Notes about last chapter: -Virgin(nave) B cell meets the antigenic determinant(counterpart) in the 2ndary lymphoid organs where

dendritic cells will express the antigen -Thymus independent antigens dont produce memory cells Chapter 15 -T-cell maturation starts at the periphery of the thymus(the subcapsular region) then proceeds through the thymic cortex and medulla.98% of the cells die due to selection mechanisms(if they show a problem in self tolerance and/or restriction) -Tolerance determining mechanisms occur both in the thymus(central tolerance) and in the 2ndary lymphoid organs(peripheral tolerance) -Both negative and positive selection contribute to the mature T-cells being self tolerant (i)Negative selection: cells that show self reactivity are deleted (ii)Positive selection: cells that show no recognition of self antigens are stimulated to mature. Positive selection depends on the intensity of binding. The cells that recognize self antigens are positively selected to mature and proliferate. TH1 cells Are stimulated by IL-12 Produce IFN-(Macrophage stimulating factor) ,TNF and IL-6 which contribute to inflammation Stimulate production of IgG which stimulates opsonization and hence opsonophagocytosis *Note: MS(multiple sclerosis) is an autoimmune disease affecting the myelin sheath. During Pregnancy CMI(cell mediated immunity) is low and episodes are at a halt. The doctor said that T cells will be depleted though TH2 cells Are stimulated by IL-4 Produces IL-4 and IL-5 which stimulate eosinophils and mast cells Stimulates production of IgE which results in mediation of allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections

other sources say that TH cell population is said to be expanded. -Ciclosporine and tarcolimus can block IL-2 action

-CD-44 and CD-25 are an adhesion molecule and IL-2 receptor found on the surface of double positive(DN) T-cells. -TGF- and IL-10 are examples on suppressive cytokines. They suppress selfreacting cells and contribute to peripheral tolerance. -Pre-CTL are nave CD8+ cells -If T-cells dont meet their cognate antigen they will die though they can circulate for years in search of it. Once the cells meets its antigen, co-stimulatory interactions are required in addition to normal binding. These are modulated by CD-28(found on T-cells) and CD-80(B7) (found on APCs) interaction. This activation is called antigen priming/arming. - receptors arent restricted to MHC complexes like (check Page 44) -There are genes that are called autoimmune regulatory genes. These modulate the self antigen expression in the thymus. A defect in them can result in a condition known as autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome. -CD-154(CD-40L) lack of expression will result in hyper-IgM syndrome as isotypic switching is impaired due to lack of these CDs. Done By: Zaid Imam