he f unct i on f ( x) at
x = c, and is denot ed by ( ) f c ' or D f( c) or ( ) ( )
x c
d
f x
dx
=
.
Thus, f( x) is diff erent iabl e at x = c. ;
( ) ( )
( )
x c
f x f c
li m
x c

exist s finit ely

14 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
x c x c
f x f c f x f c
li m l im
x c x c
+


=

;
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
h 0 h 0
f c h f c f c h f c
li m l im
h h

+
=

Hence,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
h 0 h c
f x f c f c h f c
l i m l i m
x c h

=

is called t he left hand der ivat i ve of f( x) at
x = c and is denot ed by ( )
f c

'
or ( ) LF c ' .
Whil e,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
h 0 h c
f x f c f c h f c
l im li m
x c h
+

+
=

is call ed t he ri ght hand derivat ive of f ( x) at x = c

and is denot ed by ( )
f c
+
'
or ( ) Rf c ' .
Thus, f ( x) i s dif ferent iable at x = c. L ( ) f c ' = R ( ) f c ' .
I f ( ) f c '
=
R ( ) f c ' , we say t hat f( x) is not differ ent iable at x = c.
DI FFERENTI ABI LI TY I N A SET:
A f unct ion f ( x) defined on an open int er val ( a,b) is said t o be diff erent iabl e or derivable in
open int erval ( a, b) if it is di fferent iable at each poi nt of ( a, b) .
A f unct ion f ( x) defined on [ a,b] is said t o be di fferent iable or der ivabl e at t he end point s a
and b if it i s di fferent iable fr om t he ri ght at a and fr om t he left at b.
I n ot her words
( ) ( )
x a
f x f a
l im
x a

and
( ) ( )
x b
f x f b
li m
x b

bot h exist s.
I f f is der ivabl e in t he open int er val ( a,b) and also at t he end poi nt s a and b, t hen f is said
t o be derivable in t he closed int erval [ a,b] .
A f unct i on f is said t o be a dif ferent iabl e funct ion if it is diff erent iable at every point of it s
domain.
DI FFERENTI ABI LI TY OF A FUNCTI ON:
The funct ion f( x) is said t o be different i able at x = a, if
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
h 0 h 0
f a h f a f a h f a
lim lim or R f ' a L f ' a
h h

+
= =

The common value of ( ) ( ) R f ' a and L f ' a is denot ed by ( ) f ' a and is known as derivat ive of
f( x) at x = a.
I f howover ( ) ( ) R f ' a L f ' a = we say t hat f( x) is not differt iable at x = a.
Not e:
On bot h sides of t he equat i on h is t aken as posit ive and ver y small.
Every di ffer ent iable f unct i on is cont inuous. But , every cont inuous funct ion need not be
dif ferent iable.
15
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
When we say
d
si n x cos x
dx
=
.
Her e, we der ive t he formula from t he first pr inciples
( )
( ) ( )
h 0 h 0
sin x h sin x sin x h sin x
d
sin x lim lim cos x
dx h h

+
= = =

Whenever we define a derivat ive we put a condit ion provided t he limi t exi st s if t he limit does
not exi st
E. g.
h 0 h 0
d x 0 h 0 0 h 0 d x
lim lim is not different iable at x 0.
dx h h dx

+
= = =
DERI VATI VE OF f( x) AT THE POI NT x = a
Der ivat i ve of funt ion f( x) wit h respect t o x at t he point x = a is defi ned as
( ) ( )
h 0
f a h f a
lim
h

+
Provided t he limit exist s and denot ed by ( ) f ' a .
A f unct i on i s sai d t o be differ ent iable at x = a i f it has a der ivat i ve t here. A funct ion is said t o
be different i able on an int erval if i t is diff erent iable at every point of t he i nt erval.
EXI STENCE OF THE DERI VATI VE:
The limi t must be t he same whet her h appr oaches 0 f rom t he r ight or fr om t he left .
Then t he der ivat i ve exist s. I f t hese limi t s ar e di fferent , t he derivat ive does not exist and t he
funct ion wil l not be deri vat i ve.
The funct ion is not der ivabl e i.e.
f '
does exist i f ei t her of t he lef t handed or ri ght
handed limi t s:
( i) does no exist , or ( i i) bot h exi st but t hey ar e not equal.
GEOMETRI CAL MEANI NG OF DI FFERENTI ABI LI TY AT A POI NT x = a:
Let us draw a cur ve y = f( x) . The coordi ant es of a poi nt P on t he curve are [ a, f( a) ] . Let
poi nt Q [ a + h, f ( a + h) ] on t he right side of P, and R[ a h, f ( a h) ] on t he lef t si de of P.
Draw per pendi culars PS and RT.
Slope of chor d
( ) ( ) f a h f a
QS
PQ
PS h
+
= = ; Slope of chor d
( ) ( ) f a h f a
PT
PR
RT h

= =

f ( x)
Q
S
X Q
R
h h
T
P
[ (a

h
, f( a

h
) ]
[ (a+ h, f( a+ h) ]
[ a, f( a) ]
When Q t ends t o P, t hen t he chord PQ becomes a t angent at P. As
h 0
. Point s Q
and R bot h t end t o P f rom r ight hand side and from left hand side respect ively. Slope of
t he t angent is given by
16 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
Q P R P
lim Slope of chord PQ lim Slope of chord PR

= ( (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
h 0 h 0
f a h f a f a h f a
lim lim
h h

+
=

Now f( x) is differ ent iable at x = a. if

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
h 0 h 0
f a h f a f a h f a
lim lim
h h

+
=

Slope of t he t angent at P, which is limi t ing posit ion of t he chords drawn on t he l eft
side of P is t he same as t he slope of t he t angent at P.
Thus f( x) is diff erent iable at t he point P, if f t here exist s a uni que t angent at P.
Every differ ent iable funct ion is cont inuous. But , ever y cont inuous f unct ion need
not be different iable.
Proof: Let t he funct ion f be diff erent iabl e at x = a. Then by defi nit i on:
( ) ( )
( )
h 0
f a h f a
lim f ' a
h

+
= .... .( 1)
Now, ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) f a h f a
f a h f a h
h
+
+ = ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
h 0 h 0 h 0
f a h f a
lim f a h f a lim lim h
h

+
( + =

( ) ( ) ( )
h 0
lim f a h f a f ' a 0 0

( + = =

[ Fr om ( 1) ] ( ) ( )
h 0
l i m f a h f a

+ =
Therefor e f is cont inuous at a. Since a is chosen arbi t rary so f is cont i nuous everywhere.
Hence, every dif ferent iabl e funct ion is cont inuous.
I f order t o show t hat a cont inuous f unct i on need not be diff erent iabl e, it is suffi cient t o
give an example of a f unct i on which is cont inuous but no dif ferent iable.
Consider f( x) = | x| at x = 0.
For cont inuit y: Lef t hand li mit at x = 0 ( ) ( )
h 0 h 0 h 0 h 0
l i m f 0 h l i m f h l im h l i m h 0

= = = = =
and Right hand li mit at x = 0. ( ) ( )
h 0 h 0 h 0 h 0
l i m f 0 h l im f h li m h li m h 0

= + = = = =
Her e, Left l imit = Ri ght l imit = f( 0) = 0. f i s cont inuous at x = 0.
B A
x x` O
135
f( x)
f
(
x
)
=
|
x
|
f
(
x
)
=
|
x
|
Again for dif ferent iable:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
h 0 h 0 h 0 h 0
0 h 0 f 0 h f 0
h
R f ' 0 lim lim lim lim 1 1
h h h

+ +
= = = = = .... .( 1)
and ( )
( ) ( )
( )
h 0 h 0 h 0
f 0 h f 0
h
L f ' 0 lim lim lim 1 1
h h


= = = =

.... .( 2)
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we get ( ) ( ) R f ' 0 L f ' 0 = .
Therefor e it is not di fferent iable at x = 0. Hence a cont inuous funct ion need not be
dif ferent iable.
17
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. Show t hat f( x) = x
2
is dif ferent iable at x = 1 and find ( ) f ' 1 .
Sol: We have, ( )
2
f x x =
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
h 0 h 0 h 0
f 1 h f 1 1 h 1
1 h 2h 1
R f ' 1 l i m li m l im
h h h

+
+ +
= = =
( )
( )
2
h 0 h 0 h 0
h h 2
h 2h
lim lim lim h 2 2
h h

+
+
= = = + = .... .( 1) [ Put t ing h = 0]
Now,
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
h 0 h 0 h 0
f 1 h f 1 1 h 1
1 h 2h 1
L f ' 1 li m li m l i m
h h h


+
= = =

( )
( )
h 0 h 0
h h 2
lim lim h 2 2
h

= =

.... .( 2) [ Put t ing h = 0]

From ( 1) and ( 2) , we have ( ) ( ) L f ' 1 R f ' 1 2 = =
Thi s shows t hat f ( x) i s dif ferent iable at x = 1 and ( ) f ' 1 2 = .
2. I f f is defined by ( ) ( )
2
f x x 2x 7, find f ' 3 = + + .
Sol: We have, ( )
2
f x x 2x 7 = + +
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
h 0 h 0
3 h 2 3 h 7 3 2 3 7
f 3 h f 3
R f ' 3 lim lim
h h

(
+ + + + + +
+

= =
( )
( )
2
h 0 h 0 h 0
h h 8
9 h 6h 6 2h 7 9 6 7
lim lim lim h 8 8
h h

+
+ + + + +
= = = + = .... .( 1)
and
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
h 0 h 0
3 h 2 3 h 7 3 2 3 7
f 3 h f 3
L f ' 3 lim lim
h h

( + + + +


= =

( )
( )
2 2
h 0 h 0 h 0 h 0
h h 8
9 h 6h 6 2h 7 9 6 7 h 8h
lim lim lim lim 8 h 8
h h h

+ + +
= = = = =

.. ...( 2)
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we have ( ) ( ) L f ' 3 R f ' 3 8 = = .
3. Discuss t he differ ent iabilit y of f( X) at x = 0, wher e
( )
1 / x
1 / x
e 1
x ; x 0
f x
e 1
0 ; x 0

=
=
+

.
Sol:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 / x
1 / x
h 0 h 0 h 0
e 1
h 0
f 0 h f 0 f h f 0
e 1
R f ' 0 l im l im l i m f x 0 at x 0
h h h

+ =
+
( = = = = =

1 / h 1 / h
1 / h 1 / h
h 0 h 0
e 1 1 e
lim lim
e 1 1 e

= =
+ +
( Mult iplying by
1 / h
e

)
18 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
h 0
1 e 1 0
lim 1
1 0 1 e

= = =
+ +
.... .( 1)
1 1
When h 0, and e 0
h 0

(
= = = = =
(

and
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 / h
1 / h
h 0 h 0 h 0
h e 1 0
f 0 h f 0 f h f 0
e 1
L f ' 0 l i m li m l i m
h h h

+
= = =

1 / h
1 / h
h 0
e 1 e 1 0 1
lim 1
0 1 e 1 e 1

= = = =
+ + +
.... .( 2)
1
e 0 and
0

| |
= =
|
\ .

From ( 1) and ( 2) , we get ( ) ( ) R f ' 0 L f ' 0 =

Hence, f ( x) is not dif ferent iable at x = 0.
4. Prove t hat x is cont inuous at x = 0 but not differnt iable at x = 0.
Sol: Let f( x) = x , D
f
= R.
( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
Lt f x Lt x 0 f 0

= = =
f i s cont inuous at x = 0.
Now ( )
( ) ( )
h 0
f 0 h f 0
f 0 Lt
h

+
' =
h 0 h 0
h 0 h 0
Lt Lt
h h



= =
h 0
h
Lt 1
h

= =
and ( )
( ) ( )
h 0
f 0 h f 0
f 0 Lt
h
+
+

+
' =
h 0 h 0
h 0
h 0
Lt Lt
h h
+ +

= =
h 0
h
Lt 1
h
+

= =
Hence ( ) ( ) f 0 f 0
+
' ' = f i s not dif ferent iable at x = 0.
5. Discuss t he different iabilit y of t he following funct ions at x = 0 ?
( i) ( )
cos x x + ( ii) ( )
cos x x ( iii) sin x x + ( iv) ( )
sin x x
Sol: cos x cos x = or ( ) cos x . Thus i s any case cos x cos x = for al l
x R e
. Since ( ) h x x = is
not dif ferent iabl e at x = 0, so cos x x cos x x + = + is not diff erent iable at x = 0.
( )
( ) si n x x i f x 0
f x sin x x
si n x x i f x 0
+ <

= + =

+ >

Now ( ) ( ) f 0 2, f 0 2 ' ' = + = so f is not different i able at x = 0. Finally

( ) ( )
si n x x if x 0
g x si n x x
si n x x i f x 0
+ <
= =

>

I n t his case ( ) g 0 0 ' + = and ( ) g 0 0 ' = . Thus ( )

sin x x is dif ferent iable at x = 0.
19
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
CLASSROOM WORKSHEET - 2

1. Prove t hat t he gr eat est int eger funct ion defi ned by f( x) = [ x] , 0 < x< 3 is not di fferent iable
at x = 1 and x = 2. [ NCERT]
2. Prove t hat t he funct ion f gi ven by ( ) f x x 1 , x R = e is not diff erent iable at x = 1.
[ NCERT]
3. For what values of a and b t he funct ion
( )
2
x , if x 1
f x
2ax b if x 1
s
=

+ >

is dif ferent iable at x = 1.

4. Discuss t he different iabil it y of t he funct ion
( )
2
x , x 0
f x
si n x, x 0
>
=

<

at t he point x = 0.
5. Show t hat t he funct ion f( x) defi ned as
( )
1
x cos , x 0
f x
x
0, x 0

=
=

i s cont inuous at a point

x = 0 but not der ivable at t hat poi nt .
6. Examine for cont i nuit y and diff ernt i abili t y t he funct ion
( )
1
x sin , x 0
f x x
0 , x 0 at x 0.

= =

HOME WORKSHEET - 2

1. Discuss t he cont i nuit y and diff erent iabl it y of ( )
2
1
x si n , if x 0
f x
x
0, if x 0

=
=

. [ NCERT]
2. Discuss t rhe diff erent iabil it y of f( x) at t he given point ( )
2
x , i f x 1
f x
2x 1, i f x 1
s
=

>

at x = 1.
3. Discuss t rhe diff erent iabil it y of f( x) at t he given point
( )
2
12x 13, x 3
f x at x 3
2x 5, x 3
s
= =

+ >

.
4. For what choice of a and b is t he funct i on.
( )
2
x , x c
f x
ax b , x c
s
=

+ >

; dif ferent iable at x = c.

5. Show t hat
( )
x
f x
1 x
=
+
is dif ferent iable for al l
x R e
.
20 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
OBJECTI VE TYPE QUESTI ONS
1. The set of all point s wher e t he funct ion f( x) = x x is diff erent iable is
( 1) ( ) , ( 2) ( ) ( ) , 0 0, ( 3) ( ) 0, ( 4) | ) 0,
2. I f
( ) ( )
1
x 2
for x -2
f x t an x 2
2 for x = -2

+
=

= +

t hen
( 1) f is cont inuous at x = 2 ( 2) f i s not der ivable at x = 2
( 3) f i s not cont inuous at x = 2 ( 4) f i s der ivable at x = 2
3. I f
( )
x f or 0 x 2
f x
2 f or x 2
s s
=

>

, t hen f( x) is not di fferent iable at x = ___________

( 1) 1 ( 2) 2 ( 3) 3 ( 4) 4
4. I f
( )
3 x, f or x 0
f x
3- x, f or x< 0
+ >
=

, t hen f ( x) is not dif ferent iable at x = ____________

( 1) 0 ( 2) 1 ( 3) 2 ( 4) 3
5. I f f is an even funct ion and f
1
( x) exi st s t hen f
1
( 0) = ____________
( 1) 0 ( 2) 1 ( 3) 1 ( 4) f( 0)
6. The set of point s where t he funct ion ( ) f x x x = is diff erent iable is
( 1) ( ) , o o ( 2) R { 0} ( 3) ( ) 0, o ( 4) None of t hese
7. Column- I Column- I I
a) x x p) cont inuous in ( 1, 1)
b) x q) diff erent iabl e in ( 1, 1)
c) x x + (

r) different iable i n ( 0, 1)
d) x 1 s) not different iabl e in ( 1, 1)
8. Column- I Column- I I
a) ( )
3
f x x = is p) cont inuous in ( 1, 1)
b) ( ) f x x = is q) diff erent iabl e in ( 1, 1)
c) ( )
1
f x si n x

= is r) different iable i n ( 0, 1)
d) ( )
1
f x cos x

= is s) not different iabl e in ( 1, 1)

21
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
SYNOPSI S

I NTRODUCTI ON: Now we will l earn diff erent iat ion of inver se t r igonomet r ic funct ions,
exponent ial funct ion and l ogar it hmi c funct ions.
I NCREMENT: Let y = f( x) be a funct ion of x. A small change in t he value of x is called t he
increment in x. And t he change i n t he val ue of y correspondi ng t o a small change in t he
val ue of x is call ed t he increment in y.
Let y = x
2
, when x = 3, we have y = 9.
I f x changes from 3 t o 3.1 t hen incr ement in x = 3.1 3 = 0.1
The corr esponding value of y wi ll be ( 3.1) 2 = 9.61 and t he i ncrement in y in t his case
= 9.61 9 = 0. 61.
A small change in t he value of x, as it increases or decr eases from one value x = x
1
t o
anot her value x = x
2
is denot ed by
x o
( r ead as delt a x ) and is call ed increment in x.
Hence
2 1
x x x o = .
I f shoul d be remembered t hat
x o
is not t he product of
o
and x but i s simply a symbol for
a small change in x. Similarly, a small change in y or i ncrement i n y i s y o .
DI FFERENTI AL COEFFI CI ENT:
The limit of increment al rat io i.e.
y
l i m and x
x
o
o
o
approaches zero is called t he different ial
coeffici ent of y wit h respect t o x and is denot ed by
dy
dx
.
( )
( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
f x x f x
dy y d
lim f x lim
dx x dx x
o o
+ o
o
= =
o o
STANDARD FORMULAE ALREADY DONE:
S.no Funct ion De ri v at i ve
1 x
n
n x
n 1

2 sin x cos x
3 cos x sin x
4 t an x sec
2
x
5 cot x cosec
2
x
6 sec x sec x t an x
7 cosec x cosec x cot x
8 ( )
dy
uv
dx

dv du
u v
dx dx
+
9
d u
dx v
| |
|
\ .

2
du dv
v u
dx dx
v

22 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
DI FFERENTI AL COEFFI CI ENT OF A FUNCTI ON OF A FUNCTI ON ( CHAI N RULE)
Let y be a f unct i on of u and u a funct ion of x.
Let x, u and y o o o be t he corresponding i ncrement s in x, u and y respect ively..
( )
x 0 x 0 x 0
y y u y y u
l i m l i m li m as x 0 hence u 0
x u x x u x
o o o
o o o o o o
= = o o
o o o o o o
dy dy du
dx du dx
=
I f y = f( t ) , = g( u) , u = h( x) . Then
dy dt du
dt du dx
| |

|
\ .
E. g. Let y = sin x
2
y sin u, = Put t ing u = x
2

dy
cosu
du
=
2
du
u x 2x
dx
(
= =
(

Now,
2 2
dy dy du dy
cos u 2x cos x 2x 2x cos x
dx du dx dx
= = = =
.
DI FFERENTI ATI ON OF I MPLI CI T FUNCTI ONS
I mplici t funct ion. An equat ion of t he form f( x, y) = 0, in which y i s not expressi ble direct ly
in t erms of, is known as an implicit funct ion of x and y.
( or)
I f a funct ion in x and y is given, in such a way t hat x and y cannot be separat ed in
lef t hand si de ri ght hand side easil y, t hen t he funct i on is call ed i mplicit funct i on.
Let us consider,
( i) y x + 2 = 0 ( ii ) y sin xy = t ( ii i) ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
= 0
Her e, ( i ) in first example y can be expr essed in t erms of x. I t is explicit funct i on.
I n example ( i i) and ( i ii) i t is not easy way t o sol ve for y i .e., y and x cannot be
separat ed on left hand side and right hand side easi ly. They are i mplicit funct ions.
We should keep in mind t hat der ivat ive of x w.r.t x is 1 and derivat ive of y w.r.t . x i s
dy
.
dx
E. g. ( ) ( )
3 2
d dy d
y 3y , sin y cos y
dx dx dy
= =
( ) ( )
2 2
d d dy
y 2y. But y 2y
dy dx dx
= =
SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. Find t he der ivat i ve of abslut e value funct ions.
Sol: Let ( ) ( )
1
2 2
2
y x x x by def i ni t i on = = =
Dif ferent iat ing w.r. t . x, we get
( ) ( )
1
2 2
2
2 2
dy 1 d 1 x x
x x 2x
dx 2 dx x
2 x x

= = = = ( )
d x
x , x 0
dx x
= =
23
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
2. Dif ferent iat e : ( i )
7
(3x 8) + ( ii )
2
(3x 2x 9) + +
Sol: ( i) Let
7
y (3x 8) = + ,
7
y u = Put t ing
u 3x 8 = +
du
3 . . . . (1)
dx
=
6
dy
7u . . . . . . (2)
du
=
We know t hat ,
6
dy dy du
. 7u . (3)
dx du dx
= =
[ Using ( 1) and ( 2) ]
6 6
21u 21(3x 8) [ u 3x 8] = = + = +
( i i) Let
2
y 3x 2x 9 = + +
; y u =
dy 1
dx
2 u
=
Put t ing
2
du
u 3x 2x 9 6x 2
dx
= + + = +
Therefore
dy dy du 1
. .(6x 2)
dx du dx
2 u
= = +

2
1
. (6x 2)
2 3x 2x 9
= +
+ +

2
[ u 3x 2x 9] = + +
2
(3x 1)
3x 2x 9
+
=
+ +
3. Dif ferent iat e w.r. t .x : ( i )
5
sin x
( ii )
5
sin x
( iii )
2
sin(x 3x 6) + +
Sol: ( i) Let
5
y sin x = ,
dy
y si n u cos u
du
= =
Put t ing
5 4
du
u x 5x
dx
= =
We know t hat
4 4 5 5
dy dy du
. cos u. (5x ) 5x cos x [ u x ]
dx du dx
= = = =
( i i) Let
5 5
y sin x (sin x) = = ,
5
y u =
4
dy
5u
du
=
Put t ing
u si n x =

du
cos x
dx
=
We know t hat ,
4 4
dy dy du
. 5u . ( cos x) 5( si n x) ( cos x) [ u sin x]
dx du dx
= = = =

4
5 sin x. cos x =
( ii i) Let
2
y sin(x 3x 6) = + + , y sinu =
dy
cosu
du
=
Put t ing
2
u x 3x 6 = + +
du
2x 3
dx
= +
We know t hat ,
2 2
dy dy du
. cosu. (2x 3) [ cos( x 3x 6) ] . (2x 3) [ u x 3x 6]
dx du dx
= = + = + + + = + +
2
(2x 3) cos(x 3x 6) = + + +
24 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
4. Find
dy
dx
if 2x + 3y = sin y..
Sol: We have, 2x + 3y = si n y
Dif ferent iat ing bot h sides wit h respect t o x, we get
( )
dy dy dy dy dy dy 2
2 3 cos y 3 cos y 2 cos y 3 2
dx dx dx dx dx dx cos y 3
+ = = = =

CLASSROOM WORKSHEET - 3

1. Different iat e t he funct ions wit h respect t o x: (i) sin(x
2
+ 5) ( ii ) sin ( ax + b) . [ NCERT]
2. Find t he dif ferent ial coef fici ent of ( i ) cos( sin x) ( ii ) si n[ cos( t an x) [ NCERT]
3. Dif ferent iat e t he foll owing funct ions wit h respect t o x:
( )
2
3 2
5x
y sin 2x 3
1 x
= + +

[ CBSE 2 000 C]
4. I f
y sin x si n x si n x . . . . . = + + +
, prove t hat
dy cos x
dx 2y 1
=

.
5. I f sin y = x sin ( a + y) , prove t hat
( )
2
sin a y
dy
dx sin a
+
= .
6. Find
dy
dx
in t he fol lowi ng: [ NCERT]
( i)
2
sin y cos xy + = t ( ii )
2 2
sin x cos y 1 + =
7. I f
2 2
ax 2hxy by 0 + + = , fi nd
dy
dx
.
8.
( )
2
dy 1
I f x 1 y y 1 x 0, show t hat .
dx
1 x
+ + + = =
+
[ NCERT]
9. ( )
2
2 2
2
dy 1 y
I f 1 x 1 y a x y , t hen prove t hat .
dx 1 x

+ = =

HOME WORKSHEET - 3

1. Dif ferent iat e t he funct ions wit h respect t o x: ( i )
cos x
( ii ) sec( t an x) .
Dif ferent iat e t he following funct ions wit h r espect t o x:
2. ( 9 + 7x)
6
. 3. ( 3 4x)
5
. 4. ( 3x
2
x + 1)
4
.
5. cos( sin x
2
) . 6. t an( 2x + 3) . 7.
2
3 4x
2 x
+ | |
|

\ .
25
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
8. I f cosy = x cos( a + y) , prove t hat
( )
2
cos a y
dy
dx si n a
+
=
. [ NCERT]
9. I f
( )
2
2 2
x y xy + = , fi nd
dy
dx
. [ CBSE 20 09]
10. I f siny = x cos( a + y) , prove t hat
( )
2
cos a y
dy
dx cos a
+
=
.
11. I f y = x sin y, prove t hat
( )
dy y
x .
dx 1 x cos y
=

SOLUTI ONS

CLASSROOM WORK SHEET- 1
3. Let x n, n I = e . Then, x is int eger..
Lef t hand
{ } ( ) { } ( )
x n x n
x n
l im x x li m x n 1 n n 1 1

<
= = = (

Right hand
{ } { }
x n x n
x n
l i m x x l i m x n n n 0
+

>
= = = (

Since l eft hand limi t
=
Ri ght hand li mit f( x) is discont inuous at al l int egers n.
When x i s real number.
Now, let x = p, where n < p < n + 1, n being an i nt eger. Then
Lef t hand
{ } { }
x p x p
x p
l i m x x li m x n p n

<
= = (

Right hand
{ } { }
x p x p
x p
l i m x x li m x n p n
+

>
= = (

f( p) = p [ p] = p n. Hence, f ( x) i s cont inuous at all non- int egral point s p.
4. We have,
( )
2x 1, x 2
f x k, x 2
3x 1, x 2
+ <

= =

>

Lef t hand ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x 2 x 2 h h 0 h 0
l i m f x l i m 2x 1 l i m 2 2 h l i m 5 2h 5

= + = = =
.... .( 1)
Right hand ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x 2 x 2 h h 0 h 0
l i m f x l i m 3x 1 l i m 3 2 h l i m 5 3h 5
+
= = + = + =
.... .( 2)
f( 2) = k .... .( 3)
For t he funct ion f( x) t o be cont inuous:
26 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
Lef t hand ( )
x 2
l i m f x

= Right hand ( ) ( )
x 2
l i m f x f 2

=
From( 1) , ( 2) and ( 3) , we have, 5 = 5 = k
Hence, f or t he funct ion f( x) t o be cont i nuous at x = 2, t he value of k is 5.
5. Funct ion f i s cont inuous, when
3
k
4
= .
6. We have, f(x) = sin
2
x + x
2
2x f ( 0) = si n
2
0 + 0 2( 0) = 0 + 0 0 = 0
Lef t hand li mit at x = 0 =
( )
( )
( )
2 2
x 0 h x 0
l im f x li m sin x x 2x

= +
= ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
h 0
li m sin 0 h 0 h 2 0 h

(
+

[ Put t ing x = 0 h]
=
2 2
h 0
li m sin h h 2h 0 0 0 0

( + + = + + =

Right hand li mit at x = 0
= ( )
2 2
x 0 h x 0
l i m f x l i m si n x x 2x
+
+
( = +

= ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
h 0
li m si n 0 h 0 h 2 0 h

(
+ + + +

[ Put t i ng
x = 0 + h] =
2 2
h 0
l i m si n h h 2h

( +

= 0 + 0 0 = 0
From ( 1) , ( 2) and ( 3) , we get
Lef t hand limit ( at x = 0) = Right hand li mit ( at x = 0) = f( 0) .
Hence t he funct ion f( x) = sin
2
x + x
2
2x is cont inuous at x = 0.
7. We have,
( )
1
xsin , x 0
f x = x
0, x = 0
| |
=
|
\ .

f ( 0) = 0 .... .( 1)
Lef t hand limit ( at x = 0)
( ) ( )
x 0 h h 0 x 0
1 1
l im f x l im x si n li m 0 h sin
x 0 h

| | | |
= =
| |

\ . \ .
[ Put t ing x = ( 0 h) ]
=
h 0
1
li m h sin
h

| |
|
\ .
[

sin( x) = si nx] = 0 ... .. ( 2)

[

0 any number = 0]
Add right hand limit ( at x = 0)
( )
x 0 h x 0
1
l im f x li m x sin
x
+
+
| |
=
|
\ .
=
h 0
1
l im h si n 0
h

| |
=
|
\ .
... .. ( 3) [ Put t i ng x = 0 + h]
From ( 1) , ( 2) and ( 3) , we f ind t hat
( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
l im f x li m f x f 0
+

= =
Hence, f is cont inuous at x = 0.
27
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
8. We have
( )
si n x
, x 0
f x
x
x 1, x 0

<
=

+ >

Case I : When x > 0, f( x) = x + 1, which is a pol ynomial f unct i on and is cont inuous.
Case I I : When x < 0, ( )
si n x
f x
x
= , we al so know t hat sin x and x bot h ar e cont inuous
funct ions for all x. ( )
si n x
f x is cont inuous f or ever y x 0
x
= < .
Case I I : Let us now consider at t he point x = 0.
Lef t hand limi t ( at x = 0) .
( )
( )
( )
x 0 h h 0 x 0
sin 0 h
sin x
lim f x lim lim
x 0 h

= = =

[ Put x = 0 - h]
( )
h 0 h 0
sin h
sin h
lim lim 1
h h

= = =

x 0
sin h
lim 1
h

(
=
(

.... .( 1)
And Right hand l imit ( At x = 0) .
( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 h h 0 x 0
lim f x lim x 1 lim 0 h 1
+
+
= = + + +
[ Put x = 0 + h] = 1 .... .( 2)
Also, f( 0) = 0 + 1 = 1 .... .( 3) ( ) f x x 1, x 0 ( = + =

From ( 1) , ( 2) and ( 3) , we have

Lef t hand li mit ( at x = 0) = Right hand l imit ( At x = 0) = f ( 0)
Hence,f( x) i s cont inuous at x = 0.
And t her efor e f( x) is cont inuous at ever y poi nt .
9. Everywhere cont inuous 10. Everywhere cont inuous
13.
7
2
= 14.
7 17
a , b
2 2
= = 15. a 1, b 1 and a 1, b 1 2 = = = =
HOME WORK SHEET- 1
1. We have
( )
( )
( )
2x x, when x 0
x, when x 0
f x or f x
2x x , when x 0 3x, when x 0
> >
= =

< <

( ) f 0 0 = .... .( 1)
Lef t hand limit ( at x = 0)
( ) ( )
x 0 h x 0
lim f x lim 2x x

= =
[ Put t ing x = 0 h as x 0, h 0 ]
( ) ( )
h 0
l i m 0 h 0 0 0

= = =
.... .( 2)
And right hand li mit ( at x = 0)
( ) ( )
x 0 h x 0
lim f x lim x
+
+
= =
( ) ( )
h 0
l i m 0 h 0 0 0

= + = + =
.... .( 3) [ Put t ing x = 0 + h]
From ( 1) , ( 2) and ( 3) , we have
( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
lim f x lim f x f 0
+

= =
.
2. f i s not cont inuous at x = 0. 3. a = 3 and b = 2
28 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
4. We have,
( )
k cos x
, i f x
2x 2
f x
3, i f x
2
t
=

t
=

t

Lef t hand
( )
h 0
x h
x
2
2
k cos h
k cos x 2
l i m f x li m l i m 1
2x
2 h
2

t
t

t | |

|
\ .
= = =
t t | |
t
|
\ .
H 0 h 0
k si n h k si n h k
l i m l im
2h 2 2h 2

= = =
h 0
sin h
sin ce, lim 1
h

(
=
(

Right hand
( )
h 0 h 0
x h
x
2
2
k cos h
k cos x k si n h 2
l i m f x l im l i m l i m
2x 2h
2 h
2
+
t
t
+

t | |
+
|

\ .
= = =
t t | |
t +
|
\ .
h 0
k sin h k
l i m
2 h 2

= =
h 0
si n h
l im 1
h

(
=
(

Also,
f 3
2
t | |
=
|
\ .
Her e for cont inuous, L. H.L. = R.H.L.
k k k
f 3 3 k 6
2 2 2 2
t | |
= = = = =
|
\ .
6. k = 4
7. Lef t hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 2 h x 2 h x 2
l i m f x l i m 1 x l i m 1 2 h 3

= + = + =
... .. ( 1)
Right hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 2 h h 0 x 2
l i m f x l i m 5 x l i m 5 2 h 3
+
+
= = =
.... .( 2)
f( x) = 5 x f ( 2) = 5 2 = 3
From ( 1) , ( 2) and ( 3) , we have
Lef t hand
( )
x 2
f x

= Right hand
( ) ( )
x 2
l i m f x f 2
+

The gi ven f unct i on f ( x) i s cont inuous at x = 2

8. f( 0) = a
Lef t hand ( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 h h 0 x 0 x 0
l i m f x l i m x l i m 0 h l i m h 0

= = ( = =

Right hand ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
x 0 h h 0 h 0 x 0
l i m f x l im x li m 0 h l i mh 0
+
+
= = + = =
For t he funct ion t o be cont inuous : Left hand
( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
l im f x Right hand li m f x f 0

+
= =
From ( 1) , ( 2) and ( 3) , we have 0 = 0 = a.
a 0 =
29
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
9.
2
2
2
Lt sin ax
a 1 a 1
x 0 x
= = =

10. LHL = RHL = f ( 0)

( )
1/ 2
1/ 2
1 1
sin(0 1) sin
0 0 . .
x bx
lt lt
x x
c
x x x b x x
+
+ +
= =


1
1 1
2
a c + + = =
3 1
,
2 2
a c

= =
15.
2 =
16. a = 3, b = 8 17. a = 3, b = 2
OBJECTI VE TYPE QUESTI ONS
1. Key: 2
L.H.L. =
1/
1/
. 1
sin
0 1
x
x
Lt
x e
x e x

+
+
0 0
1 0
a

= +
+
f init e quant it y whi ch i s not uni que
( )
0
Lt
f x
x

does not exist and hence f( x) is discont inuous at x = 0

2. Key - 1 ; ( )
1
2 x, 2 x
x, x 0
cos cos x x, 0 x
2 x, x 2

t + t < < t

t s <

= s s t

t t < < t

f( x) is cont inuous at x =
3. Key - 4 ;
2 if x 0
f(x) 0 if x 0
2 if x 0
<

= >

; t hus
( ) 2 0 ( )
0 0
+
= = =

lt lt
f x f x
x x
Hence, f is cont i nuous everywhere except at x= 0.
4. I f
0 x
t hen
2
0 x
and
2
0 x
lt
f(x) 0 f(0)
x 0
= =

; ( ) f x is cont inuous at x= 0
I f
2 2
x 1 / 2 t hen x 1 / 4 and x 1 / 4 ;
lt
f( x)
x 1 / 2

does not exi st s

f
is discont i nuous at x=
1
2
5. Key - 1,3 ; (1 ) 5(1) 4 1 f

= = ;
1
(1 ) 4.1 3 1 1 f
+
= = f( 1) = 1
2
(2 ) 4(2 ) 3(2) 16 6 10 f

= = = ; (2 ) 3(2) 4 10 f
+
= + =
f i s cont inuous at x = 1 and x = 2
30 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
6. Key - 1 ;
3
2
Lt Lt x 27
f( x) 3.3 27 f(3)
x 3 x 3 x 3

= = = =

f( x) i s cont inuous as x = 3
7. Key - ( q,r,s) , p, ( q,r, s) ,( p,s)
( a) f( x) is cont i nuous everywhere si nce | x| and | x- 1| ar e cont inuous f unct i on.
( b) [ x] is dis- cont inuous at x = 1 = 1 1 1 0
+
( ( = =

f( x) is dis- cont inuous at x = 1 ; similarl y di s- cont inuous at 0
( c) Clearly, f( x) is cont inuous at x < 1; f( x) is di s- cont inuous at
1 x >
We check at x = 1
2
Lt Lt x 3x 13 1 3 13
f(x) 2
4 2 4 4 2 4 x 1 x 1

| |
= + = + =
|

\ .
Lt Lt Lt
f(x) | x 3 | (x 3) (1 3) 2
x 1 x 1 x 1
+ +
= = = =

f ( 1) = 2 f( x) is cont inuous at x = 1 also
( d)
2 2
Lt
f(x) x (or ) x 0
x 0
+
= =

2 2
Lt
f(x) x (or) x 0
x 0

= =

; f( x) is cont inuous at x = 0
Except 0, x may t ake rat ional ( or) ir rat ional except 0 f ( x) as di s- cont inuous.
8. a)
x
e
cont inuous on R b) logx is cont inuous on ( 0,

)
c) cosx is cont inuous on R d) secx is cont inuous on ( ) R 2n 1 : n z
2
t
+ e
`
)
9. I nt eger answer t ype :
( )
2
2x 3
f x
2x 5x 2

=
+
f( x) is discont inuous at x= a,b
1
x , 2
2
= ;
1 5
a b 2
2 2
+ = + = ; 2( a + b ) = 5
CLASSROOM WORK SHEET- 2
3. a = 1, b = 1 4. Not dif ferent iable
6. ( )
x 0 x 0
1
Lt f x Lt x sin 0
x

= =

x 0
1
Lt x 0 and si n 1 for al l x R, x 0
x

| |
= s e =
|
\ .

Also f( 0) = 0
( ) ( )
x 0
Lt f x f 0

=
f i s cont inuous at x = 0.
Now ( )
( ) ( )
h 0
f 0 h f 0
f 0 Lt
h

+
' =
( )
h 0 h 0
1
h sin
f h 0
h
Lt Lt
h h

= =
h 0
1
Lt si n
h

=
, which does not exist f i s not diff erent iabl e x = 0.
31
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
HOME WORK SHEET- 2
1. f( x) is cont inuous at x = 0. 2. Dif ferent iable. 3. Dif ferent iable.
4. Since f is differ ent iable at t he poi nt x = c, it must be cont inuous at t his point

( ) ( ) ( )
x c x c
Lt f x Lt f x f c
+

= =

( )
2 2
x c x c
Lt x Lt ax b c
+

= + =

c
2
= ac + b = c
2

c
2
= ac + b _________ ( 1)
Also, f is differ ent iable at x = c
( ) ( ) f c f c
+
' ' =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
f c h f c f c h f c
Lt Lt
h h
+

+ +
=

( ) ( )
2
2 2
x 0 x 0
c h c a c h b c
Lt Lt
h h
+

+ + +
=

2 2 2 2
x 0 x 0
c h 2ch c ac ah b c
Lt Lt
h h
+

+ + + +
= (

ac + b = c
2
by ( 1) )

( )
2
x 0 x 0
h h 2c ac ah b c
Lt Lt
h h
+

+ + +
=

( )
x 0 x 0
Lt h 2c Lt a
+

+
( ) h 0 =

2c = a and t hen f rom ( 1)
c
2
= 2c.c + b

c
2
2 c
2
= b

b = c
2
.
Hence a = 2 c and b = c
2
.
5. By using def. of x , we get ( )
x
, x 0
1 x
f x 0 , x 0
x
, x 0
1 x

>

= =

<

Clearly, f i s dif ferent iable for al l
x 0 R = e
.
Let us examine it for different i abili t y at x = 0.
( )
( ) ( )
x 0 x 0
x
0
f x f 0
1 x
f 0 Lt Lt
x 0 x
+ +
+

+
' = =

x 0
1
Lt 1
1 x
+

= =
+
and
( )
( ) ( )
x 0 x 0 x 0
x
0
f x f 0 1
1 x
f 0 Lt Lt Lt 1
x 0 x 1 x

' = = = =

( ) ( ) f 0 f 0
+
' ' =
f i s dif ferent iable at x = 0. Hence f is di fferent iable f or al l
x R e
.
32 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,
HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
OBJECTI VE TYPE QUESTI ONS
1. Key - 1 ;
( ) ( )
2
2
x ; x<0
f x x x f x
x ; x 0

= =

>

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2x; x<0
f x f 0 f 0 0
2x; x 0
+

= = =

>

f( x) is diff erent iable ever y where.

2. Key - 2,3 ;
( )
( )
1
x 2 x 2
x 2
Lt f x Lt 1
t an x 2
+ +

+
= =
+
( )
( )
1
x 2 x 2
x 2
Lt f x Lt 1
t an x 2


+
= =
+
f( x) is not cont inuous at x = 2 ; f( x) is not deri vabl e at x = 2.
3. Key - 2 ;
( )
x for 0 x 2
f x
2 f or x 2
s s
=

>

( ) ( )
1 1
x 2 x 2
x 2 2 2
f 2 Lt 1 ; f 2 Lt 0
x 2 x 2

+


= = = =

f( x) is not different i able at x = 2

4. Key - 1 ;
( )
3 x, x 0
f x
3- x, x< 0
+ >
=

( ) ( )
1 1
x 0 x 0
3 x 3 3 x 3
f 0 Lt 1 ; f 0 Lt 1
x 0 x 0
+
+

+
= = = =

f( x) i s not dif ferent iable at x = 0.

5. Key : 1
6.
( )
2
2
x if x 0
f x x x
x i f x 0
>

= =

<

Since x
2
and x
2
ar e di fferent ial be f unct i ons, f( x) is differ ent i able, except possibly at x = 0.
Now ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
h 0 h 0
f 0 h f 0 f h
f 0 l im l i m
h h
+ +
+
' + = = ( ) f 0 0 = (

2
h 0 h 0
h
li m l im h 0
h
+ +
= = =
and ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
h 0 h 0
f 0 h f 0 f h f 0
f 0 l im l i m
h h

+
' = =
2
h 0 h 0
h
li m l im h 0
h

= = =
Hence f is different i able ever ywhere.
7. Key - ( p,q,r) , ( p, r,s) , ( r, s) , ( p,q,r ) ;
( a) x x is cont inuous and dif ferent iabl e in ( 1, 1)
33
Maths-C and D SPARK SUMMIT-12
Copyright 2012
( b) x is cont inuous and not different i able at x = 0
( c) | | x x + is not cont inuous at x = 0.
( d) x 1 is cont inuous and dif ferent iabl e in ( 1, 1)
CLASSROOMWORKSHEET - 3
1. ( i) Let
2
y sin(x 5) = +
dy
y si n u cos u
du
= =
Put
2
du
u x 5 2x
dx
= + = .
We know t hat
2
dy dy du
. cosu. (2x) 2x. cos( x 5)
dx du dx
= = = +
( i i) Let y sin(ax b) = +
dy
y si nu cosu
du
= =
Put
u ax b = +
=
du d
( ax b) a
dx dx
= + =
We know t hat
dy dy du
. cosu.a acos(ax b)
dx du dx
= = = +
2. ( i) Let y = cos( sin x)
dy d
si n( sin x) . ( sin x) si n( si n x) . cos x
dx dx
= =
[ using chai n rule]
( i i) Let y = sin [ cos ( t an x) ]
dy d d
cos[ cos( t an x) ] . [ cos( t an x) ] cos[ cos( t an x) ] [ sin( t an x) ] . ( t an x)
dx dx dx
= =
2
cos[ cos( t an x) ] [ sin( t an x) ] . sec x = [ Using chai n rule]
3.
( )
( )
2
4
2
3
15 5x
2 si n 4x 6
3 1 x

+ +

6. ( i) We have, si n
2
y + cos xy = t
Dif ferent iat ing bot h sides wit h respect t o x, we get
dy dy
2 sin y cos y si n xy x y 0
dx dx
| |
+ =
|
\ .
( )
dy dy dy
si n 2y x si n xy y sin xy 0 si n 2y x si n xy y si n xy
dx dx dx
= =
dy y sin xy
dx sin2y x sin xy
=

34 LOCUS LEARNERSS TREE,

HYDERABAD, INDIA
SPARK SUMMIT-12 Maths-C and D
( i i) We have, si n
2
x + cos
2
y = 1
Dif ferent iat ing bot h sides wit h respect t o x, we get
( ) ( )
dy
2 sin x cos x 2 cos y sin y 0
dx
+ =
dy
sin 2x 2 si n y cos y 0
dx
=
dy dy sin2x
sin2x sin2y 0
dx dx sin2y
= =
7.
ax hy
hx by
+
+
HOME WORKSHEETS- 3
1. ( i) Let y cos x = = y cos u = =
dy
si n u
du
=
Put t ing
u x =
2
u x =
1 1
1
2 2
du 1 1 1
x x
dx 2 2
2 x

= = =
We know t hat
dy dy du 1
. sinu.
dx du dx
2 x
= =
1
sin x [ u x]
2 x
= =
( i i) Let y sec( t an x) = ; Put y sec u =
dy
sec u t an u
du
=
u t an v =
2
du
sec v
dv
= =
v x =
dv 1
dx
2 x
=
We know t hat ,
dy dy du dv
. .
dx du dv dx
=

2
2
sec u t an u. sec v
2 x
=
2
2
sec( t an v) t an( t an v) sec v [ u t an v]
2 x
= =
=
2
sec( t an x ) t an( t an x ) sec x
[ v x]
2 x
=
2.
( )
5
42 9 7x + 3.
( )
4
20 3 4x 4.
( ) ( )
3
2
4 6x 1 3x x 1 +
5. ( )
2 2
2x cos x si n si n x 6. ( )
2
2 sec 2x 3 + 7.
( )
( )
3
22 3 4x
2 x
+

8. We have, cos y = x cos( a + y)

( )
cos y
x
cos a y
=
+
Dif ferent iat ing bot h sides wit h respect t o y, we get
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
d d
cos a y cos y cos y cos a y
cos a y sin y cos y sin a y
dx dx dy dy
dy dy cos a y cos a y
+ +
+ + +
= =
+ +
( )
2
cos a y
dy
dx si n a
+
=