Académique Documents
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Culture Documents
The Scientic Revolution The Enlightenment The Impact of the Enlightenment Colonial Empires and the American Revolution
Objectives: Discuss how the Scientic Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankinds place in the universe
These scientists relied on a few ancient authorities especially Aristotlefor their scientic knowledge Renaissance humanists had mastered Greek as well as Latin and thus had access to newly discovered works by Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato
A Revolution in Astronomy
Secrets of nature were written in the language of mathematics Major discoveries in science and astronomy overturned the conception of the universe held by Westerners in the Middle Ages
Kepler used detailed astronomical data to arrive at his laws of planetary motion Kepler showed that the orbits of the planets around the Sun were not circular, rather elliptical
Kepler used detailed astronomical data to arrive at his laws of planetary motion Kepler showed that the orbits of the planets around the Sun were not circular, rather elliptical
Galileo
*Galileo Galilei taught mathematics and was the rst European to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope The Starry Messenger The Copernican model and Galileo threatened the Catholic Church
Galileo
*Galileo Galilei taught mathematics and was the rst European to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope The Starry Messenger The Copernican model and Galileo threatened the Catholic Church
Newton
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia) The three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies *universal law of gravitation Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity
Newton
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia) The three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies *universal law of gravitation Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity
Newtons ideas created a new picture of the universe. It was now seen as one huge, regulated, uniform machine that worked according to natural laws
Andreas Vesalius One the Fabric of the Human Body He dissecting human bodies Individual organs and general structure of the human body He still clung to Galens erroneous idea that two kinds of blood owed in the veins and arteries
Andreas Vesalius One the Fabric of the Human Body He dissecting human bodies Individual organs and general structure of the human body He still clung to Galens erroneous idea that two kinds of blood owed in the veins and arteries
William Harvey On the Motion of the Heart and Blood He showed that the heart not the liver, as Galen had thoughtwas the beginning point for the circulation of blood in the body He showed that blood makes a complete circuit through the body
Science of chemistry arose in the 17th and 18th Robert Boyle controlled experiments and explored the properties of gases The volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it
*Rene Descartes, the father of rationalism Began by thinking and writing about the doubt and uncertainty that seemed to be everywhere Discourse on Method I think, therefore I am The mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different
The Enlightenment
Objectives: 1. Describe how eighteenth-century intellectuals used the ideas of the Scientic Revolution to reexamine all aspects of life 2. Relate how people gathered in salons to discuss the ideas of the philosophes
Newton: the worldmachine Locke: theory of knowledge and tabula rasa People believed that they could discover the natural laws to produce an ideal society
Montesquieu
Came from French nobility, writing The Spirit of the Laws Tried to use the scientic method to nd the natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings Wrote on governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies *separation of power
Voltaire
Came from prosperous middle-class wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays, and histories especially well known for his criticism of Christianity *deism
Author of the rst Encyclopedia He wrote the text to change the general way of thinking Many articles attacked religious superstition and supported religious toleration Consumed by doctors, clergy, teachers, and lawyers
Diderot
The Salon
Salons were elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class in which writers and artists gathered together with aristocrats, government ofcials, and wealthy middle-class people
*John Wesley, an Anglican minister, had a mystical experience in which the gift of Gods grace assured him of salvation He street preached, especially to lower classes Methodism led to the abolition of slavery and gave the lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community
Objectives: 1. Discuss how Enlightenment beliefs were reected in the art, music, and literature of the time 2. Summarize how Enlightenment thought inuenced the politics of Europe in the eighteenth century
By 1730, a new artistic style spread all over Europe: *rococo Unlike the baroque style, rococo emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action a highly secular style Its lightness and charm spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love
Music
*Johann Sebastian Bach, a renowned organist as well as a composer Mass in B Minor
Music
*Johann Sebastian Bach, a renowned organist as well as a composer Mass in B Minor
Handel, a German who spent most of career in England He is probably best known for his religious music, namely Messiah Bach and Handel perfected the baroque style
Classicism style emerged in the late 18th century The style is best demonstrated by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart While there are many examples, he is most known for Don Giovanni
Some Absolutist Rulers attempted to practice *Enlightened absolutism Prussia, Austria, and Russia will be examples Did they allow freedom of speech, press, the right to private property?
Frederick II the Great was one of the best educated and most cultured monarchs in the 18th century He abolished the use of torture, granted limited freedom of speech and press
Enlightened Absolutism?
Only Joseph II truly attempted to apply the radical changes that the enlightened philosophers proposed All three rulers were chiey guided by a concern for the power and well-being of their states Ultimately, 18th century monarchs sought a balance of power, preventing any one from dominating the others
In 1740, a major war broke out in connection with the succession to the Austrian throne Maria Theresa took the throne when her father, Charles V, died Prussia invaded because a women ruled Austria. France allied with Prussia. Austria allied itself with Great Britain
The War expanded and was fought in other parts of the world, the far east, India, and North America
The British and French fought over two primary areas in North America: the water ways of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Ohio River valley The French were able to gain the support of the Indians. As traders and not settler, the French viewed by the Indians with less hostility than the British
Objectives: 1. Explain how the colonies of Latin America and British North America were developing in ways that differed from their European mother countries 2. Analyze why the American colonies revolted against Great Britain and formed a new nation
Latin America was a multiracial society Intermarriage between Europeans and Native Americans *mestizos African slaves and Europeans *Mulattoes
Economic Foundations
One source of wealth came from abundant supplies of gold and silver, which were sent to Europe Farming was the long lasting and most rewarding source of prosperity for Latin America
Trade provided another avenue for prot: sugar, tobacco, diamonds, and animal hides Both Spain and Portugal closely regulated the trade of their American colonies to keep others out
Spain and the Dutch Republic also entered the war against Great Britain The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1783, recognized the independence of the American colonies
The Constitution
The new system created a federal system in which power would be shared between the national government and the state governments The federal governments powers were broken into three separate branches to prevent a monarchy: executive, legislative, and Judicial