NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client)

Hemoglobin This test is a measure of the total amount of Hgb in the blood. It is us ed as a rapid indirect measurement of the red blood cell count. (Pagan, & Pagana , p.299 ) 11.5-15.3 g/dL 7.2 g/dL Decrease of red blood cells due to anemia. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Hematocrit This test is an indirect measurement of red blood cell number and volume . It is used as a rapid measurement of RBC count. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.296 ) 34-45% 22.8% Decrease of red blood cells due to anemia. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Red blood cell count This test is a count of the number of circulating RBCs in 1 mm3 of perip heral venous blood. It represents different ways of evaluating the number of RBC s in the peripheral blood. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.456 ) 4.04-5.86 2.55 Decrease of red blood ce lls due to anemia. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) MCV The RBC indices provide information about the size, weight, and hemoglob in concentration of RBCs. This test is useful in classifying anemias. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 459 ) 82-92 66 Possible anemia

NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) The MCH is a measure of the average amount (weight) of hemoglobin within

an RBC. This test is useful in classifying anemias. (Pagana, et al., p.460) 27-31 17.9 Elevated MCH due to possible anemia. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) MCHC The MCHC is a measure of the average concentration or percentage of hemo globina within a single RBC. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.461 ) 32-36g/dL 27.3 Possible anemia NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Platelet Count The platelet count is an actual count of the number of platelets (thromb ocytes) per cubic millimeter of blood. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.416 ) 140-400 X 1000 135 Decreased levels due to client being on aspirin and enoxaparin. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) White blood cell count The measurement of the total and differential WBC is helpful in the eval uation of the patient with infection, neoplasm, allergy or immunosuppresion (Pagan, & Pagana, p.549 ) 4.2-11.0 3.8 WBC count is elevated du e to fever and client on antibiotic, levofloxacin. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Neutrophil To identify the amount of neutrophils in blood. The primary function of the neutrophil is phagocytosis. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 550 ) 40-74 92.3 Neutrophil count is elevated due to infection. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Lymphocytes To identify the amount of lymphocytes in the blood. The primary function

of lymphocytes is to fight chronic bacterial infection and acute viral infectio ns. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.555 ) 34% 40.2 Lymphocytes are decreased due to client on antibiotic, levofloxacin. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Monocytes (Mono) Monocytes are phagocytic cells capable of fighting bacteria, they remove necrotic debris and microorganisms, from the blood, produce interferon, which i s body s endogenous immunostimulant. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.552) 3.4-9 1.4 Decreased levels due to client o n Lasix. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Basophils To identify the total amount of basophils in the blood. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 550 ) 0-1.5 2.1 Elevated levels due to inflammat ion. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) Indication of the variation in RBC size. Variations in the width of the RBCs may be helpful when classifying certain types of anemia. (Pagana, et al., p .461) 11%-14.5% 16.3 Elevated RDW due to iron deficiency. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Glucose This test is a direct measurement of the blood glucose level. It is most commonly used in the evaluation of diabetic patients. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 267 ) 74-106 139 Increased level due patient on L asix NAME OF TEST PURPOSE TEST (citation) FINDINGS IN CLIENT

OF NORMAL FINDINGS INTERPRETATION

(why it is abnormal for the client) Sodium This test is used to evaluate and monitor fluid and electrolyte balance and therapy (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 481 ) 136-145 135 Decreased level due to deficient sodium in IV fluids

NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Potassium This test is routinely performed in most patients evaluated for any type of serious illness. This electrolyte is so important to cardiac function, it is a part of all complete routine evaluations. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.421 ) 3.8-5.2 3.4 Patient s level is low due to inflam mation from fracture site. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Chloride This test is used to indicate the state of electrolyte or acid/base bala nce. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.965 ) 100-109 8.1 Patient s level is low due to unknow n reason. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Calcium This test is used to evaluate parathyroid function and calcium metabolis m by directly measuring the total amount of calcium in the blood. (Pagan, & Pag ana, p.149 ) 8.5-10.1 8.1 Vitamin D deficiency NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Magnesium This test is used to identify magnesium deficiency or overload (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 368) 1.8-2.4 1.6 Decreased level due to p atient on insulin for diabetes mellitus NAME OF

TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) BUN is an indirect and rough measurement of renal function and glomerula r filtration rate. It is also a measurement of liver function. (Pagana, et al., p. 533) 7-18 40 Patient has elevated BUN levels due to unknown reasons.

NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Creatinine Used to diagnose impaired renal function. (Pagana, et al., p.204) 0.8-1.5 0.6 Patient s level is elevated due to unknown reason. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Total Bilirubin This test is used to evaluate liver function. It is a part of the evalua tion of adult patients with hemolytic anemias and newborns born with jaundice. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 130 ) 0.3-1.2 8.8 Elevated levels due to cholestat is.

NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Alkaline phosphatase ALP is used to detect and monitor diseases of the liver or bone (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 46 ) 30-120 220 bstruction; diagnosis of cholelithiasis NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Albumin Increased level due to Biliary o

Evaluation and fractionation of serum proteins is used to diagnose, eval uate, and monitor the disease course in patients with cancer, intestinal/renal p rotein-wasting states, immune disorders, liver dysfunction, impaired nutrition, and chronic edematous states. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 441) 3.4-5.0 3.0 Decreased level due to diagnosis of cholelithiasis NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) This test is used in the evaluation of patients with suspected hepatocel lular diseases. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 125 ) 15-37 400 Increased level due to diagnosis of cholelithiasis NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) This test is used to identify hepatocellular diseases of the liver. It i s also an accurate monitor of improvement or worsening of these diseases. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 38 ) 4-36 380 Increased level due to diagnosis of cholelithiasis NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Ammonia Ammonia is used to support the diagnosis of severe liver diseases, and f or surveillance of these diseases. Ammonia levels are also used in the diagnosis and follow up of hepatic encephalopathy. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.58 ) 11-32 umol/L 36 Mild hepatosplenomegaly present NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Cholesterol Used to determine the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). It is also used for evaluation of hyperlipidemias. (Pagana, et al., p.166) 0-200 234 Increased cholesterol levels for this client resulted fr om her hypertension. Patient is considered to be borderline risk for CHD. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS

IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Triglycerides To identify the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD). This te st is also performed on patients with suspected fat metabolism disorders. (Pagan a, et al., p. 523) 40-150 423 A high- carbohydrate diet will increase the levels of tr iglycerides. The patient s abnormal value is considered critical. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) PO2 PO2 is an indirect measure of the O2 content of the arterial blood. PO2 is a measure of the tension (pressure) of )2 dissolved in the plasma (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 117 ) 72-104 124 NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) HCO3 The bicarbonate ion (HCO-3) is a measure of the metabolic (renal) compon ent of the acid-base equilibrium. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. ) 22.0- 26.0 20.9 NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) PCO2 Measure of the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. ) 35-45 88.3 Elevated amount due to respiratory failu re, respiratory acidosis

NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) pH It is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in the bl ood. It is inversely proportional to the actual hydrogen ion concentration. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. ) 7.35-7.45 7.10 Low level related to metabolic a cidosis due to diagnosis of renal failure.

NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) CO2 The CO2 content is a measure of CO2 in the blood. In the peripheral veno us blood this is used to assist in evaluating the pH status of the patient and t o assist in evaluation of electrolytes. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 152 ) 21-32 20.8 Possible diabetic ketoacidosis; patient has diabetes mellitus.

NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) International normalized ration (INR) Used to evaluate the adequacy of the extrinsic system and common pathway in the clotting mechanism (Pagan, & Pagana, p.448 ) 2-3 1.0 Decreased level due to u nknown reason. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Total Protein Total serum protein is a combination of prealbumin, albumin, and globuli ns. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.442 ) 6.4-8.2% 3.6 Decreased levels due to malnutrition NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) The PTT test is used to assess the intrinsic system and the common pathw ay of clot formation. IT is also used to monitor heparin therapy. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. ) 60-70 seconds 35.3 seconds Decreased level due to u nknown reason. NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) CK-MB The CK-MB isoenzyme is often used to determine appropriateness of thromb olytic therapy, which is used for MI.

(Pagan, & Pagana, p. 200) 0.0- 3.6ng/ mL 16.8 Elevated level due to di agnosis of ACS; possible cardiac ischemia; myocardial injury NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Troponin 1 This test is used to assist in the evaluation of patents with suspected acute coronary ischemic syndromes (Pagan, & Pagana, p. ) 0.04-0.6ng/mL 2.94 Elevated due to myocardial injur y NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Eosinophils Involved in the allergic reaction and serve to further the inflammatory reaction. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. ) 2-4% 1% Lowered levels due to client on antibiot ics erythromycin and clindamycin.

NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Serum B12 (Cobalamin) Used to identify the cause of megaloblastic anemia and to evaluate malno urished patients (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 540) 160-950 >2000 High level due to client having cirrhosis of the liver NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Total Protein Total serum protein is a combination of prealbumin, albumin, and globuli ns. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.442 ) 6.4-8.2% 3.6 Decreased levels due to malnutrition NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Iron Used to evaluate iron metabolism in patients when iron defficiency, over

load, or poisoning is suspected. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 336 ) 80-180 30 anemia, malnutrition.

Low level due to iron-deficiency

NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Ferritin This is the most sensitive test to determine iron-deficiency anemia (Pagan, & Pagana, p.246 ) 12-300 337 Increased level due to patient h aving cirrhosis NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Folic Acid This test quantifies the folate level in the blood. It is used in patien ts who have megaloblastic anemia. It is also used to assess nutritional status, especially in alcoholics. (Pagan, & Pagana, p.255 ) 5-23 >24 Increased level due to malnutrit ion and cirrhosis of the liver NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Amylase This test is used to detect and monitor the clinical course of pancreati ts. It is frequently ordered when a patient presents with acute abdominal pain. (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 60) 25-115 U/L 141 H Patient has elevated lev els do to acute renal failure NAME OF TEST PURPOSE OF TEST (citation) NORMAL FINDINGS FINDINGS IN CLIENT INTERPRETATION (why it is abnormal for the client) Lipase This test is used in the evaluation of pancreatic disease (Pagan, & Pagana, p. 354 ) 114-286 455 H Patient has elevated levels do t o acute renal failure