Final revision 2

Units 1,2and 3 Important vocab.

air conditioning bargain (n) broadband connection(n) cash(n) (v) cheque(n) civil engineer (n.) commentary (n) complain(v) cost (n) (v) count (v.) credit card(n) debit card(n) delegation(n.) diplomat (n) giant (n) grandchildren (n.) interestingly(adv.) make fun of (v) online shopping(n) politician (n) publish (v) research (n.) retire (v.) ridiculous (adj.) tie (v) / ties (n.)

nd

secondary

/ / / )( / ) ( /

train (v.) (n.) surf the internet(v) traditional(adj.) activity(n) attract(v) operation (n.) explanation (n) survey(n) charitable(adj.) transplant centre (n.) account(n) catalogue(n) qualify(v.) imaginative (adj.) neighbouring (adj.) surgeon (n.) growth(n) user-friendly(adj.) politics (n) represent (v) heart transplant (n.) retirement age (n.) steal (v) voyage (n)

/ / / /

 Make or Do?
make friends make sure make contributions make sense make a decision make a difference to make a mistake make parts of cars make a fire make a suggestion make a promise make achievements make peace make war make lunch/dinner make the bed make up (his) mind make a noise / / / do an operation do a job do work do the shopping do the homework do wrong do good do harm do the washing up do the cleaning do the sweeping do a favour do a project ) ( ) ( )(
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do research do without do (his) hair do something/nothing do the cooking

Prepositions:
apply for (a job/a visa) apply in person look up adapt to under the leadership of at the age of cause of play a part in children with heart problems have experience in good for apply to (a company) )(/ apply in writing (interested in ) / study at (school) find out benefit from reason for play a role in good at = clever at see off from all over the world

report on match with fight against famous for connect to fall to the ground a favourite of different from on the island stop from argue about belong to available for opinion on/about upset about attach with string excited about pass from to pay for buy for someone complain to someone complain about something get to thank for order from the internet increase in decrease in growth in pay by cheque discount on at the weekend set up a business

at the weekend .. .. .. .. .. run away interested in laugh at fall off a bike work in politics find out about a storm at sea frightened of tie to argue for speak for a commentary on pleased with at that time consist of log onto the internet by road order by phone at the cheapest price

..

trade with put money into an account advantage to / of over the years worry about be based on pay in cash pay by credit card

look for = search for at the cinema communicate with

 Expressing opinions with reasons:

I think / believebecause In my opinion / viewas If you ask me, so that . I think he will pass the exam because he studies hard. In my opinion, we should use cars less as they pollute the air If you ask me, he should study harder so that he can pass the test.

Asking for information and giving information

Asking for information Replies Excuse me, could I ask you some Yes, of course. questions about? Could you tell me? Yes, that's fine. Yes, certainly. Can you say why / why not? I'd rather not answer that question. Thank you for your time. You're welcome.

: die died dead deadly / life death

live (adj.)

alive

lively / living :

have a shower get upset

miss the train (bus, plane)

catch the train (bus, plane) answer the phone / door Science fiction novels

she was third in the race earn (his) living /

win / lose the war

: have * * have a meeting have a bath have a shower have an exam have a meal have a party
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Do a (history) project Carry out a project

: project * ) ( /

: on * * on TV on the radio on the telephone on the internet on show / on display /on duty / on business on the whole / on purpose /on my way to / on foot on holiday/ on both sides of the street : in on * * on Monday, Friday, Sunday * in May, April, August : on * () on March 1 , 2010
st

* On 2

nd

May

* Decide to + inf. = make up (his) mind to She decided to study zoology. = She made up her mind to study zoology. * Decide on = choose : Finally the parents decided on a name for the baby. * Contribute to + V+ing / n: We should all contribute to developing our country. Everyone contributed to the discussion. * Help to + inf. / help + inf. / help with + n. He helped me to do the job. = He helped me do the job. He helped me with the job. * Qualify as a teacher / an accountant ) ( * qualify in biology / archaeology ) ( * be qualified to + inf. .. He qualified as a doctor two years ago. He qualified in medicine last year. She is qualified to teach English. : * * The reason I like / enjoy is that * The reason I don't like is that * The best / worst thing about is / ... * The main reason is that * I enjoy / love + V+ing Examples: The reason I like this job is that I meet all kinds of people. The best thing about working here is the friendly people.
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 I enjoy working here because every day is different. The main reason is that I can earn a lot of money. * Do / carry out research on/into He did a lot of research on plants. He carried out research into the causes of cancer. : * * Where do you come from? = Which country do you come from? I come from England/ Italy * What's your nationality? I'm English/ Italian. * What do you do? = What's your job? = What do you do for a living? I'm a teacher. * Where do you live? = What's your address? 15 Lincoln Street, New York. * What's your date of birth? = When were you born? I was born in Acapulco. * What's your marital status?= Are you single or married? I'm single. ) ( * Do / carry out / perform an operation * Have an operation * For this reason, He was highly qualified. For this reason, he was accepted for the job. * * die of a disease / hunger / thirst ) / ( / die from a wound / an injury / a spider bite ) ( / /

* research new treatment = do research on new treatment * historic = (places / events / moments / day ) Tourists usually visit the historic places in Egypt. * historical / historical places, research , papers , studies, novels

plays ,

* learn to = learn how to He learned to use the computer. = He learned how to use ... :become fall * * fall asleep/ill/unconscious * fill in = complete an application or a form
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* arrive (I) Your letter arrived yesterday. She was the last to arrive. * arrive in (Cairo, London, Italy) / / We arrived in New York at 6 p.m. * arrive at (school / the station/ the airport) We arrived at school early. * reach (T) + We reached New York at 6 p.m. * reach a decision / a conclusion They were unable to reach a decision. Give a ring = phone home Go / return / arrive home Imagine + v+ ing imagine that + I can't imagine living on the moon. I can't imagine that he will pass the test. Listen to Hear He listened to the news on the radio. She heard some noise outside. Raise your voice, please. I can't hear you. Hear of / about hear from ) ( in 5 inches in length 5 centimetres in depth 5 centimetres deep

3 metres in height

3 metres high

5 inches long

None + Although I read many books, none (of them) were as useful as the one I borrowed from you. take It took me two hours to finish the homework. How long does it take to do this job? whose Whose book is that? = Who does that book belong to? Remember = remember about
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 Remind = make someone remember something as + adj. + as = the same + n. + as as big as = the same size as as long as = the same length as What How How + adj. = What + n. How old ? = What age? How tall? = What height? /How long? = What length? How big? = What size? How wide? = What width? How far ? = What distance ? How high? = What height? at the end (of) in the end My house is at the end of this street. We went shopping and visited some friends. In the end, we went home. It + (be) + adj. + to+ inf. It is funny to read about the small people of Lilliput. next the next week / next summer next the The next book I'm going to read is Gulliver's Travels. : Gulliver's Travels is a funny novel. The reason why + The reason for + n. / V+ ing The reason why he came late was that he missed the bus. The reason for his absence was that he was ill. a stolen car a used book : ring match / / realize /

A broken window A written test

book tie

/ /

Debit card: Credit card:

Like ----------------best/most
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 Which school subject do you like most? I like English best. between she sat between her parents. among This mountain is among the highest in the world. Do internet banking habit ) ( Its my habit to get up early. presents at Christmas. custom ) ( *It is a custom to give

Do/make/carry out a survey : Raise / increase the prices Reduce / bring down the prices The prices rise / go up The prices fall / go down Control the prices Be good value for money Be poor value for money The financial crisis allow + obj. + to + inf. = let + inf. He let me use the phone. (allow) He allowed me to use the phone. They do not allow anyone to smoke here. Allow + ing : ing They do not allow smoking here. : adverbs Interestingly / undoubtedly /unfortunately /luckily Interestingly, many people prefer to use traditional banks than online banking. Undoubtedly, he is the best person for the job. year The boy is 16 years old. A 16-year-old boy

Look forward to + v-ing private

I look forward to visiting London.

( opposite: public ) a private school a private hospital This is my private life. You have no right to interfere . Rather/Prefer
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Would rather + inf. .than + inf. Id rather go to the cinema than watch TV. Would rather + inf. +n.-------than + n. Id rather have coffee than tea. Prefer + ing to ing prefer + n. to+ n. I prefer playing to studying. I prefer tea to coffee.

: to+ inf. The first / the second /the next / the last ------+to- inf. He was the first to arrive at the party. Mr. John was the next to speak at the meeting. Other & another another + / one (= one more / a different one) This tea is nice. Id like another cup. He lost his job. Hes trying to find another one. another + (few / number : two, three,.) The woman lived for another ten days. Id like to stay here for another few weeks. other + ) ( / I need to discuss this with other colleagues. There was certainly other information. )( others + v. Some people are rich; others are poor. Some writers are greater than others . the / some / every / each / many / any / no / (two, Please, John, bring the other chairs here. I love my son like any other mother does. He gave me one book and kept the other one. Steven and three other boys went to the party.

three,..) :other

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Exercises
Choose the correct answer: 1- Surgeons (do/ make/ act/ bring) heart transplant operations. 2- She works for a charitable organization as she believes that her work (does/ lacks/ takes/ makes) a difference to people's lives. 3- It's been more than 2 years since he (did/ made/ had/ went) that operation. Now he's quite healthy. 4- I don't think she has (did/ took/ made/ written) the right decision. 5- You (had/ made/ did/ saw) me a big favour and I really appreciate it. 6- She (reached/ got/ went/ arrived) in New York 2 days ago. 7- If you (question/ talk/ ask/ wonder) me, he should look for another job. 8- She hopes to (identify/ verify/ beautify/ qualify) as a lawyer at the end of the year. 9- He's got to have a/an (operation/ aspiration/ collaboration/ concentration) on his shoulder 10- A (vet/ civil engineer/ nurse/ surgeon) is a doctor who is specially trained to perform medical operations 11- A (complementary/ documentary/ commentary/ elementary) is written opinions about and descriptions of a subject. 12- A (diplomat/ format/ doormat/ carpenter) is a person who is employed by a government to live in another country and speak for the government. 13- This (infant/ grant/ giant/ vacant) tree is 200 years old. 14- A (politician/ musician/ magician/ technician) is a person who works in politics. 15- A (commentator/ announcer/ reporter/ publisher) is someone who prints something and makes it available for people to buy. 16- I can't think of an (example/ explanation/ exchange/ exercise) for the team playing so badly. 17- His novel was (polished/ published/ crashed/ furnished) a long time ago. 18- Some people do not realize that Gulliver's Travels is a (contemporary/ commentary/ diary/ revolutionary) on European politics.
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19- When I was a child, I couldn't think of interesting ideas, so my stories weren't very (imaginative/ negative/ protective/ relative). 20- (Accountants/ Dentists/ Clerks/ Diplomats) are meeting to discuss relations between our two countries. 21- Churchill was a famous British (electrician/ politician/ dietician/ musician) who was once a prime minister. 22- A/An (adventure/ safari/ voyage/ tour) is a long journey on a ship. 23- You should (lie/ tie/ try/ dye) that plant to the wall to stop it from falling over. 24- The Titanic sank on its first (expedition/ flight/ shore/ voyage) after it hit an iceberg. 25- It is always wrong to (steal/ deal/ clear/ bear) things that belong to other people. 26- Children get upset if their friends (make fun of/ make up for/ keep up with/ put up with) them. 27- Egypt and the Sudan are (considering/ neighbouring/ preserving/ retiring) countries. 28- In a dictionary, the letter n (cancels/ deletes/ refers/ represents) the word noun. 29- In the past, some people believed the earth was flat. What a (true/ real/ reasonable/ ridiculous) idea! 30- The police found the (caught/ stealing/ robbing/ stolen) car 50 kilometers from where it was taken. 31- This coat was half-price. It was a real (bargain/ certain/ complaint/ fountain). 32- When you use a (money/ debit/ post plastic) card, money leaves your bank immediately. 33- The money we carry in our pockets is called (rash/ crash/ cash/ brush). 34- People who (surf/ scarf/ bark/ drop) the internet usually look for information. 35- (Leaders/ Owners/ Kids/ Adults) pay an admission charge but children get in free. 36- When you use a (credit/ benefit/ deposit/ exit)) card, you can buy things and pay later. 37- Things bought (decline/ airline -online/ offline) are things bought using the internet. 38- The postman brought new clothes (colleague/ dialogue catastrophe -catalogue) this morning. It has more than a 1000 pages and is very heavy.
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39- If you have a (expand/ broadband/ beforehand/ demand) connection, you can connect to the internet very quickly. 40- My uncle has had a bank (account/ discount/ amount/ recount) since he was 18 and he has now saved a lot of money. 41- Companies have interesting websites to try (distract/ attack/ restrict/ attract) customers. 42- Many people prefer the (emotional/ multinational -traditional/ professional) way of buying things from shops and markets. 43- Online (backing/ barking/ parking/ banking) is now very common. 44- I can't send e-mails because there is a problem with my internet (connection/ infection/ correction/ direction). 45- There has been a real (length/ strength/ growth/ depth) in the number of people with broadband. 46- One day, I'd like to work for a (commodity -curiosity/ density/ charity) organization. 47- (Interest/ Interested/ Interestingly/ Interests), many people use the internet for different purposes. 48- Lots of people have (gained/ complained/ maintained/ retained) about the noise. 49- When you buy a new computer, you usually get software included at no extra (cost/ wages/ salary/ fare). 50- This is a (user-friendly /friendly user / use friendly/ friendly use) printer. It's very simple for people to use.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences: 1- What do your do?/ I'm reading a story. 2- The better thing about this job is that it is well-paid. 3- She felt ashamed because she did a silly mistake. 4- Dr. Magdy Yacoub made many heart transplant operations. 5- She helped me doing the job. 6- Egypt sent a trade allegation to the conference. 7- Policemen usually wear a platform. 8- He had a kidney transport last year. 9- The normal requirement age in Egypt is 60. 10She is interested on reading newspapers.
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11The complimentary on the Olympic Games was much better on the other channel. 12A carpenter represents one country in another. 13Could you give me a quick exploration of how this machine works? 14This designer always comes up with new ideas. He is very imaginary. 15They chose a famous lawyer to present them in court. 16He was driving with one hand and waving with the another. 17She was the last student arrives at school. 18The government gives private care to setting up new projects. 19I look forward to see that play. 20She allowed me using her computer. 21I need to draw some money out of my discount. 22The government is trying to contract more tourists to visit Egypt. 23Many people in Egypt still wear conditional clothes. 24He couldn't decide which one he liked good. 25The information in this report is based on a spray completed by 2000 students.

Grammar
The Present Simple Tense
: Nurses look after patients in hospitals. Birds fly. : Water is a renewable form of energy.
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: I have a bath every other day. I prefer coffee to tea. : How do I get to the station? You go straight on, then you turn left. : he / she / it s want wants hate hates To ( adverbs of frequency) : . Be never / rarely = seldom / not often / sometimes = occasionally / often= frequently /usually / always I always try to save energy. She's often late for work. adverbs of time We watch TV every night. Every night we watch TV. : do He does his homework once a week. How often does he do his homework? : don't / doesn't He studies hard. He doesn't study hard. : ever / generally / / nowadays / on Mondays, on Tuesdays / twice a year / every week , day, year, summer.. Do you ever go to school on Friday? She frequently visits the Pyramids. : do / does Do you speak English? Does she play tennis?

Present Continuous Tense

Am/ is / are + v.

: +ing :

now / at the moment / look! / Listen! / at present She is writing a letter now.
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I am reading an interesting book at the moment. : love want mean contain see recogni ze seem concern weigh like need understan d consist hear realize
/

hate deserve believe know smell surprise own lack agree

prefer suppose remembe r belong taste astonish depend owe

possess matter measure

am / is / are + being + PP.

Somebody is cleaning the room. =The room is being cleaned. : Is she doing the homework now? Are they painting the house at the moment? : ee ing e invite inviting write writing : dye She is dyeing her hair. : ing hit hitting sit sitting dig digging run running They are digging a well at the moment. : ing: prefer preferring refer referring begin beginning

Past Simple Tense

:
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:1- I went to Cairo last week. The Chinese invented printing centuries ago. :2- Sam walked down the road to the block of flats on the corner. He went through the door and pressed the button for the lift. He went up to .. :3- When I was young, we lived in Alex. : d e ed help helped live lived : last (year, night, week, month / summer) / ago / yesterday / in ancient times / once upon a time / the other day, year (= a few days, years ago)/ in 2000 / in the past How many symphonies did Beethoven compose? ( ) Did you see Peter at lunch time? I didnt know him then. )( didnt did : Did it rain? It didnt rain. Did you go out last night, Tom? Yes, I went to the cinema, but I didnt enjoy the film. :was / were To Be Why were you so angry? Tom wasnt at work yesterday : Was / were + PP He wrote the letter a few days ago. The letter was written a few days ago.

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Past Continuous Tense

: Was / Were + V-ing : past continuous : 1- Between six and half past six this morning, I was having breakfast. : 2- I was having a shower when the phone rang. : 3- I was studying Chemistry when I met Jane. He was doing research when they arrested him. While / when / As / Just as : : when We were doing the homework when it started to rain.

While (When) we were doing the homework, it started to rain.

: while While I was studying, my father was reading. : when When he arrived , he found the door locked.

: V+ ing when On When he arrived , he found the door locked. (On ) On arriving, he found the door locked. : noun / V+ ing while during While he was playing the game, he got hurt. (during) During the game, he got hurt. He got hurt during the game. : and He was writing a letter and listening to some music. She has finished work and gone home. : to Be While I was at school, I worked to a plan.
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The Present Perfect Tense

: Have / Has + PP. He has just bought a new car. shopping. * They have already done the

: : 1- My car has broken down. = I have to go to work by bus. : 2- I have done this job for many years. = I still do this job. BUT I lived in Cairo for many years. = I live somewhere else now. )( : already / just / ever / never / yet / since / for / lately / recently / so far / up till now : Its/This is the first (second) time.. Its(This) is the only In the last few years/months In recent years over the ages / over the years / over the centuries /
/

Its the first time I have been to this place. This is the only play I have seen. Egypt has made great progress in the last few years. : PP. have/has ever/never/just/ already I have just written the letter. : never ever Have you ever travelled by plane? No, I have never travelled by plane. Just = a short time ago/ a minute/ a moment ago They left the building a minute ago. (just) * = They have just left the building. since / for Since +
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Since last week / last summer / 1999 / five oclock / October / this morning / yesterday / then / Monday / breakfast For + For a week / the last week / a year / five hours / three months / two days / a long time I havent cleaned the house for a week. She hasnt phoned us since October. : since past simple since : I havent seen her since she graduated. : since ago I haven't seen him since three years ago. : past simple ago I saw him three years ago. Last / The last time / ago + past simple : since / for I last had my hair cut when I was in Cairo. (since) = I havent had my hair cut since I was in Cairo. The last time I met Jennie was in 2000. (since / for ) = I havent met Jennie since 2000. = I havent met Jennie for 9 years. = I haven't met Jennie since 9 years ago. The last time I played chess was six years ago. (since/for) = I havent played chess since 2003. = I havent played chess for six years. = I haven't played chess since six years ago. :started to / began to + inf. for ago He has learnt English for six years.(ago)* He began / started to learn English six years ago. : for since Its + + since + + + last + He hasnt visited his uncle for a long time.(since) *Its a long time since he last visited his uncle. : never ever
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 I have never done such a tiring job. (This is) * = This is the most tiring job I have ever done. :such (a/an) adj. + n. ever never This is the worst luck I have ever had. (never) * = I have never had such bad luck. yet I havent finished my homework yet. : still yet He is still writing the report. (yet) He hasnt finished writing the report yet. :just / already yet He has just arrived. He hasnt arrived yet.

The past Perfect Tense

had + PP. : After / When / As soon as / + ) ( till / until Before / By the time + No sooner than Hardly / scarcely when After I had done the shopping, I visited a friend. As soon as I had known he was ill, I visited him. I didn't know about the competition until I had read the papers. Before he cleaned the room, he had seen the film. By the time my friend arrived, I had finished my homework. No sooner had I gone out, than it started to rain

Hurry up! We are all waiting for you. Be quiet. I am studying my lessons.
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: Between 9 and 11 p.m. yesterday, he was watching TV. : I spent all my childhood in Cairo. : What are you doing? I am reading a story. / I am studying my lessons. What do you do? I am an engineer. / I am a dentist. How do you do? How do you do? / I'm pleased to meet you.

: I'm writing this letter to tell you that I'm looking forward to hearing from you. : feel / hurt How do you feel? / How are you feeling? My head hurts. / My head is hurting. :

I'd rather / It is time I'd rather you didn't smoke here. It is time we went home. It is too late. : I wish I wish I had a computer. = I don't have a computer now. : If If he had enough money, he would travel abroad. : When I woke up, my father left. = He left at the moment I woke up. When I woke up, my father had left. = He left before I woke up.
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saw my cousin again last year. I thought he was tall. (I thought he was tall at the time I saw him. I saw my cousin again last year. I had thought he was tall. (I thought he was tall before I saw him.)

Conjunctions
and: We went to the market and the zoo.
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 We went to the market. We went to the zoo. (and) Besides + v-ing Besides going to the market, we went to the zoo. In addition to + v- ing In addition to going to the market, we went to the zoo. In addition + We went to the market. In addition, we went to the zoo. as well as + V-ing As well as going to the market, we went to the zoo. : as well as I am very keen on computer. My brother is very keen on computer. I ,as well as my brother, am very keen on computer. not only .. but also .. not only .. but as well .. ...

Ex. We not only went to the market, but also we went to the zoo. We not only went to the market, but we went to the zoo as well. Not only Not only did we go to the market, but also we went to the zoo. : because of noun adj. Because due to + n. Since Through + v-ing AS On account of owing to V+ ing through / owing to/on account of They arrived at school late. They missed the bus. (because of) They arrived at school late because of missing the bus.. The match was cancelled. There was a bad storm. (because of) The match was cancelled because of a bad storm. We stayed in. The weather was cold. (due to) We stayed in due to the cold weather. We lost the match as we played badly. (owing) due to / because of /
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We lost the match owing to bad play. We lost the match owing to playing badly. The war was lost. The troops were badly organized. (through) The war was lost through bad organization of the troops. He couldnt come to the meeting since he was ill. (due to) He couldnt come to the meeting due to his illness. Since/As he had no money, he couldnt buy a bike. (Because of) Because of not having any money, he ----------------. Because of having no money, he ----------------. :
So / Thats why / Therefore / Consequently / Thus

My bicycle is broken. I'll have to walk. (so) * My bicycle is broken, so I'll have to walk. The machine is very old. I don't expect it to work very well. (therefore) * The machine is very old, therefore I don't expect it to work very well. : not ing Being because He didnt go out because he was ill. (Being..) Being ill, he didnt go out. : But / However He is young. He is strong. He is young, but he is strong.= He is young, however he is strong.= He is young. However, he is strong. However However young he is, he is strong. Although/ Though / Even though He is rich. He feels unhappy. Although he is rich, he feels unhappy. although / though / even though . He feels unhappy In spite of Despite + n. / -ing / adj.+ n.
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 Although he was poor, he felt happy. (In spite of) In spite of being poor, he felt happy. In spite of his poverty, he felt happy. Though there was noise outside, I went to sleep immediately. (Despite) In spite of the fact that Despitethe fact that + Despite the noise outside, I went to sleep immediately. The man was a criminal. He was set free. (Despite) Despite being a criminal, the man was set free. Despite the fact that the man was a criminal, he was set free.

Exercises
Choose the correct answer: 1- (Are you thinking/ You are thinking/ Do you thinking/ Do you think) people should work in their 70s or 80s? 2- She's (delaying/ dying/ dyeing/ paying) her hair at the moment. 3- I only (buy/ buys/ bought/ buying) my new camera last week, but I (take already/ have already taken/ has already taken/ will already take) 300 photos with it. 4- My father (work/ is worked/ working/ works) in a bank in the city centre. He (works/ has worked/ was working/ worked) there for 15 years. 5- My company (has/ have/ had/ is having/ will have) an important meeting last month. A delegation (come/ came/ is coming/ would come) from their office in Japan. 6- I (am/ is/ had been/ was) so tired last night that I (fallen/ falls/ to fall/ fell) asleep while I (was watching/ watches/ have watched/ had watched) a film on TV. 7- At the moment we (are doing/ do/ have done/ were doing) a history project at school. It (was/ has/ does/ is) very interesting. 8- It (does not often rain/ not often rains/ is not often raining/ will not often rain) in Egypt. It (was/ were/ been/ is) usually hot and sunny, so we need air conditioning in many of our buildings. 9- I first (meet/ have met/ met/ meeting) my best friend 2 years ago. 10- What (were you done/ you were doing/ do you do/ were you doing) at 3 o'clock yesterday?
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11- She plays the piano (as/ as well/ well/ and) the violin. 12- Not only (he has been/ has he been/ he was/ he had been) late three times. But also she has done no work 13- Besides (was/ is/ are/ being) cold the place was damp. 14- He cant write to his friend (because/ because of/ as/ since) not knowing his address. 15- I had to take a taxi (as/ because of/ owing to/ due to) It was raining heavily. 16- He was put in prison (because/ as/ since/ so) of not paying the fine. 17- Many city dwellers move to the country (for the reason that/ because of/ owing to/ due to) there is a great amount of pollution. 18- Despite (to have/ having/ he has/ has he) limited vocabulary, he speaks English fluently. 19- (However/ In spite/ Although/ Despite) the cost of living here is high, there are many advantages. 20- Frank was very careful, (despite/ because/ so/ however), he lost his money 21- He felt sick (so/ because/ in order to/ unless) he ate too much 22- He says he likes sport. (As/ However/ So/ In order to), he only watches it on TV. 23- He wont do any work for you (so/ although/ unless/ in order to) you pay him. 24- I continued running (because/ in order to/ unless- although) I felt very tired. 25- Shes quite healthy (as/ unless/ even though/ because) she never takes any exercise. 26- 1- John (paints/ will paint -is painting/ has painted) the garage at the moment. 27- She (is liking/ likes/ liking/ to like) her new school. Everybody there is friendly. 28- We (are looking/ have looked/ had looked/ looking) for new furniture for the living room at present. 29- They (have just received/ are just receiving/ haven't just received/ just to receive) a reply from the oil company. 30- She (exercise/ exercises/ exercising/ have exercised) three times a week.
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31- I (was drawing/ am drawing/ am drawn/ has drawn) a picture right now. 32- Water (is freezing/ will freeze/ was freezing/ freezes) at 0 C. 33- While Stacey (goes/ was going/ went/ has gone) shopping for fruit, she met an old friend. 34- Look at this camera I (was buying/ buy/ bought/ have bought) for my sister yesterday. 35- Last night, while I (surf/ was surfing/ was being surfed/ am surfing) the internet, I found the camera was much cheaper to buy online. 36- I (don't see/ am seeing/ haven't seen/ has seen) him for two years. 37- I'm sure your sister will love the present you (have bought/ buy/ buying/ may have bought) her. 38- At 7.15 yesterday I (will have/ have had/ am having/ was having) dinner with my family. 39- It (is/ was/ had been/ has been) so cold since yesterday. 40- I've just (been seen/ being seen/ saw/ seen) my friend Peter. He is going shopping. 41- I (sent/ have sent/ had sent/ will send) you an e-mail earlier this morning. 42- I (never be/ have never been/ am never/ was never) to Acapulco before. 43- When my father (comes/ has come/ had come/ came) home, I was finishing my homework. 44- In June, 2008, I (would visit/ visited/ had visited/ was visited) my uncle in Canberra. 45- I (don't finish/ have to finish/ haven't finished/ didn't finish) my project yet. 46- The fire (was not/ didn't/ weren't/ couldn't) put out until the firemen arrived. 47- Before (boarded/ had boarded/ boarding/ boards) the plane, security men checked the bags. 48- As soon as he (received/ has received/ receiving/ receives) the fax, he telephoned us. 49- Nobody left the building until the meeting (had ended/ has ended/ ends/ would end). 50- He (has/ will have/ has had/ is having) a history lesson at the moment. Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences 1- What did you do since the weekend?
27

2- When would you start to learn English?/ Two years ago. 3- I want to be a doctor since I was ten. 4- When I was eight. I have seen a programme about a famous doctor on TV. 5- We were having a meeting at work this morning when suddenly all the lights were going out. 6- At the moment my sister trains to be a primary teacher. 7- Metals are expanding when they are heated. 8- She does research on plants a few years ago. 9- I knew him for ten years. 10- I didn't see the film yet. 11- They were arrested as breaking the law. 12- He had to apologize owing to he made a shameful mistake. 13- As well as she studied hard, she played tennis regularly. 14- If he reads the questions carefully, he answers them. 15- There were no accidents though the dangerous roads. 16- I like most school subjects because I don't like physics. 17- As soon as seeing the accident, I called the police. 18- However the box was heavy, he could carry it. 19- In addition to he wrote the letter, he saw the film. 20- Because they played very well, they lost the match. 21- What were you doing when I am calling you? 22- By the time my father was 18, he has been at work for two years. 23- My sister is really happy. She is just winning the first prize. 24- Alexandria was the last place I was spending a holiday. 25- In the past, people thought that the earth has been flat. 26- I will see a good film recently. 27- He would give me back my money a few hours ago. 28- At the moment he has cleaned the room. 29- I am understanding this math problem very well. 30- I didn't eat hamburger since last October.

28

Final revision 2
Units 4,5and 6 Important vocab.
attach (v) cooperate(v) situation(n) tolerance(n) team sports(n) combination(n) decision(n) exciting(adj.) mix(v) prove(v) cruel (adj.) navy (n.) pessimistic (adj.) shelter (n.) violent (adj.) capture(v.) above deep summit conquer mountaineer toddler

nd

secondary

/ / / /

bring up(v) pack(n) string (n) individual sport(n) sports centre(n) choose / chose / chosen(v) depend(v) Keep (v) reason(n) group(n) literature(n.) optimistic (adj.) be shocked split(v.) frightening (adj.) amazing sea level challenge lifelong (adj.) slightly

/ / / /

29

: sports sports clothes a sports festival a sports centre Do / play sports We should do sports to get fit. On (his) own / of (his) own He did the job on his own. He has a room of his own. Experience conduct / carry out / do an experiment This job needs a long experience. Scientists are doing experiments to test the effectiveness of the new drug. Encourage to +inf /discourage from + v+ing We should encourage our children to read. We should discourage people from polluting the environment. Spend (time) + v-ing I spent the evening reading an exciting story. Go = become Go bad /blind / deaf /dumb Get = become get fit / get angry / get depressed Have = have got = own I have a car = I have got a car. Do you have a car ? = Have you got a car? I don't have = I haven't got : had I had a car when I was in London. : will have I will have a computer next week. must / should to have : have got I want to have a camera.
30

 I should have a lot of money to buy this car. have got have Have a meal / have a party / have a holiday / have an accident End in a draw The match ended in a draw. Lose to .. Egypt lost to Brazil by 2 goals. Score a goal ) ( Realize / achieve a goal ) ( a Family member a society member a team member : adverb / adjective Daily / weekly / monthly / yearly / early He gets a yearly salary of 50,000 dollars. (adj.) The conference is held yearly. (adv.) agree to + inf. / n He agreed to the plan. She agreed to stay. Agree on The members agreed on the decision My father and I don't agree on very much. agree with someone / something I agree with Karen. This shirt is too expensive. I don't agree with hitting children. Agree that + I agree that he should be invited to the party. Couldn't agree more = agree completely Couldn't agree less = disagree completely A: I think Egypt will win the match. B: I couldn't agree more. Someone somebody everyone everybody no one nobody Everyone has their own ideas about the best way to bring up children. Know / show + how to-inf. He knew how to do the job.
31

He showed me how to use this machine. See someone off I saw my friend off at the airport. See = understand They couldn't see my point of view. See = think about It was easy to see the gift as a sort of bribe. :decade s In the 1980s = from 1980 to 1989 some every no some else : one / thing / body / where Someone else/ everyone else / something else / nothing else :what / who / why / where else Do you need anything else? Who else attended the meeting? lots of /a lot of / plenty of : a great deal of He bought a lot of sugar. He needs a lot of books. : much She doesnt need much money. Did you buy much sugar? : many He didnt see many places in London. Did you invite many people to your party last week? too/ so / very many/ much There is so much sugar in my coffee. Promise to = make a promise to He promised to help me with my work. Decide to = make a decision to He decided to buy a new mobile phone. Life ) ( The heart is the pump of life. There is no evidence of life on other planets. A life
32

He had a difficult life. She decided to start a new life in Australia. The life She read a book about the life of Lincoln. Expressing Rules: Everyone must always / should always... You must / You must not... Don't ../ Never ... Remember to .../ Don't forget to ... Examples: Everyone must always come on time. You must not speak in the library. Remember to bring two recent photos. Never touch this wire. Room (c) room (u) My flat has two bedrooms. There is no room for you in the car.

What do you like most about..? What do you like least about..? What do you like most about your school? Think of = think about / I'm thinking of / about buying a new car. What do you think of / about this shirt? Think of / I can't think of her name now. You should think of other people. elder ( ) than elder sister / elder brother She is my elder sister. eldest ( ) eldest sister / eldest brother He is the eldest member of the family. older (than) ) ( She is five years older than me. oldest ) ( He is the oldest student in our class.. Learn /teach +to-inf. He learnt to use the computer. Who taught you to cook?

33

Keep your cool = to stay calm and not get upset or nervous A close call = manage to avoid a dangerous situation In a tight corner = in a difficult situation Made my day = made me happy Out of the blue = suddenly and unexpectedly Raise money = collect money : Profession He left the teaching profession to set up his own business. Work: Peter's work involves a lot of travelling. Job: () When she left college, she got a job as a secretary. She has applied for a job with an insurance company. C ar eer : He has a good career in journalism. Quit (quit/quit) / / He quit smoking a year ago. She quit school when she was 15. Quiet = calm Be quiet! Ive got a headache . Quite = / fairly / completely Although they are brothers, they are quite different.

Prepositions:
mix with people talk about hunt in packs attached to=tied to cooperate with depend on = rely on ask for advice live in groups benefit from ) (
34

show tolerance towards people of different come out ages specialize in related to answer to solution to

pass on knowledge to go on holiday signal to shoot down a plane set fire to split into plan for the future get on with popular with have advice for exposure to fall to his death on the walls at the summit of go away familiar with

at times = sometimes take responsibility for on the island escape from look after protect from/against compare .. with cruel to give up under control fall off a mountain excited about dream of / about nervous of / worried about

..

Asking for Advice / Giving Advice

Asking for Advice Which (sport) do you think I should choose? I want to .. What do you think I should do? Can you give me some advice (about)..? Can I ask your advice about? Giving Advice If you ask me, should If I were you, I'd I think you should Why don't you? It is a good idea to The best thing is to you

Exercises

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:

35

1- Football and hockey are (group individual pack team) sports 2- We should show (tolerance dependence ambulance appliance) towards other people. 3- She was (brought up brought down brought in brought around) by her grandmother. 4- He found himself in a difficult (salutation sanitation situation solution) when he lost his money. 5- Use this cable to (approach attack - attach catch) the printer to the computer 6- All citizens should (commemorate cooperate decorate demonstrate) with the government to solve the problem of pollution. 7- Boxing and wrestling are examples of (team group family individual) sports. 8- We use (string sting stream stain) for fastening and tying things: 9- She has had to make some very difficult (occasions decisions discussions explosions). 10- Ricardo (stored stoned - scored - brought) a goal in the last minute of the match. 11- It was a very (silent equivalent violent - resistant) match. Some of the players hit each other. 12- The tourists wanted to do different things, so they (split spelt spilt spit) into three different groups. 13- I am hoping to study English (book booklets notebook literature) at university. 14- My brother is quite a/an (unhappy cruel optimistic pessimistic) person. He always thinks the worst is going to happen. 15- People who (find borrow capture steal) from shops should be punished. 16- He joined the (nursery navy nationality - loyalty) when he was 22 years old. 17- When he heard the news, he was (blocked shocked checked stuck). 18- Who (else other another others) is going to come to your party? 19- I didn't see (many much a great deal of a lot) people there. 20- I'm afraid I don't agree (in for with on) your opinion. 21- I saw a (fright frighten frightened frightening) film last night. 22- The trees provided some (shelter cheater check cheat) from the rain. 23- You must follow the (routes roles rules roads) or you will be punished. 24- During the celebration, he recited some of his recent (poets boils poems brooms), 25- London used to be the financial (cattle cannibal carnival capital) of the world. 26- This stain remover really works - it's (amazing achieving acting doing)! 27- Finding a solution to this problem is one of the greatest (changes -challenges chains shapes) faced by scientists today. 28- The (bottom inside outside summit) of this mountain is covered with snow for most of the year. 29- I couldn't believe how beautiful the island was. It was absolutely (amazing apologizing capitalizing criticizing).
36

30- The side of the swimming pool is too (sweep weep deep creep) to stand up in. 31- There are 14 mountains which are more than 8000 metres above sea (level devil civil foil). 32- Sir Edmund Hillary was the first man to (walk take run climb) Everest. 33- Mountaineers are incredibly (cowardly impatient - brave greedy) people. 34- It's too hard to stop smoking when it's been a (lifelong prolong lifeboat lifestyle) habit. 35- He has finally (covered collapsed collected conquered) his fear of spiders. 36- I'm (brightly brilliantly - slightly confidently) upset that she forgot my birthday. 37- I have so much (work career job profession) to do. 38- He was in a (sight light right tight) corner when his money was stolen. 39- We didn't actually hit the other call, but it was a close (call - ball fall mall). 40- His resignation came out of the (clue due blue threw). He never said a word about it.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences and write them correctly:
1- Winning the Olympic gold medal was the realize of his life's dream. 2- They help you talk through your problems but they don't give you any salutations. 3- The ending of the film was printable. Everybody knew what was going to happen. 4- I would like to compress my thanks for your kindness. 5- He was the first man to example the land. No one has been there before him. 6- Seeing my friend after such a long time really did my day. 7- She spoke in a quite voice so as not to wake him. 8- Medicine as a confession is very profitable. 9- What do you like better about your job? 10- I'm thinking in buying a new car. 11- One day, out of the black, she announced that she was leaving. 12- He made his cool although she insulted him. 13- He was in a tight corridor when his new car was stolen. 14- His happy is listening to classical music. 15- Prices have risen by an avenge of 4% over the past year.

Grammar
Future Simple Tense
:

Will / shall + inf.

: I / we shall will :
37

Next (year/month/week) / in the future / soon / in a year, month, week / tomorrow / this time next week / this time tomorrow I'll meet him tomorrow morning. She will visit us soon. Where will you be this time next year? : I expect / I'm sure / I think / I don't think / I wonder / probably / I suppose /I hope / I believe / I feel sure / Perhaps.. I expect she will pass the test. I don't think he will leave the country. I wonder what will happen. I'll probably be home late this evening. If I know his address, I'll write him a letter. Will is used: 1- To express a true fact I'll be 18 next week. 2- To predict event The plane will land in half an hour. 3- To decide something quickly. I'll have coffee, please. 4- To offer to do something I'll clean the car for you. 5- To ask someone to do something Will you look at my homework tonight? 6- To make an arrangement I'll see you this evening. 7- To make a threat I'll resign if I don't get a pay rise. Shall (I / we) I / We shall go to Cairo next month. You / He / She / It / They will stay here. 1- To make suggestions: shall Shall I meet you on Friday? Shall we have a party? 2- To make offers: Shall I help you with your homework? Shall / will = 'll I'll do it.

: If

You'll do it.

will not = won't Shall shan't / () We shall meet the boss tomorrow, shan't we? : am / is / are + going to : We are saving up because we are going to buy a car.
38

 I'm going to make some coffee. Do you want some? : I think I'm going to fail this exam. (I haven't done much work) I think it's going to rain. The sky's looking very dark. : was / were going to + inf. I was going to tidy the flat, but I didnt have time.

Are you going to + inf. = Do you intend to + inf.

Are you going to buy a new car? (Do) Do you intend to buy a new car? Is she going to take the test? (Does) Does she intend to take the test? :) ( He's travelling to Cairo tomorrow. (He's got his tickets) I'm going home in half an hour. (I have arranged it with the boss) ( : You leave Cairo International Airport at 7 p.m. and arrive in Paris at 11 p.m. The film starts at 9. The exam takes place on 2nd April.

The future continuous:

Will/shall + be + ING : A : Can I come and see you at 4 o'clock tomorrow? B : No. I'll be driving to the airport then. Come at 2.30 before I leave. Between 9 and 11 a.m. tomorrow I'll be studying

Definite and Indefinite Articles

A / an
We have a house with a garden. Hes an engineer

: thousand
39

a couple / a dozen / a hundred / a

Two pounds a kilo / sixty kilometers an hour What a clever boy! / What an interesting

: story!

an apple / an eye / an umbrella / an

an orange : book

an uncle

an ulcer

:an a u

university / a unit / a uniform / a European country / a useful

: a / an I usually have lunch at 2 p.m. He gave us a good breakfast. : the 1- The sun/ the moon/ the world /the Earth The country /the countryside /the town /the sea / the sky / the ground /the Pyramids /the Cairo Tower / the High Dam / the state Cairo is the capital of Egypt. :2 - the best / the most difficult / the least expensive / the smallest / the biggest : at the top of his voice / at the end of ... / in the end -3

:4 - go to the cinema /go to the theatre /listen to the radio /use the internet /go to the bank / go to the post office / go to the shops :watch TV play / practise play the piano, the violin ,the guitar ,the lute ,etc. the poor the dead : the young the rich the unemployed the deaf -5 -6

40

the old

the injured

the sick :

The young are in need of help. :7- the U.A.E the U.K. the U.S.A / the Sudan /The Nile / the Himalayas / the Atlantic / the Red Sea / the Mediterranean / the Alps / the Middle East / the Far East / the south of Egypt / the Sahara :8- I saw a film last night. The film was about the Second World War. :9- The more you practice, the better you get The warmer the weather, the better I feel The more you have, the more you want . . :01- The Giraffe is found in Africa :11- When was the telephone invented? The bicycle is an excellent means of transport. :21- the French the English the Swiss

:31- I like your garden. The flowers are beautiful. (the flowers in your garden) Do you like the coffee we had last night? Can you pass the salt, please? (the salt on the table)] :of 41-
41

 The Museum of Modern Art

The Bank of England The Tower of London

The Great Wall of China

The Guardian

The Times :51- : 61-

The Quran / The Bible

: () the 71- the government / the state /the stone age / in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening / the environment /the weather The man who lost his son was very : 81- sad. :91- The fifties the nineties : : people/food/jobs/ plants Women usually live longer than men do. Scientists do research. Beans are good for you. Money does not grow on trees. : Food and drink : milk, water etc. Activities: smoking / reading / writing / shopping Sports :football / basketball / volleyball Abstract nouns : democracy ,beauty ,love , happiness ,sadness ,misery ,truth ,poverty ,progress , music, etc./ People fear death. Everyone is looking for happiness. :the The death of their father made them very sad. School subjects : History , Math ,Science ,etc. Languages :English, Arabic etc.)
42

-1

-2

 Oil is used to make plastic. Smoking is harmful to health. I want to study Science and Technology . English is the worlds most widely used language. :the language The English language / the French language : northern / southern / eastern / western He went to hospital = he was ill. -3

the prison/hospital/school/ He went to the hospital = to visit someone. university / church / / mosque He went to prison = he did something wrong He went to the prison to visit his brother
: work He arrives at work at 7 every day. King William attended the conference. President Mubarak appointed a new prime minister. I do not go out at Christmas. mount / go/come home the :mountain / lake He went home early yesterday. He climbed Mount Everest. Lake Victoria is in Africa. :the The Bahamas The Great Lakes The Andes the

43

 the : : Pollution is a dangerous problem. Music can be used to cure some diseases. Peace is the dream of all nations.

Adjectives
Comparative adjectives: look / seem / appear / taste / feel / to be :sound / smell It was cold. She looks ill. The food smells bad.
: er cheap cheaper large larger quiet quieter

:i y y er
lucky luckier funny funnier happy happier

big

bigger

hot

hotter

fat

fatter

st r e Wide wider widest

more / less . than

44

more / less expensive than

more / less terrifying than

:

as + adj./adv. + as John is as tall as Peter

:

not as / so + adj./ adv. + as

Hassan isnt as old as Peter.

Peter is older than Hassan Hassan is younger than Peter.

(older/younger)

I dont know as many people as you do. (more/fewer)

You know more people than I do. I know fewer people than you do.

Frank isnt as rich as Joe.

Joe is richer than Frank.

(richer)

The test was not as difficult as I thought. (easier)

The test was easier than I thought.

I didnt expect her to be so smart.

She was smarter than I expected.

(smarter)

: slightly / even / a bit / much /a lot / a little / far/

Going by bus is a lot cheaper than going by plane. Going by plane is much more expensive. You have to move a bit faster.

better well worse ill She feels much better today. He was so ill yesterday. He's even worse today.

45

Superlative adjectives:
:

the . est deep high clever stupid the deepest the highest the cleverest the stupidest
:

old short

the oldest the shortest rich the richest

the most / the least . interesting expensive the most / the least interesting the most / the least expensive

Irregular adjectives: good much many far little less farther/further least Are there any further questions? farthest / furthest better best bad worse worst

more

the most

further = more

most + adj. (without the) = very The article Ive just read was most interesting. = very interesting first / second / third,..etc Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt.
: the

It was his biggest achievement in Chemistry.

46

 less

He is less tall than his friend. = He is not as tall as his friend = His friend is taller than him.= He is not the same height as his friend. the same + n. + as = as + adj. + as
:

long wide

Length width

expensive big

price size distance height

old age far deep depth high Your house is as high as mine. (height) Your house is the same height as mine.

The red shirt is as expensive as the white shirt.(price) The red shirt is the same price as the white shirt. Adjectives ending in ly: friendly lovely silly friendlier lovelier sillier friendliest loveliest silliest

the . the..

----

the less

the less

the more the + adj.-er

the more the + adj.-er

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The harder you study, the higher marks you get. You eat a lot. You become fat. (The more) The more you eat the fatter you become. If we leave early, well arrive soon. (The earlier) The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive. You use much electricity. Your bill will be high. (The more..) The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.
in

The longest river in the world (Not: of the world) The best student in the class / The best player in the team

This is the loveliest card Ive ever received. Its the most boring film Ive ever seen. than + .me (I +v.) / her (she +v.),etc.
:) ( than

He is taller than me/him/her. But: He is taller than I am / he is/ she is. They earn more money than us. But: They earn more money than we do The boy is clever. A clever boy

To Be seem / look / feel be afraid / awake / asleep / alone / alight / absent/alive The boy was afraid.
fascinating

She is still awake.

ing ed
fascinated

exciting

excited 48

amazing embarrassing annoying

amazed embarrassed

terrifying boring

terrified bored confused frightened

annoyed

confusing frightening

depressing disappointing

depressed disappointed

Jane is bored because her job is boring. Tom is interested in the job. Tom finds the job interesting.
: ing

He is a boring person. She is bored. Exception: impressed Delighted She was delighted with the news. Thank you for a delightful evening.

impressive delightful

. and

Its becoming harder and harder to find a job. Its becoming more and more difficult to find a job. These days more and more people are learning English. The weather is getting colder and colder.

to + inf. happy / pleased/ disappointed / amazed/afraid/glad / delighted /surprised / sad / relieved astonished I am sorry to hear that your brother is ill. Tom was surprised to see me. She was delighted to get your letter. : It ( be ) + adj. + of + someone + to do something (nice / kind / stupid / silly / clever / polite / careless) It is kind of you to help me. It was careless of Jack to leave the door unlocked. It was very generous of Ann to lend us the money. :not to The boy didnt study his lessons well. (It was careless) It was careless of the boy not to study his lessons well.

Exercises
Choose the correct answer:
I (am flying fly going to fly flies) to Moscow tomorrow. The train from Cairo (has arrived will be arriving arrives was arriving) at 5.15 p.m. tomorrow morning.
49

12-

He (may drive shall drive drives - is driving) the children to the match tonight. He has booked 3 tickets. 4- I think I (buy am buying will buy had been buying) this watch. 5- Tom (is seeing saw has seen was going to see) the director in a few minutes. 6- I promise I (have bought will buy am going to buy must buy) you a nice present. 7- The cup is on the edge of the table. It (is falling has fallen is going to fall will be falling). 8- She has already packed her luggage. She (is going to might has been shall) leave. 9- I (break has broken will break will be breaking) your neck if you do that again. 10- (Might May Should Will) you buy me some stamps, please? 11- They (leave would have left would be leaving are leaving) for Rome tomorrow morning. 12- (Do Does Are Will) you intend to resign from the company? 13- The forecast says it's (be going to going to will shall) be hot and sunny tomorrow. 14- My cousin and his wife (must were going to shouldn't are going to) have a baby next spring. 15- A: My car has broken down. B: Don't worry. I (will mustn't ought need) give you a life. 16- (Do Will Should May) you give that to Ali when you see him, please? 17- If he's late again, I (should ought going to will) be angry. 18- We (shall will have are going ought) let you know as soon as there's any news. 19- I don't think he (shall will couldn't might) come on time. 20- Between 10 and 12 a.m. tomorrow, They (travel travelled have travelled will be travelling) to London. 21- As soon as he (is finishing will finish to finish finishes) his work, hell go home. 22- I (phoned had phoned will phone have phoned) my friend after he comes back from London. 23- Before she (does will do had done did) the washing up, she will see a movie. 24- I (wouldnt wont would might) leave until I have lunch. 25- When she (sees had seen saw will see) her exam results, she will be so happy. 26- He (got will get would get had got) a job as soon as he gets his degree. 27- As soon as Peter arrives, (told will tell would tell tell) him to come to the managers office. 28- Before you operate this machine, (read will read has read had read) the instructions very well.
50

3-

29- I will wait here until they (had called are calling will call call) my name. 30- When she (get gets will get had got) the new job, she will move into a new
house. 31- After (a an the no article) sun went down, (a an the no article) moon came up. 32- (A An The no article) policeman usually wears (a an the no article) uniform. 33- (A An The no article) intelligence is important for (a an the no article) success. 34- (A An The no article) hard work which John did was the reason for (a an the no article) success that he enjoyed. 35- The interviewer asked (a an the no article) Professor Zewail about his work. 36- I think he plays (a an the no article) guitar very well. 37- It was (a an the no article) happy party, but we could only stay for half (a an the no article) hour. 38- (a an the no article) Chemistry is a difficult subject. 39- Vegetarians dont eat (a an the no article) meat. 40- My uncle plays (a an the no article) tennis well. 41- (A An The No article) reason I was successful was because my parents encouraged me. 42- I think (a an the no article) education is something all (a an the no article) children should value. 43- He said that (a an the no article) subject he enjoyed most at school was (a an the no article) Science. 44- Dont spend all (a an the no article) money you have. 45- (A An The no article) Money doesnt always bring (a an the no article) happiness. 46- Yesterday I heard a (fright frightened- frightening frighten) noise outside. 47- He often tells me (amused amusing amusement entertainment) stories about his family. 48- This is the (hard- harder less hard- hardest) test Ive ever taken. 49- It was wrong (with for of to) him to neglect his study. 50- He was not (cooperative as cooperative more cooperative less cooperative) as his colleagues. 51- He is not (so more less lessen) reliable as his friend. 52- My flat is (more big less big bigger the biggest) than yours. 53- You didn't do as (more less least much) work as I did. 54- Her friend is (wealthy wealthiest wealthier wealthiest) than her. 55- My car is (less more least most ) small than yours. 56- Nobody in our company is (efficient as efficient as most efficient than as efficient) Peter. 57- It was (more foolish than less foolish foolish least foolish) of her to waste all her money.
51

58- Laptops are becoming (less and more more and less much and more more
and more) popular nowadays. 59- She was astonished (seeing to see of seeing seen) some of her old friends at the party. 60- You shouldn't have invited John to the party. He's a (bored bores boring to bore) man.

Find the mistakes in the following sentences and write them correctly: 1- She is gone to finish her work early today. 2- Can she intend to study medicine in the USA? 3- We are packing our luggage because we have gone to travel to Italy. 4- Should you close that window, please? 5- The bookcase isn't well fixed. It's will go falling. 6- Italy is an European country. 7- The continent to the east of Europe is the Asia. 8- The Aswan High Dam is on river Nile in Egypt. 9- Good doctor needs a lot of experience. 10- I must go to bank and change some money. 11- I really enjoyed book I've just finished reading. 12- I'm just going to have wash. 13- All I had for lunch was piece of cake. 14- It's a honour to get this international award. 15- During sixties, people were interested in music. 16- The much food you eat, the fatter you become. 17- The place was more farther than I thought. 18- No student in our class is as cleverer as John. 19- This is the more higher building in our city. 20- Tokyo is the more busier city in the world. 21- She is more hard-working of all the students in this class. 22- The blue vase is the same price than the yellow one. 23- The weather is many colder than normal for this time of year. 24- Thats the funny joke I have ever heard. 25- Eating fruit is most fattening than eating chocolate.

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Final revision 2nd secondary

Units 7,8and 9 Important vocab.
chain representative afford distribute economy global technology population represent act canoeing admire debts manual savings continuously bronze medal judo benefit career take place highlight amateur take care of chief / yield corporation // / / / distribution employ goods wages communication take off army collection ball identical necklace valuable except (for) exercise take part in boxing professional festival destroy regularly take turns / / / / / () / )( / /

Prepositions:
work for a company export to proud of refer to all over Egypt communicate with trade with .. import from do a project on all over the world in this way set up in the same ..
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at the same time thanks to bring up write about something stay at a hotel related to at the age of in the past at present happy with/about attached to = joined to perform in a play a set of things close to lend .. to owe money to on a small scale work at his computer exchange .. for .. be exposed to look up turn on = switch on win a medal for judo prepare for + n. interested in in ancient times throw someone onto the ground at the side of the road pay for have contact with at a reasonable price

region thank somebody for grow up write to someone talk on the phone

.. ) (
54

look for = search for fight for in the future at all times the way to success consist of .. mix with people an invitation to borrow .. from share with go on holiday on a large scale be based in

exchange ..with .. be willing to switch off = turn off ) ( tend to prepare to + inf. at that time harmful to with the help of play for a team .. suitable for sail through the Suez Canal be based on

aspire to

participate in

: a car factory two car factories a door knob three door knobs Every day (adv.) Everyday (adj.) We face a lot of problems in our everyday life. I go to school every day. :s Economics statistics mathematics physics Economics is sometimes hard to understand. : have affect effect The storm affected the roads badly. (effect) The storm had a bad effect on the roads. The accident has affected her deeply. (effect) The accident has had a deep effect on her. :chief chief buyer chief engineer be made of This handbag is made of plastic. be made from Bread is made from flour and water. be made in (a country) We should encourage products that are made in Egypt. be made by
55

affect = have an effect on

This table was made by a clever carpenter.

Most = nearly all / almost all Most students passed the test. = Nearly all students passed the test Wages salary fare fees Wages ( ) The workers went on strike because they wanted higher wages. Salary This bank manager gets a salary of 40,000 dollars a year. Fare Taxi fare bus fare plane fare Fees lawyer's fees school fees Doctors' fees are very high nowadays. afford + to + inf. .... I cant afford to buy a new car. new computer. :

afford + n. I wish I could afford a

hire ( )/ We hired a car for a week. The company hired a new secretary. hire out Why don't you hire out your car to your neighbours while you are away and make some money? Rent : (a flat / an office / a building) Look forward to + v-ing / n. I look forward to visiting London. forward to my holiday. I am looking

Be located in = be situated in Be located on = be situated on The office is located in the city center. The town is situated on the Mediterranean Sea. Start with = begin with + n. Start by = begin by + v-ing
56

 Let's begin with exercise B. He started his speech by telling us something about his life. wear .. ) . + ( / : wear He was wearing his best suit at the party. Policemen usually wear a uniform. We wear light clothes in summer. put on .. ) . + ( Put on your coat its cold. She put on her uniform and went to school. Hurry up. Put on your shoes. We are late for school. dress ( I) = get dressed ) ( She always dresses fashionably. : dress Can you dress the kids for me? be dressed in = .( ) be wearing He was dressed in a black suit. = He was wearing a black suit. Suggest: + v-ing He suggested sending Frank some flowers. Suggest (that) +Sub+ inf. He suggested that I prune the trees. He suggested that she come early. : should He suggested that she should come early. Ashamed of ) ( Shy You made a big mistake. You should be ashamed of yourself. My son was too shy to speak to the guests. except (for) / Everyone went to the show except for Scott . (Scott was..) Scott was the only one who didnt go to the show. :except / except for : except 1- It's the same everywhere except in Scotland. He's goodlooking except when he smiles.
57

:except / except for 2- Everybody understands except me. We are all ready except for her. : except that 3- I know nothing about him except that he lives in Cairo. Accept + n accept an invitation / an apology / a present Expect to + inf. Expect will He accepted my invitation to the party . She expects to find a good job soon. I expect that she will pass the test.

solid

: fy / ify solidify pure purify terror liquid terrify

beauty beautify gas gasify

liquefy

Way of + V-ing way to + inf. There are many ways of solving the problem. That's not the way to do the job. Stop to + inf Stop + -ing. On his way to work, he stopped to buy a newspaper. advised me to stop eating fatty food.

The doctor

: What + be + + like ? = describe What was life like in the past? What is Ali like? What is the weather like today?

58

sense verbs: (smell / taste / feel / sound / look) + Adj. : That flower smells beautiful. That cloth feels soft. The meat tasted nice. :have That flower has a beautiful smell. That cloth has a soft feel. The meat had a nice taste. : Be seem appear She's clever. She seems ill. :I'm sorry to say.. I'm afraid I'm afraid I'm so busy. = I'm sorry to say that I'm so busy. :ing inf. hear / watch / see I saw him playing tennis. I saw him play tennis. : 2/ 3 / 4 every each every student / every 4 years each one / each book : everywhere I looked for my book everywhere, but I couldn't find it. Together with = including Longer races were added to the Olympics, together with boxing. : play Play )football, basketball, hockey, soccer, tennis, squash , table-tennis, rackets, ping-pong, volleyball) :ing go Go (swimming, jogging = slow running, sailing , dancing water-skiing , running, scuba-diving, riding, hunting , climbing ) : do a lot of some ing I did some scuba diving last week. : do
59

Do (gymnastics / karate / athletics / sports) :sport do/play Do you do any sports? Yes, I play hockey. :ing gone been Have you ever gone swimming? / Have you ever been swimming? win (T/I) / a game/ a race / a medal / a competition / a cup / a match / a contest / support / / / love / trust / confidence /approval / war/loyalty / /friends. Which year was it that Italy won the World Cup? beat / Holland beat Belgium by 3/1. gain ) information / knowledge / experience / reputation ( gain (weight / speed / height )) (// earn (money / earn a living) She earns $40,000 a year. Achieve a goal ) ( Score a goal ) (

Business Letters
. 1. 2. 3. 4. Dear " " Dear sir, " .5 " Dear Sir or Madam, " " Madam, 6. , I will, I would, I am, I have, etc. 7. :
60

Thank you for your assistance. I look forward to hearing from you. I am looking forward to meeting you. Yours sincerely,

Your address, Your Phone No. E-mail address Name and address of the Company/ person you are writing to Dear Mr./ Mrs., OR Dear Sir or Madam,
Letter details

Yours Sincerely, Name and Signature

Making Suggestions:
Making Suggestions If you ask me, he (should) What about + V+ing. I think it'd be a good idea to .. Why don't (you / we)..? How about + V+ing. Let's .. / Shall we .. Agreeing with suggestions That's a good idea. I'll go along with that. I agree That's what I think That sounds nice Fine by me Disagreeing with suggestions I'm not sure about that I don't agree. No, I'd prefer to .. I wouldn't choose .. I'm not very keen on I really don't feel like it

Exercises
Choose the correct answer:
1- To (employ dismiss expel convoy) means to pay someone to work for you. 2- (Fees Fares Salaries Wages) means the money that someone is paid every week by their employer 3- To (affect afford offend defend) means to have enough money to pay for something.
61

4- To (distribute disturb distill destroy) means to supply goods to shops and companies in a particular area 5- A (collaboration combination contamination corporation) is a large business organisation. 6- (General Global Verbal Herbal) means affecting or including the whole world 7- (Astronomy Anatomy Economy Gloomy) is the way that money, businesses and products are organized in a country 8- (Woods Goods Methods Roots) are things that are produced to be sold. 9- The global economy has increased (international rational irrational intentional) trade. 10- The (economic historic climatic dynamic) situation in our country is getting better.. 11- New businesses will (destroy enjoy - employ annoy) hundreds of people in the city. There will be a lot of job opportunities. 12- E-mails help to improve the way companies (calculate advocate communicate dedicate) with their customers. 13- China has a (pollution population revelation violation) of 1.3 billion people. 14- They chose a famous barrister to (present - represent offend resent) them in court. 15- This drug is said to have no side (affects reflects effects contests). 16- This gold watch is so (valuable cheap inexpensive worthless) and looks beautiful. It cost me a fortune. 17- (Manual Easy Casual Gradual) work can be very tiring and it is not very well-paid. 18- I really (hate astonish dislike admire) my grandfather. He has spent his whole life working to look after his family. 19- She is going to spend some of her (accounts taxes - savings cheques) on a new car. 20- (Savings- Coins Currencies Banknotes) are all the money you have not spent. 21- A/An ( bracelet earring watch - necklace) is a piece of jewellery worn around the neck. 22- (Usual Habitual Factual - Manual) work is done by people using their hands. 23- To (recount act detect apply)) means to be a character in a film or play. 24- A (ball call fall install) is a large formal occasion when people dance. 25- (Optical Classical Identical Critical) means exactly the same. 26- He gave her some of his (savings samples saves seeds) to buy a new dress. 27- This morning I received an invitation (to for in with) a meeting at my college. 28- I'm going to borrow a dictionary (to - from by with) one of my friends. 29- Before he retired, my uncle worked (like alike - as is) a hospital doctor. 30- She was (wearing dressing acting putting) a nice dress at the party.
62

31- He suggested that I (applying to apply applies apply) for the job. 32- She stopped (to greet greeting greets greetings) an old friend on her way to work. 33- I've cleaned the house (expect respect for - except for accept) the bathroom. 34- What was the party (like alike dislike liken)? It was wonderful. 35- Her grandparents had to work hard (in by for with) years before they could affo their own car. 36- To (take part take care take turns take place) means to do an activity with other people. 37- (Concise Precise Exercise Excess) is physical activity which help people stay healthy 38- A (gold bronze silver iron) medal is a medal for being third in an Olympic race 39- They visit their grandparents (regularly improperly bitterly elderly). 40- (Tennis Boxing Judo Netball) is a sport in which two people try to throw each other onto the ground 41- I play tennis (regularly seldom hardly rarely) at least twice a week. 42- Most people feel (aloud shy proud miserable) when athletes from their country do well in the Olympics. 43- Swimming and cycling are very good forms of (advertise compromise merchandise exercise). 44- (Swimming Jogging Camping Judo) is a Japanese sport which is a kind of fighting. 45- (Boxing Fixing Mixing Taxing) is a sport in which two men wearing gloves hit each other 46- To (take turns take place take off take part) means to do something one after the other. 47- The Olympic Games (takes part takes turns takes off - takes place) every 4 years. 48- My plane (takes place takes off takes part takes care) at 10.30 tomorrow. 49- I couldn't take (part role place action) in the race because I had broken my leg. 50- In our English class, the students usually (make do - take play) turns to answer the teacher's questions.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences:

1- Morocco is located in the Atlantic ocean. 2- She was looking forward to seen the grandchildren again. 3- I was rented by the first company I applied to. 4- She can't affect to buy a new house. 5- His monthly fare is $1,000. 6- I don't eat meat, but I like almost types of fish 7- I think I'm suffering from the affects of too little sleep.
63

8- She has built up a shine 9- of 80 bookshops across the country. 10- How many people does your company unemployed? 11- Ali and Peter look very similar accept that Ali is a little taller 12- That's not the way to doing it - let me show you. 13- He suggested to visit the museum. 14- I really admit people who can work in such difficult conditions. 15- They are selecting money for the new hospital. Grammar

Relative Clauses :
whom . The boy looks very tired. He ran a long way. (who) The boy who ran a long way looks very tired. The woman was put in jail. The police charged her with murder. The woman who (whom) the police charged with murder was put in jail. who :who

: which The job was very tiring. He applied for it a week ago. The job which (that) he applied for was very tiring. The man felt very sad. His wife died in the accident. The man whose wife died in the accident felt very sad. comma who / which / whom . that . The company which he works for sells computer. The woman who killed her husband was sentenced to death. : that comma Mr. Ahmed, who has just arrived, is a famous politician. The company, which is in Cairo, employs 200 people. : that / who The man for whom he works is German. The man that he works for is German. The man who / whom he works for is German. : that
64

. whose

:who that This is the best book that I have ever read. He was the best king that / who ever sat on the throne. : that All / much / little (that) All the apples that fall are eaten by the goats. : which that The house cost him a lot of money. He lived in it. The house in which he lived cost him a lot of money. The house that he lived in cost him a lot of money. What = the thing that / the things that The things that we saw astonished us. = What we saw astonished us. The thing that annoys him is that his friend always comes late. = What annoys him is that his friend always comes late. to + inf. : The first / second/last/only Ali was the first student who arrived at school. = Ali was the first student to arrive at school. He was the last man who left the ship. = He was the last man to leave the ship.

It + is / was + +who / that It + is / was + + which / that

It was Peter who broke the window. It was the bus that delayed us. :) TO BE (

:
The man ran away. He was arrested for murder last month. The man who was arrested for murder last month ran away. The man arrested for murder last month ran away. The boy wants to borrow some books. He is in the library. The boy (who is) in the library wants to borrow some books.

:) (

John Smith was interviewed on TV. He is a famous runner. John Smith, (who is) a famous runner, was interviewed on TV.

there which where

65

 The shop was so big. He worked in it. (which / where) The shop which he worked in was so big. The shop where he worked was so big. He went to Acapulco. He spent most of his holiday there. He went to Acapulco where he spent most of his holiday.

The day was remembered for long. They met on it. The day on which they met was remembered for long. The day when they met was remembered for long.

: which when

: :V.+ ING Active

The man is very kind. He works in this office. The man who works in this office is very kind. The man working in this office is very kind.

:
The officer treated me very well. I met him at the police station. The officer whom/ who/ that I met at the police station treated me very well. The officer I met at the police station treated me very well.

Used to +inf.

I used to rent a flat, but now I own one. He used to send letters to his friends, but now he sends e-mails. I used to play the guitar when I was young. He used to be a driver, but now he isnt.

Didn't use to + inf.

He didnt use to smoke, but now he does.

Did + + use to + inf. ..?

Did she use to cry a lot when she was a baby?

am / is / are used to + -ing

He is used to having a cup of coffee every morning. = He usually has a cup of coffee every morning.

:
66

Am Is + + used to + V-ing. ..? Are

Is she used to living on her own? Are they used to taking exercise?

: used to no longer used to any more / any longer :

He used to live here. (no longer) = He no longer lives here. He used to live here. (any more) = He doesnt live here any more. He usually goes to the club on foot. (used to) = He is used to going to the club on foot.. He didnt like Chinese food when he was young, but he is used to it now.

:be used to :inf. " " be used to :

Water is used to generate electricity. Wood is used to make paper.

am / is / are used to + -ing = am / is / are in the habit of + ing

He is in the habit of borrowing money from others. (used to) He is used to borrowing money from others.

used to + inf. = was / were in the habit of + ing

She used to sleep in class.. (in the habit of) She was in the habit of sleeping in class.

The present perfect simple and continuous

: :1-
She has worked very hard this week. She has lived here for 10 years.

: 2-
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 He has just passed the exam. She has already done the homework. He has always enjoyed fishing.

: 3 -

: 4-

Charles has written a number of short stories.

This / It / That is the first / second / third / only / best / worst, etc. This is the first time I have seen this man. This is the fifth time you have asked me this question. It is the worst film I've (ever) seen. Have / has gone to Have / has been to She has been to Myanmar. She came back two days ago. He has gone to Turkey. He will be back in a few days.

:
Where have you been? I have been to London.

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Present Perfect Continuous : Have been / has been + V+ing.

since / ever since / for / all day

: : 1- : 2-

I've been studying all day.

I've been running a lot recently. I've been learning Spanish for the last few months. It has been raining heavily for the past three days.

: 3-
I've been running that's why I'm so tired. I'm sorry about this mess. I've been painting my room. since.still for.still since .yet for..now foryet all day

He has been working there ever since he passed his exams. He has been working there for a long time / for 3 years. It has been raining for three days now. They started to do the homework at 6 oclock and they are still doing it. (since) They have been doing the homework since 6 oclock. She started to clean the house two hours ago and she hasnt finished yet.(for now) She has been cleaning the house for two hours now. We have been living here for 6 years and we dont intend to move. How long have you been smoking?

:How long

How long ago did you do the job? = When did you do the job?

: When How long ago :

It has been raining for the past three hours.

teach / learn / rain / cook / sleep / play / run / study / write / read / stay

:present perfect
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He has written three letters.

:): (

I have known him for ten years now. I have owned this washing machine for 5 years now. He has been in the army for 5 years now.
so + adj./adv. + that + sentence

: very
The shirt was very nice. I couldn't resist buying it. (so that) The shirt was so nice that I couldn't resist buying it. She ran very quickly. She could catch the train. (so that) She ran so quickly that she could catch the train.

Such (a/an) + adj. + n. + that + sentence : a/an

He was a stupid boy. He failed all the tests. He was such a stupid boy that he failed all the tests. The furniture he bought was so wonderful that everyone admired it. (It was) It was such wonderful furniture that everyone admired it.

: furniture such a : noun

He was so reckless /that he had a terrible accident. (suchthat) He was such a reckless driver that he had a terrible accident.

such noun such (a/an) + noun + that..

He was a coward. He ran away from the battlefield. (such) He was such a coward that he ran away from the battlefield. He was a gentleman. He helped the old lady. (such) He was such a gentleman that he helped the old lady.

Adj./Adv. + enough + (for +n. / pron. + ) / to-inf.

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He was rich. He could buy an expensive car. He was rich enough to buy an expensive car. The test was easy. He passed it. (enough) The test was easy enough for him to pass. The shelf was low. She could reach it. The shelf was low enough for her to reach.

(enough)

for + noun/pron.

Too + adj./adv. + (for + n./ pron.) to-inf

He was very ill. He could not go to school. He was too ill to go to school. The test was difficult. He couldnt pass it. The test was too difficult for him to pass.

: too

(too)

: for + noun/pron.
(too)

( too enough :) enough too

He didnt walk quickly enough to catch the bus. (too) He walked too slowly to catch the bus. He was too ill to go to school. (enough) He was not well enough to go to school.

Have + something + PP
: have : :

Verb "to have" in different tenses:

Present simple Present cont. Present perfect Past simple Past cont. Past perfect Future simple Modals have/has am having/is having/are having have had / has had had was having / were having had had will have / shall have Can / may / should / must / be going to + have

Did you paint the house yourself? No, I had it painted. Is she typing the report herself? No, shes having it typed.
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 Someone had cleaned the floor for me. (I.) * I had had the floor cleaned. Someone mended her bike the other day. She) *She had her bike mended the other day. Someone will fix the phone for me. I.) * I will have the phone fixed. The photographer is going to develop the film for them. (They.) * They are going to have the film developed.

:have get
The barber is going to cut my hair. I am going to get my hair cut. Someone is decorating her house. She is getting her house decorated.

Exercises
Choose the correct answer: 1. (Do Did Have Had) you watched that film yet? 2. Can you suggest a time (which - when where that) you can come to our office tomorrow? 3. Did he (used to use to is used to was used to) do anything else as well as writing? 4. He (is used to - used to is used for is used for) go canoeing on the river on Sundays. 5. He (used to no longer doesn't use - is used to) spending all his free time writing. 6. He (used to live is used to living used to living uses to live) in Cairo. Now he lives in Alexandria. 7. He (uses to used to no longer used is used to) staying at home. 8. He had (so such such a too) much money that he could buy an expensive car. 9. He has been learning French (for since while- when) the age of six. 10. He is at Cairo airport, (when whom where why) Mr. Ali is meeting him. 11. He is used to playing tennis every weekend, but years ago he (isn't doesn't didn't shouldn't). 12. He used to be a famous singer, but now he (isn't doesn't couldn't shouldn't). 13. I (tried was trying have been trying have to try) to phone you since yesterday afternoon.
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14. I (work have to work have been working will work) hard since the morning. 15. I can't find the books (when what where that) I got from the library. 16. I met a man with (who that which whom) I used to work. 17. I spent most of the time studying the reports (which whom where when) you sent me about the low yield problems that you have. 18. In those days, he (used to uses to is used to doesn't use) enjoy fishing. 19. It is (so too enough such) dangerous to sunbathe nowadays that people tend to stay in the shade. 20. It was (so such too enough) cold yesterday that we decided to stay at home. 21. It was (so too enough - such a) difficult exercise that hardly anyone completed it. 22. It was (so too such - such a) rainy day that we stayed indoors. 23. John, (who that whom what) is a famous writer, wrote many novels. 24. Mr. Mohammed, (whose where - who when) is the manager of Falcon, has worked for Falcon for 25 years. 25. Mr. Peter, (who which whose whom) has just arrived in Egypt, is the chief buyer for a Chinese import company. 26. My friend (got will have was having had) his computer fixed tomorrow. 27. My shirt is too long. Ill have to (do have got had) it shortened. 28. My sister (is used to was used for used to no longer uses) help me with my science homework when I was little. 29. My sister likes going to bed early now. When she was little, she (is used used to no longer was using) go to bed late. 30. Port Said, (when that which where) his business is located, is an hour's drive from our house. 31. She (didn't use to has used to - isnt used to used to) living in a tropical climate. 32. She (doesn't use no longer any longer any more) takes drugs. 33. She (has been studying has been studied had to be studied will be studied) hard all day. 34. She (has to revise has been revising had revised revises) for the test for three hours now. 35. She (passes is passing has just been passing has just passed) the driving test.
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36. She (used to work is used to working doesn't work didn't work) here any more. 37. She no longer (wear wears wearing wore) glasses, but she used to (do doing did does) that when she was young. 38. She was (so such too enough) weak to do any work. 39. She was having a new dress (make makes to make made). 40. She will get that tree (cut to cut cutting being cut) down tomorrow. 41. The article wasn't (easy enough too easy too difficult difficult enough) for him to understand. 42. The bed was (such too enough so) uncomfortable for him to sleep in. 43. The company (where in which with whom -which ) I work for imports cotton from Egypt. 44. The company, (which where what whose) my father works, exports goods to Europe and Asia. 45. The exports, (whose - which when where) include cotton and me goods, come from all over Egypt. 46. The man (which where whose - that) John met at the airport was from Edinburgh in Scotland. 47. The person (that which where when) the company belongs to is an accountant. 48. The Sales Manager of the company, (who which whom where) is 26 years old, studied economics at university. 49. The suit was cheap (so such too enough) for him to buy. 50. The supermarket, (which whose where what) Miss O'Connor works for, buys fruit and vegetables from an Egyptian company.. Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences 1. My cousin, where is a research chemist, works in the food industry. 2. My brother went to Oxford University which he studied economics. 3. John, which grew up in London, has lived in Egypt for 1 5 years. 4. The university which my uncle works is in Cairo. 5. The university where I want to go to is near my uncle. 6. My uncle Ahmed, where is a businessman , lives in Cairo. 7. Tanta, whose is Egypt's fifth largest city, has many mosques. 8. Ahmed, when has many customers in India, often goes there for holidays.
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9. Ahmed's clothes company, where he started in 1950, exports all over the world. 10. The clothes, what are made of Egyptian cotton, are very good quality. 11. John is used to driving a ten-year-old small car, but now he drives a big new one. 12. When I was young, I am used to have a phobia of spiders, but now I don't. 13. I don't use to play computer games, but now I play them occasionally. 14. When I was in Alexandria, I am used to going swimming every day. 15. Where did you used to go for holiday when you were a child? 16. He isn't used to having any guests, but now he has parties every weekend. 17. They don't use to go camping for a holiday, but now they stay in the best hotels. 18. People used to work very long hours, but now they work so many hours. 19. The cities are used to being smaller, but now they are much bigger. 20. People are used to travelling by horse and cart, but now they travel by cars. 21. My father has been travelling abroad six times in the last two m o n t hs . 22. My brother has just been passing his university exams that's why he looks so happy. 23. He lives in London for 20 years now and he doesn't intend to m ov e. 24. I'm sorry my clothes are dirty. I clean my garage. 25. I phone my uncle since 8 o'clock this morning. I wonder what the m a tte r i s .

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Final revision 2nd secondary

Units 10, 11 and 12 Important vocab.
fertile organic pesticide gene ingredients rot starvation fertilizer modify rotten fat ashore (adv.) remote whaling continent determined ram (v.) ahead above remote control seriousness sin / sank / sunk destroy hunt offer balcony detached house (adj.) outskirts (n.) storey (n.) view (n.) conduct (v.) high-tech (adj.) lock (n.) (v.) genetically modified inorganic spray genetic engineering ripen seeds / agriculture starve modification carbohydrate protein primitive / serious / armed purpose / harpoon whenever abroad (adv.) aboard remoteness(n) / drown / / attack / catch / caught / / caught give / gave / given / crew block (n.) / semi-detached (adj.) overlook ) / ( thick (adj.) concrete flat (adj.) insulated (adj.) / / sloping (adj.)
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a block of flats a block of wood

multi-storey a block of concrete

Prepositions:
) ( harmful to express opinion on/about be concerned to+inf. be concerned with+n. smile at lie to put genes into bring down plants come round resistant to life on earth lead to experiment on/with rich in a sailor on a ship live on an island he was born into a rich work on a farm family work in ordinary at the beginning jobs at first at last be bored with look for = search for come out ) (at the time of his death life at sea at the age of fall to his death send off ) ( send off hold onto pull out pull up on his last voyage on the third day armed with at the weekend crash into collide with essential to / play a vital role in work on a novel ready for+n. ready to+inf. lend someone a hand by accident by mistake close to live with ) ( live in ) (sit on the balcony ( on the outskirts of .. live on spray with poisonous for
)
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keep out heat fall down compare .. with respond to get in a house with a garden park on the road work out a sum

.. /

result in suitable for reply to give up get out park in a garage bring back tend to

Communication Skills
Making Recommendation I'm sure you'd enjoy/love (this book). You really should (read this book). I can really recommend (this book) to you. Reasons It's a very exciting/interesting (story). The characters are so real. You won't be able to put it down.

: (The book / film) is too long and slow. It's not really my kind of (book/film). . I know it's long, but I couldn't put it down. I have read other (novels) by,but this one is the most exciting. It's too serious. It's too hard to understand.

Expressing Opinions Expressing Opinions Agreeing with opinions

As far as I'm concerned, In my opinion, I'd say that .. It seems to me that .. I think So do I / I do too. I agree (with you). You are (quite) right I think so I suppose so.

Disagreeing with opinions

I don't./ I don't think so I don't agree (with you) I disagree. I'm not sure Really!

Examples: As far as I'm concerned, the watch is more beautiful than that necklace. I agree with you. In my opinion, we should all do more exercise. You are quite right. I'd say that mountaineering is very dangerous. I'm not sure.
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 It seems to me that Paris is a great city. I don't think so.

: to make Make + inf. (active) / They made him pay the money. :to + make He was made to pay the money. Once = at some time in the past / Once = as soon as Once = one time Once, people were hunters. Their food came from animals. Once I get the news, I'll phone you. She visits her grandparents once every six months. So = very I enjoyed the film very much / so much. Such = very He is such a clever boy. : very ly adverbs Extremely fantastically tremendously greatly incredibly unbelievably awfully terribly : sorry awfully The mountain is extremely high. He was incredibly rich. I am awfully sorry for disturbing you. ( ) so : So + + Ali plays tennis. Ahmed plays tennis.
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Ali plays tennis and so does Ahmed. She knew the answer. They knew the answer. She knew the answer and so did they. Peter can swim. John can swim. Peter can swim and so can John. : ( ) neither Neither + + I didn't know the truth. She didn't know the truth. I didn't know the truth and neither did she. He couldn't climb the mountain. They couldn't climb it. He couldn't climb the mountain and neither could they. Hope / Wish I hope he passes / will pass the test. I hope to win the first prize. : hope :to + hope

: wish I don't have a camera. I wish I had a camera. People throw rubbish in the street. I wish people didn't throw rubbish in the street. : wish I failed the exam. I wish I hadn't failed the exam. / I wish I had passed the exam. would I/we could wish : I wish I could see my friends tomorrow. I wish my friend would come to my party next week. : ize economy economize computer computerize c r i t ic is m c r it ic iz e familiar familiarize general generalize memory memorize modern modernize terror terrorize :s z / alike / look like unlike :Verb to be like She is not like her sister. = She is different from her sister. She doesn't like her sister. = She hates her sister. Alike = like each other :To be alike
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Like

 He and his brother are alike. He looks like his brother. Unlike his brother, he is very tall. Remote (adj.) (remoter / remotest) : / Some primitive people still live in the remotest parts of Africa. I haven't the remotest idea. In the remote past In the remote future In the near future

Shore / ashore / coast / beach / bank coast )( The ship sank three miles off the French coast. There is rain over the whole of the west coast of Britain. beach )( We spent a very nice time on the beach. Shore The shores of the Mediterranean have a population of more than 120 million people. ashore (adv.): When the boat reached the port, we went ashore. bank Most Egyptians live on the Nile banks. Sink / drown Sink ) / ( The ship sank to the bottom of the ocean. The big blue whale sank the fishing boat. Sink / The Egyptian pound has sunk to its lowest level against the dollar. Drown : ) ( Two boys drowned while they were swimming. Offer / Give Offer: / She offered a reward for the return of her lost necklace.
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Give : / She gave me two apples. Recommend: / / The doctor recommended that he should take a rest. He recommended me a good book to read. I can recommend this film to you. Its very exciting. Advise: tell someone what they should do He advised me to study hard. She advised me not to waste my time. Think of as .. The captain thought of the whale as his enemy. Be determined to .. He was determined to kill his enemy. Hunt : They hunted the deer for 5 hours before they could finally catch it. : multi- multicultural multidimensional multilingual

multinational multipurpose multimedia

Whenever = every time or any time / Whenever she comes, she brings us some presents. I can meet you whenever you like. Whoever = the person who or any person / Whoever pollutes the environment should be punished. Wherever = to any place or every place / Wherever he goes, he makes friends. Whatever = anything or everything You can eat whatever you like. Matter (v.) Does it matter if I come late? It doesn't matter to me what you do. Matter (n.) / / What's the matter with you? = What's wrong with you? What's the problem with you? It's a matter of life and death. As a matter of fact, / It's a matter of time.

floor / land / ground / earth

Floor There weren't enough chairs, so I had to sit on the floor. Land /
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Desert land farming land building land ground / While he was running, he fell to the ground. Earth / The moon goes round the earth. He covered the roots of the plant with earth. Story / storey He told me a very boring story. We live in a five-storey building. Middle ) ( / / The middle of the street / the middle of the road / the middle of the century / in the middle of the night Centre / City centre / town centre / the centre of attention Overlook = look over My flat overlooks the Nile. Overlook I usually overlook his mistake because he's still too young.

View / scene / scenery / sight / sights View ) ( I want a room with a view of the sea Scene ( ) / The police arrived at the scene of the accident / crime Scenery ) ( / / / During the journey, they stopped to admire the scenery. Sight Sight (v) land. Sights sights. He lost his sight when he was 5 years old. After two months at sea, the sailors sighted If you come to London, I'll show you the

Move = move in ) / ( He didn't like his house, so he decided to move. move into + He decided to move into a new house Marry = get married Marry = get married to + He married / got married in 1995.

She married ( got married to) her cousin.

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Weather ) ( climate ) ( The weather is expected to be hot tomorrow. climate.

Britain has a temperate

insulate : These wires are insulated. Its too cold outside, but this building is well insulated. isolate : People who have infectious diseases are often isolated from others. Whereas = but ) ( He must be about 60, whereas his wife looks much younger. Why is/are important? = What is the importance of? Why are trees important? = What is the importance of trees? Stay + adj. / Stay cool / stay alive / stay awake Get in ) ( get into ) ( The door was locked, so she couldn't get in. The door was locked, so he got into the house through the window. another one From street to street / From one street to another Mind + V-ing Do you / Would you mind opening the window?

Exercises
Choose the correct answer:
51- When fruit or other food (dots shots knots rots), it is too bad to eat. 52- Scientists can (qualify - modify clarify identify) crops by adding or removing certain genes. 53- People who do not have enough food to eat may die of (starvation sanitation determination nutrition). 54- If you want to grow vegetables, you have to put (deeds needs - seeds reeds) in the ground. 55- Farmers earn their money from (agriculture culture feature literature). 56- Look at the planes. They are (praying playing spraying staying) the fields from the air. 57- Rice is the main (grade element substance ingredient) of tonight's dish. 58- Some people believe that (volcanic organic electronic titanic) fruit and vegetables are better for you than ones grown with chemical fertilizers. 59- Some people are worried that genetically- (applied classified dried modified) crops will bring diseases.
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60- Farmers use chemical (hormones antiseptics antibiotics pesticides) to kill insects which attack their crops. 61- My brother wants to study (gene genetic genetics geneticists) at university. 62- (Ripened Rotten Raw Medium) fruit usually tastes sweet. 63- This tomato is (ridden risen rotten molten). I can't eat it. 64- Scientists have made genetic (qualifications modifications classifications clarifications) to some vegetables. 65- Many people were very hungry after the storm. Some even began to (swerve serve starve observe). 66- (Unlike Alike Dislike Look like) his brother, he's very arrogant. 67- He passed the test and (so either neither nor) did his brother. 68- I wish the weather (was were is had been) better yesterday. 69- I'm (incredibly unbelievably fantastically awfully) sorry for not coming on time. 70- (Once One Ones Twice) I've found somewhere to live I'll send you my address. 71- Every night before going to bed, I (hope wish give offer) my mother good night. 72- My brother trained hard for the competition and I (hope wish offer intend) he'll win. 73- I (thought wish intend hope) the weather improves soon. 74- I (insist hope wish intend) we could meet next week. 75- I wish you (can will may would) try listening to me for once. 76- A (honeymoon balloon harpoon cartoon) is a sharp metal used for hunting whales. 77- A (purpose propose dispose compose) is what you want to achieve when you do something. 78- To (jam gram ram dam) means to crash into something with great force. 79- A (clue crow blue - crew) means the people that work together on a ship or a plane. 80- "He is (determined underlined examined - hesitant) to do it" means that he wants to do something so much that he won't let anyone or anything stop him. 81- (Weeping Creeping Whaling - Bleeding) is the activity of hunting whales. 82- This book is (furious serious cautious curious) . It's not funny. 83- The word (effective deceptive - primitive aggressive) means very simple or old-fashioned. 84- This place is (neighbouring remote overlooking close). This means that it is far away from other places. 85- (Shore Bank Ashore - Coast) means onto land by the side of the sea. 86- In the storm, the ship (sank sat shrank held) and two people drowned. 87- The sailors (left went boarded headed) their ship and went ashore in a small boat. 88- The elephant (attached attended attempted - attacked) the hunters and completely destroyed their car.
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89- They (hunted caught held touched) the lion for three days and finally caught it while it was sleeping. 90- He (pretended - offered intended - denied) a gold coin to the first sailor to see Moby Dick. 91- He has no idea of the (seriousness carefulness carelessness awareness) of the situation. 92- The (richness roughness - remoteness closeness) of my friend's village made me hesitate to visit him. 93- Three (harmed - armed alarmed reformed) men broke into the bank to rob it. 94- You can come to visit me (whatever wherever whenever whoever) you like. 95- The passengers were asked to (broad abroad broaden board) the plane immediately. 96- In hot countries, buildings often have (thin stick black thick) walls to keep people cool 97- On cool evenings, people who live in flats like to sit out on their (ceiling wall balcony- block) and read. 98- 3- Many supermarkets are built on the (outskirts outlets outlooks outlines) of towns and cities. 99- 4- I've always wanted to live in a building that (overcomes oversees overlooks overweighs) a football ground so that I can watch matches without leaving the flat. 100- 5- A (multi-story / multinational / multidimensional / multimedia) car park has many levels. 101- 6- The (thickness sickness stiffness fitness) of walls in my house helps to keep us cool in summer. 102- I'm ready to (overhear overheat overlook overtime) his behaviour this time. 103- This house is joined to another house on only one side. It is a semi-(final detached circle colon) house. 104- A (tower shower blower drawer) block is a building divided into flats or offices. 105- (Carbohydrate Concrete Certificate Accumulate) is usually used for building. 106- This metal (infects constructs deducts conducts) electricity. 107- Much of the countryside is (concrete flat detached attached). It has no high areas. 108- The animal's thick fur provides very good (insulation - isolation anticipation decoration) against the arctic cold. 109- This electric wire is (activated adapted insulated affected). It is covered with plastic. 110- In places where there is a lot of rain or snow, hoses usually have (stopping sloping flat concrete) roofs. 111- In Egypt, where there is little rain, most houses have (bending brick high flat) roofs.
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112- A lot of buildings in Egypt are made of bricks and (concrete wool fur rocks). 113- Some houses do not (corrupt instruct - conduct detect) heat well, so the inside stays cool. 114- Modern houses can be very high-(tech trick brick stick). 115- We couldn't get into our house because the doors were (checked close locked open).

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write hem correctly: 1- This land is infertile. It can produce a large number of good crops. 2- Carbons provide our bodies with heat and energy. 3- Protein is an animal which helps us to grow and be healthy. 4- A leaf is the part of a plant from which a new plant of the same kind can grow. 5- Millions of people face salutation because they don't have enough to eat. 6- I hope you good health. 7- I wish getting a new job soon. 8- She did the job well and neither did Hala. 9- He can't use the computer and so can't I. 10- The mountain is incredibly height. 11- Asia is the largest city in the world. 12- He couldn't finish the book because it was too serial. 13- Relative people inhabited this island 2000 years ago. 14- He went board on business. 15- Turn left and you'll see the hospital above of you. 16- All the passengers and chew survived the crash. 17- I'll visit you wherever I have time. 18- He commented me a good book to read. 19- The lifeguard rescued the sinking boy. 20- He lives in a close village. It's far from the nearest town. 21- Some houses are very cold because they have no roof installation. 22- The whole area was fattened by the storm. 23- It took us several minutes to overlook the front door and get in. 24- Biography plays a vital role in building design. 25- Copper commits electricity better than other materials do. 26- This block of flats is twenty stairs high. 27- The Pyramids took a long time to conduct.
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28- People sometimes think in a similar way to their descendants. 29- He used the close control to turn off the TV. 30- Buildings with thick walls keep on the heat.

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Grammar
Question tags
" " . . He hasnt got any money, has he? : : let us lets

Hes a student, isnt he?

Lets go, shall we? Let us stay here, will you? :am am not arent am I am a teacher, arent I? I am not a lawyer, am I? everyone / someone / everybody / somebody / no one/ nobody :they Everyone has done the homework, havent they? Everybodys at the match, arent they? Nobody saw the robbers, did they? :it something / everything / nothing Something has happened, hasnt it? : seldom / never / scarcely / neither / little / few / hardly / rarely / no longer He no longer comes early, does he? Theres hardly any food, is there? :will you Dont open the door, will you? :will you wont you Close that door, wont you? I I think / I believe : don't think/I don't believe I think Hala will win the race, wont she? I don't think they are lazy, are they? have : dont/didnt/doesnt/isnt : do have He has a car, doesnt he? (OR : hasnt he?) : Question tag You'd better leave, hadn't you? You'd rather go, wouldn't you?
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: there There isn't any milk in the fridge, is there? : this / that it This is not right, is it? : ) ( IF If she doesn't have a map, she'll get lost, won't she?

/ whose Who's = who is + n. / v+ing / adj. Who's = who has + PP. Leila is the student who's working on this project with me. My friend, who is a pilot, has always loved flying. The man, who's done a lot of good work, will be given a reward. Whose That is the boy whose sister is a teacher. My brother, whose friend is a Libyan engineer, is going to work in Tripoli. The Past Perfect Tense had + PP : :1- When I got home, my mother had washed and ironed my clothes. = First my mother washed and ironed my clothes. Then I arrived home. Notice the difference between this pair of sentence: When I arrived at the party, Tom left.. = I arrived, then Tom left. When I arrived at the party, Tom had left. = Tom left before I arrived. :2- after / before / when / as soon as / no sooner / till / until After As soon as

Who's

First he did the homework. Then he went to bed. (after) After he had done the homework, he went to bed. :after/as soon as After he saw / had seen the film, he went out.

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: after / before / when / as soon as Before he did the shopping, he cleaned/had cleaned the room. He cleaned / had cleaned the room before he did the shopping.

: comma After + = + Having + PP After he had done = Having done He went to bed after he had done the homework. (Having ) Having done the homework, he went to bed. As soon as they had arrived, we phoned them. (Having ) Having arrived, we phoned them. :v.+ing after / before / when After Before When

+ v.+ing :after / before

After his father's death, he left the country. = After his father had died, he left the country. : by the time By the time + By the time my friend arrived, I had finished my homework. when When she arrived, we had finished our lunch. = We had finished before she arrived. When I had finished work, I went home. = After I had finished work, I went home. : when When the play ended, the audience went home. When he opened the window, the bird flew out. : ing when on When she saw the robber, she called the police. On seeing the robber, she called the police. Before +

First we turned off the lights. Then we left. (Before) Before we left, we had turned off the lights.
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 + till / until

: () till/ until

Before he left, I had given him permission. He didnt leave until I had given him permission. After she had typed the letter, she posted it. (until) She didnt post the letter until she had typed it. : till/until He stayed in bed until half past nine. because : The teacher was pleased because all his students had passed the test. He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before. Leila was late for school because the bus had broken down. He was angry because he had lost his job. because : for / ever / never / already / yet / just The film has already started. (present perfect) :already The film had already started when I arrived. (past perfect) : The man sitting next to me on the plane is nervous. He has never flown before. The man sitting next to me on the plane was nervous. He had never flown before. More Examples: When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started. When I met him, he hadn't finished his homework yet. When I arrived home, my father had just left. When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my house and had stolen my jewelry. It was the best novel I had ever read. The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it yet. : She said she had seen the film the night before. : She said, "I saw the film last night." : By then He arrived at the party at 11 o'clock yesterday. By then, most guests had left.
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: wish I wish I had seen my friends yesterday. : if If I had known he was ill, I would have visited him. : It was only when + that

As soon as they had arrived at home, they slept. (It was only ) It was only when they had arrived at home that they slept. It wasn't until + that

She didn't laugh until she had heard the joke. (It wasn't) It wasn't until she had heard the joke that she laughed. : + had + no sooner hardly Scarcely than + PP when when +

She left the house. She was run over by a car. (no sooner) She had no sooner left the house than she was run over by a car. He entered the office. His boss shouted at him. (hardly) He had hardly entered the office when his boss shouted at him. : She left the house. She was run over by a car. (No sooner..) No sooner had she left the house than she was run over by a car. : Had been + PP He said that he had cleaned the room. He said that the room had been cleaned.

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The Past Perfect Continuous Tense : Had been + v+ing : when/since / for/ all day / all weekend wait / do / study / live / work / stay / :play / watch / sleep / paint / read / write / talk / run / walk / travel, ..etc When I arrived home, he had been cleaning the room for two hours. They had been waiting for an hour before the train arrived. What had he been doing when the accident happened? There were floods because it had been raining for three days. He was tired because he had been working since dawn. He was covered in paint. He had been painting the room since we left. Our game of tennis was interrupted. We had been playing for an hour when it started to rain. :) ( We were good friends. We had known each other for 10 years. . break : down / stop / close / open/ end / finish She was late for the meeting because her car had broken down. : When I met Ahmed, he had finished typing 3 reports. Pronouns I You He She It We They : I visited my friend. She studies hard. : me you him her it us them : : I saw him yesterday. I gave a present to him. my your his her its our their : My brother is a doctor. This is her bag. mine yours his hers ours theirs : This book is mine. This house is theirs. a friend of He is a friend of mine. = He is my friend. She is a friend of yours. = She is your friend.
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: The cat ate its The dog moved its tail. : its -1 food. ing it is it's It's beautiful. It's raining. It's a new car. : it has it's It's rained for two days. they / them it -2 I bought 4 books. They are very useful. : it 3- It is hot in this room. What time is it? : you one 4- One/You must be careful when driving a car. : your one's It is easy to lose one's / your way in New York. :ones one I'm looking for a flat. I'd like a small one. Green apples often taste better than red ones. I've got two books. Which one would you like? :5- Whose book is this? = Who does this book belong to? It's my book. = It's mine. / It's hers.

Reflexive Pronouns : Singular : myself yourself herself himself itself Plural : ourselves yourselves themselves : He hurt himself. He bought himself a mew shirt. She looked at herself in the mirror. Hala cut herself when she was peeling the potatoes. I dont want you to pay for me. Ill pay for myself. : I myself did the job. / I did the job myself. Who mended your bike? Nobody. I repaired it myself. I am not going to do your homework. Youll have to do it yourself.

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: " " " " by by myself = on my own = alone / without any help I went to the cinema on my own. = alone Do you go to school by yourself? = alone Did you paint that picture on your own? = without any help I learned to use this computer by myself. = without any help The machine works by itself. = alone He lives on his own. = alone / by himself : approach complain dress remember rest relax shave wash worry wake up lie down undress wonder stand up sit down : She put her bag next to her. The car was coming fast towards him. She took her dog with her. after / for / on The children are old enough to look after themselves. Try to depend on yourself. Of his own & On his own : on his own = alone / without help My aunt lives on her own. Dont help him. Let him do it on his own. Of his own = belonging to him and to no one else Id like to have a car of my own. Hes got no ideas of his own. oneself one One hopes that ones children will be more successful than oneself. Idioms with reflexive pronouns: Enjoy yourself = have a good time Help yourself = take what you want Make yourself at home. = behave freely as if it were your own home He made a name for himself. = He became famous
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 Take care of yourself Behave yourself = be polite /behave well : can / may / will + inf.

So that +

could / might / would + inf. so that want / desire / intend Students go to school. They want to learn. (so that) Students go to school so that they can learn. He opened the door. He wanted to see who was outside.(so that) He opened the door so that he could see who was outside. so that In order to / to / so as to + inf. Students go to school so as to learn. He opened the door in order to see who was outside.

Exercises
Choose the correct answer: 1- The man (who whose who's that) looking after our garden is too old. 2- The woman (whose who's that's what's) purse was stolen phoned the police. 3- (Whose What's Who's When) going to drive the kids to school? 4- I'm not sure (who whose when who's) coming to their party tonight. 5- The Paul is the one (who whom who's whose) going to make this team something special. 6- I couldn't tell (who whom who's whose) books were left on the table. 7- Paul is the player (who whom who's whose) skills will make this team something special. 8- Ali was unsure (who whom who's whose) office he was meant to go to. 9- "(who whom who's whose) stolen my wallet?" 10- I'd like to know (whose whom who's who) smelly socks these are.
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11- She's done a lot of good work, (isn't doesn't haven't hasn't) she? 12- If he comes early, he can catch the bus, (can does can't won't) he? 13- They dug the well,, (didn't don't hadn't weren't) they? 14- She'd rather stay home, (hadn't wouldn't couldn't won't) she? 15- She's going to finish her work early, (hasn't wasn't isn't can't) she? 16- We have earned a lot of money lately, (haven't don't aren't shouldn't) we? 17- Someone has watered the garden, (hasn't he haven't we don't they haven't they)? 18- Everything is O.K., (doesn't wasn't isn't hasn't) it? 19- He hardly does any useful work, (does he doesn't he don't we haven't we)? 20- Let's find somewhere else to stay, (will you won't you shall we shan't we)? 21- When Ali went to university, he (had been studying has been studying studies was studying) English for ten years. 22- I was tired yesterday morning because I (was reading - had been reading have been reading read) until late the night before. 23- By the time I went to sleep, I (have read had been reading - had read reading) a hundred pages. 24- The manager decided to change the date of the conference, even though she (had been sending has been sending has already sent had already sent) out 20 invitations. 25- Unfortunately, even though he (had been training has been training has trained was training) for six months, Ali didn't win the race. 26- We (are thinking think will think - had been thinking) about staying in Alexandria for our holiday, but finally decided to go to the Red Sea, even though we (had gone would go are going go) there twice already. 27- My friend and I (had been talking talk will be talking are talking) for more than an hour before I put the phone down. 28- Ali wasn't feeling well yesterday. He (studies has studied - had been studying has been studying) hard all weekend. He had been trying to finish an essay the teacher had given him last week. 29- By the time he arrived at the station, the train (had left leaves was leaving was left), so he missed it. 30- When I met her, she (already reads has already read had already read was being read) two short stories.
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31- When his novel Moby Dick came out in 1851, Melville (had written had been writing wrote has written) for five years. 32- When I arrived at the airport, my plane (had just taken off has just taken off will just take off just takes off). 33- They (weren't didn't couldn't wouldn't) released until they had paid the bail. 34- By the age of 20, Melville was bored with the jobs he (does has done had been doing is doing) and decided to look for adventure. 35- He (hadn't finished hasn't finished wasn't finishing hadn't finished) his final novel about life at sea at the time of his death. 36- He felt ill because he (has eaten had eaten is eating will eat) too much junk food. 37- By the time he arrived yesterday, the meeting (is was had been has been) over. 38- After I had written the letter, I put a stamp on it and (taken take was taking took) it to the post office. 39- After (read had read reading reads) the instructions, I was able to use the machine. 40- There was some broken glass on the floor because someone (had broken has broken was breaking is breaking) the window. 41- Did you both hurt (yourself yourselves herself themselves)? 42- The dog barked on seeing (it its itself herself) in a mirror. 43- This book isn't (they them there's theirs). It's ours. 44- Make (themselves yourself you your) a cup of tea. 45- The girl is feeling faint. Take (herself yourself hers her) to hospital. 46- The house (themselves itself yourself- myself) is nice, but the garden is very small. 47- We wanted to buy the table, but (it's it itself its) surface was damaged. 48- We got out of the water and dried (us we ourselves themselves). 49- I am going to the shops to get (myself herself themselves yourselves) some tennis shoes. 50- I love you for (yourself itself oneself themselves), not for your money. 51- I (showered showered myself showered by myself showered to myself) and dressed in ten minutes.
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52- We didn't ask for help. We did all the work (myself yourself ourselves yourselves). 53- Our house is not as modern as (her your their hers). 54- Is this your brother's bike? No, it's (his him me mine). 55- If you see Ali, can you tell (he his him them) to phone me tomorrow. 56- The woman looked surprised when she saw (herself itself himselfourselves) in the mirror. 57- She fell down the stairs, but she didn't (hurt hurt her hurt herself hurt hers). 58- Peter fell off his bike, but he wasn't (hurt hurt himself hurting hurt itself). 59- Sally, did you and Mona paint the room (yourself yourselves themselves herself)? 60- Hala (cut had cut cut herself cut themselves) on a piece of glass. 61- The house (it its itself themselves) is nice, but it is in a emote area. 62- Would you like to try the new car out (itself myself yourself oneself)? 63- Ahmed is a great friend of (me I mine my). 64- You both must do the job by (you your yourself yourselves). 65- Take an umbrella with (you yourself your yours) in case it rains. 66- He went to London (in order to so that so as that) attend the conference. 67- He trains very hard (that so that in order to so as to) win the race. 68- She works overtime (in order so as to so that that) she can earn more money. 69- He wore black glasses so that nobody (may should will could) recognize him. 70- We decided to save up some money (in order to as to so as so that) buy a new car.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences 1- The man who's house collapsed during the earthquake was so sad. 2- The boy whose written the e-mail is my cousin. 3- The company who's employees went on strike closed down.
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1- This is the man whose works for the computer company. 2- Nobody saw the thieves who's robbed the gas station. 3- He started writing in his mid twenties. By then, he travels all over the world. 4- Before he went back to America, he has been living with a group of primitive people for 4 months. 5- As soon as he received the phone call, he has gone to the airport. 6- He looked very tired. He works so hard all weekend. 7- She seemed to be very happy. Perhaps she is receiving some good news. 8- I am seeing a good film last night. 9- He sounded very angry when I spoke to him this morning. Perhaps he loses his job. 10- She wasn't helping her mother until she had done the homework. 11- She was excited about going to London. She has never been there before. 12- Nobody leaves until the meeting had ended. 13- We designed our house by itself. 14- This car belongs to our neighbors. It's them. 15- People live in houses to protect ourselves from the weather. 16- This machine is automatic. It works by himself. 17- This is not your camera. It's him. 18- There house is so big. 19- The dog moved it's tail when it saw me. 20- The job herself is good but the boss is unkind. 21- Can you introduce your, please? 22- Please help myself to more tea. 23- She didn't know the way to the station, was she? 24- Nobody is here, isn't he? 25- A lot of money has to be collected, have it? 26- I don't think he'll pass the driving test, can't he? 27- That's not the right answer, does it?

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Final revision 2nd secondary

Units 13, 14 and 15 Important vocab.
ambition meaningless silent chat inform regret meaningful silence civilization adviser/advisor battle fortunately oppose a best-seller poet behave abandon inhabitants settlement supply (v.) monastery oasis beauty irrigate / / / / / / / / include pour announcement conductor paramedic ambitious inclusion reform almost eventually go missing trap explorer behaviour off the beaten track persuade spring (n.) landscape site settle down / / / / ( )

history agricultural

Prepositions:
full of revise for exams arrange to + inf. filled with arrange for + n. phone him on his
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help with a problem call to someone on the beach half an hour away from ask for write to someone cut (himself) off from others break down die of thirst succeed in ask for help kind of catch up with move from ... to say goodbye to stop at an oasis an adviser to opposition to get to above sea level attractive to be cut into the hills impressed by deprive of show someone round/around walk through forests

/ ... ... /

mobile instead of become friends with phone someone at the hospital phone for an ambulance ask about write about something move around the room take to manage to rich in popular with kind to keep up with get out of on their way an adviser on have advice for aware of

/ /

be home to below sea level at any time has a population of over time all over Egypt find his way around be/feel confident about

Communication Skills
Asking for help Agreeing to help someone Please could you help me to..? Yes, of course.. I wonder if you could help me with..? Yes, what's the problem? I can't (find..). I don't suppose you Yes. What would you like me could help me.. to do?
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Would it be possible for you to help I'd be happy to help. me..?

Persuading someone to do something

I recommend (going to / visiting / reading..) You really must (visit / read / go to..) Can't I persuade you to (visit / go to..) It would be a pity if you didn't (see / read / go to..)

Finding out more information

Can you tell me more about? What would I see there? What is special about? .. How is different from?

Compare ..to Poets often compare sleep to death. Compare ..with When we compare our economy with theirs, we'll find that ours is much better. Compared to/with This street is quite busy compared to/with ours. Announcement advertisement commercial Announcement ( ) The boss said that he had an important announcement to make. Advertisement I often read newspaper advertisements for new cars. Commercial There are often too many commercials between TV programs. In what way = How In what way is your new house different from the old one? : : by By car / taxi / train / plane / boat etc. He went to Cairo by bus. : car / taxi in In (a/his) car in a taxi We went to Ali's village in Ahmed's car.
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: on On the train on the bus on the plane One of the passengers on the train was very ill.

Sayings and their meanings:

The road to success is not straight. = not everything in is easy life. Good friends are hard to find, harder to leave, and impossible to forget. = You don't have many truly good friends in your life, and when you have them they are friends for life Some people are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges.= Some people cut themselves off from other people and isolate themselves, and for this reason they don't have friends. Life is not a race. It's a journey. = Rushing through life won't make you a winner. It's not what you do that you should regret, it's what you don't do. = Do and experience as much as you can in your life If you do good things in your life, you will be remembered for these things. = People don't forget the good things that other people do If you don't succeed, try, try and try again = never give up, keep trying and finally you'll succeed. Regret + n He regretted his mistake. Regret + to-inf. We regret to tell you that the trip will be cancelled. Regret + V+ing I regret spending all my money on clothes last week. Regrettable His behaviour at the party was very regrettable. Regretful He was regretful when he had to leave his old house. Look forward to + V+ing = (be) Looking forward to + V+ing I'm looking forward to seeing you. I'm looking forward to hearing from you. Remind someone to do something / Remind someone of something I cant remember her name. Please, remind me to bring my camera. He reminded me of my promise. Remember me to your family. Come and + inf. Come and have tea with me.
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Including ( / ) Twenty people were injured in the accident including 3 children. the problem of .. We should find a solution to the problem of overpopulation. What's the problem with ..? .. What's the problem with your computer? What relation is .to .? .... What relation is Ali to Ahmed? They are cousins. One of (is) One of these books is very useful. : Reading books is a useful hobby. Building new houses costs a lot of money. : Two hundred pounds is too much for this shirt. Five miles is a long way to walk. Five hours is not enough to do this job. Stop +(from) v+ing He stopped the other team (from) scoring goals. Almost = nearly I have almost finished. = I have nearly finished almost Almost nobody was there. He eats almost nothing. Fail + n. / fail + to+inf. He failed the exam. He failed to do the job. Succeed in = manage to He succeeded in doing the job. He managed to do the job. most = very I'm most interested in languages. We are most worried about pollution. Compound nouns: One word Two words Hyphenated word bookshop shop assistant / best-seller goldmine bust stop air-conditioner
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goalkeeper motorbike / playground

train station

adventure story diamond mine

bathroom alarm clock footballer shoe shop hardly (any / ever) = almost not ) / ( We have hardly any money. = We have almost no money. supply (someone / something) with / We should supply our schools with modern technology. Supply (something) to.. / His parents supplied a lot of books to him. Supplies = food or other items necessary for living ) ( / / After the earthquake, a lot of people were in need of food and medical supplies. Rise / rose / risen (I) = (go up, increase , ,stand up / , get out of bed ) Oil prices are rising all the time. Smoke rose from the chimney. The sun rises at around 6 a.m. rise (n.) ( / increase / increase in wages ) There was a sudden rise in temperature yesterday. He got a 10% rise last year. Raise / raised/ raised (T) Raise your hand if you know the answer. The government does its best to raise the standard of living. The concert raised a lot of money for cancer research. Raise your voice raise hopes/ fears/ suspicions ... / Raise a subject / question / point Arise / arose / arisen ( = ) begin to happen / A lot of problems usually arise at work. Arouse/aroused/ (( ) ) Her behavior aroused the suspicions of the police.

Exercises
Choose the correct answer:
1. My (belief concept ambition relation) is to become a surgeon.
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2. When he heard the news, he was (willing silent noisy talking). He said nothing. 3. I didn't understand the film on TV last night. It was completely (meaningful mean meaningless thoughtless) to me. 4. He's quite a good player, but his (include inclusion- closure illusion) in the national team is a surprise. 5. It's a traditional song, but its message is very modern. Its words are still (meaningless - meaningful- lifeless hopeless) today. 6. The footballer (regretted affected enjoyed angered) his mistake when the other team scored a goal. 7. The head teacher makes an (advertisement - announcement advert accomplishment) when there is something important to know about in the school. 8. The children (supported complained - chatted expanded) excitedly when they heard the good news. 9. The teacher (informed reformed deformed exploded) the class that they had all passed the exam. 10. 10.They called a (pacific - paramedic patriotic public) when they saw that one of the passengers was ill. 11. I'm not a scientist, so these numbers are (meaningless meaningful meaning mean) . | don't understand them. 12. The book is full of very useful (information reclamation distribution registration). 13. The driver said the accident was very (regretful readable reliable regrettable). 14. The politician said she had an important (adjustment amazement announcement armament). 15. We (detect regret enjoy defect) to tell you that the journey will be delayed. 16. The passengers were (chatting cheating checking stealing), reading or listening to music. 17. A (barometer thermometer parasitic paramedic) is someone who is trained to help people who are ill or injured but is not a doctor or nurse. 18. A/An (department advertisement announcement apartment) is an important official statement about something that has happened or will happen. 19. Could you please (remember arrange revise remind) me of your birthday? 20. She's looking forward to (see seeing being seen saw) the Pyramids. 21. 22. A (bus stairs bus stop bus side bus place) is a place where you can catch a bus. 23. After the accident, the man was (tricked stepped stayed trapped) in his car for two hours, but someone heard him and rescued him. 24. I didn't know it was so late. It's (almost most must waste) 3 o'clock. 25. I think the man in the local shop is (offending overusing opposing imposing) the opening of the new supermarket. 26. I didn't have much sleep last night, but (unluckily fortunately unfortunately unusually) I don't have to go to school today.
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27. My uncle is an (adviser accuser admirer avenger) to the government on the economy. 28. The crew of a small fishing boat has (done made acted gone) during a storm at sea. 29. (Unfortunately Interestingly Hopefully Normally), my brother failed his exam, even though he had worked very hard, 30. There is growing (composition preposition opposition position) in Europe to factories that make a lot of pollution, 31. If you visit Egypt, it is (achievable advisable adjustable available) to wear a hat if you go out in the sun. 32. Our football team beat the (opposed opposing oppose depositing) team 31. 33. We are (fortunate stubborn gloomy unfortunate) to have one of the country's best musicians visiting us today. 34. An (adventurer accountant electrician - adviser) is someone whose job is to give advice. 35. It was the most important (bottle settle - battle cattle) in the whole war. 36. They waited for six hours. (Ending Eventually Secondly - Usually) they decided to leave. 37. To (trap tap trip tick) means to put someone in a position they cannot escape from. 38. Many people (opposed advertised supported collapsed) the construction of the new tower. They didn't like it at all. 39. He went (fishing camping swimming - missing). This means he became lost. 40. He was so thirsty that he (most almost most of must) died. 41. A lot of employees (opposed poisoned imprisoned deposited) the manager's decision. 42. We were sinking fast and the captain gave the order to (banned abandon demolish depend) the ship. 43. A person who lives in a place is a/an (absent accent dependent inhabitant). 44. If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will (persuade decide admit deny) her. 45. A/An (agreement government settlement department) is a place where a group of people lives. 46. At the beginning of the school year, students are (implied supplied simplified given) with a lot of books. 47. The farmhouse we stayed in was completely off the beaten (truck trick track duck). 48. The two countries are trying to reach a peaceful (disagreement achievement measurement settlement) of the conflict. 49. After years of travelling, he decided to (settle stay live move) down and have a family. 50. Travellers have to take (applies briefcases supplies barrels) of food and water when they cross the Sahara Desert.
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51. The two families finally reached a (agreement settlement assignment compliment) after years of disagreement. 52. Many people settle (about with in down) in their twenties or early thirties. 53. Although he was quite busy, Ali didn't need much (persuasion presentation situation - intention) to come to the beach with us. 54. This place is very (famous furious curious - porous). Many people know about it. 55. We need a lot of water to (communicate concentrate irrigate delegate) this land. 56. (kite bite fight - site) is a place where something important or interesting happened. 57. A (landscape landmine landslide - land rover) is a view across an area of land. 58. (Geography Philosophy Psychology - History ) means all things that happened in the past. 59. A (museum village oasis - monastery) is a place where monks live. 60. (Architectural Agricultural Cultural - Abandoned) land is very important because it provides us with the food we need. 61. Some people believe that (spring sting string - sink) water is good for health. 62. There are so many tourist (infections attractions elections injections) in Egypt. 63. The government is doing its best to (rise arise arouse raise) the standard of living. 64. There are hardly (some a lot any no) people living in this area. 65. Prices (raise rise arise arouse) almost every day. 66. When employees do not co-operate, many problems (raise arouse arise praise).

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1. An animation is something that you have been wanting to achieve for a long time. 2. He was concluded in the team because he was a good player. 3. She spilled the juice while she was touring it. 4. An accountant is a person who collects fares on a bus or a train. 5. They had a long cheat with her about her job. 6. A playwright is a person who writes poems 7. The government does its best to reclaim the education system. 8. The police set a trip for the thieves. 9. His latest novel was a best sale. 10. We should all take part in the bottle against disease and poverty. 11. These remote islands are only inhibited by birds and animals. 12. Cairo has a pollution of over 10 million people. 13. My father raises at 5 every morning to do exercise.
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14. Objects of historical interest are usually kept in companies. 15. The hotel is in a lovely vacation overlooking the lake.

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Grammar

Conditional If
1) First Conditional: If + Present simple will / may / can /should / must + inf.

may/must / : or will If I earn some money, I'll go abroad. If we have enough time, we'll visit Ahmed. : If you are hot, I'll buy you a cool drink. : You may see Frank. If so, give him a message for me, please.. (If) If you see Frank, give him a message for me , please. She may have enough time tomorrow. If so, she will type the reports. (If) If she has enough time tomorrow, she will type the reports. She must pay the fine or she will go to jail. (If) If she doesn't pay the fine, she will go to jail. : it is + adj. + to + inf. If you go to Mozambique, it is possible to find work there. : if What will you do if you find yourself in a dangerous situation? What will happen if you lose all your money? : If As long as = If You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully. Provided (that) / Providing (that) = only if Provided that you have a lot of money, you can buy this car.

2) Second Conditional If + Past simple

If I saw a snake, Id cry.
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would/could/might + inf.

 I feel so tired. I cant come out with you. (If) If I didn't feel so tired, I'd come out with you. He really doesn't like you. . He is so horrible to you. (If) If he really liked you, he wouldn't be so horrible to you. : If I were ten years younger, I'd go mountaineering. If I were a bird, I'd fly. : He doesnt pay attention in class, so he gets poor grades. (He wouldnt) He wouldnt get poor grades if he paid attention in class. :I/he/she/it was/were If I was/were rich, Id travel round the world. She isnt a doctor. She cant write a prescription. (If) If she was/were a doctor, she could write a prescription. :if if because so If he had my telephone number, he could give me a ring. (so/because) He doesnt have my telephone number, so he cant give me a ring. He cant give me a ring because he doesnt have my telephone number. : to+inf. were If he pleased his boss, he would get a rise. (Were..) Were he to please his boss, he would get a rise. :if were If I were rich, I would buy a big house. Were I rich, I would buy a big house. : If Without But for + n. / v+ing would + inf. If it werent for Without his help, I would fail. If it werent for his help, I would fail. What would you do if you won a lot of money? If you won a lot of money, what would you do? : You should work hard. (If) If I were you, Id work hard. : If Should + + inf. If he trains hard, he will win the race. the race. Should he train hard, he will win
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(If it)

3) Third Conditional If + Past perfect (had + PP.) (would/could/might) have + PP.

He didnt listen to the news. He didnt know what happened. (If) If he had listened to the news, he would have known what happened. perhaps might He had no morals .Perhaps thats why he cheated everyone. If he had had morals, he might not have cheated everyone. She was stingy .She didn't give money to charity. If she hadnt been stingy, she would have given money to charity. : if Had If he had followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped. (Had) Had he followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped. : if He didnt travel to New York, so he didnt see the Statue of Liberty. (He would) He would have seen the Statue of Liberty if he had travelled to New York. : if because so If he had been honest, he wouldn't have lied to her. (because) He lied to her because he wasnt honest. : If Without But for + n. / v+ing would have + PP. If it hadnt been for But for his help, I would have failed. (If it) If it hadnt been for his help, I would have failed. if in case of In case of + n. / (v+ing) If he arrives tomorrow, well meet him. In case of his arrival tomorrow, well meet him. In case of his arriving tomorrow, well meet him. if unless Unless = Ifnot This food tastes bad. There is too much salt in it. (If../ Unless) If there wasn't / weren't too much salt in this food, it wouldn't taste bad.
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Unless there was / were too much salt in this food, it wouldn't taste bad.

4) Zero Conditional If + present simple present simple

If water freezes, it turns into ice. If a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere. If I have time, I usually walk to school.

Reported Statements
Direct say says said Indirect say says said . that Direct Indirect say to tell says to tells said to told inverted commas :

Direct write / writes wrote is / are writing have / has written has / have been writing was / were writing

Indirect Direct Indirect wrote will would had written shall would was / were writing may might had written can could had been writing must had to had been writing : Indirect then that those there (two days)before Direct tonight tomorrow yesterday today yet Indirect that night the next day the day before that day by then
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Direct now this these here (two days) ago

last week the day before yesterday

the week before / the previous week two days before

next week

the following week

the day after in two days tomorrow time that inverted commas : : She said, I shall write the letter tomorrow. She said she would write the letter the next day. He said to me, I cant do it now. He told me he couldnt do it then. He said to me, "I didn't see the robbers last night." He told me he hadn't seen the robbers the night before.

: say(s) She says, I dont believe in this nonsense. She says she doesnt believe in that nonsense. : She said, If water freezes, it changes into ice. She said that if water freezes, it changes into ice. : He said just now, I have already done my work. He said just now he has already done his work. : if He said, If it is fine, Ill go for a swim. He said if it were fine, he would go for a swim. :and added that and that He said to me, I didnt post the letter. Ill ask John to post it for me. He told me he hadnt posted the letter and that he would ask John to post it for him. :v+ing said to suggest / admit / deny / apologize for/objected to/insisted on + (v-ing) He said, Lets discuss this matter now. He suggested discussing that matter then. : deny / admit that He said, I wasnt there when the crime happened. He denied being there when the crime happened. He denied that he had been there when the crime happened. :to + inf. said to

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Promised/offered /advised/agreed/threatened/advised/refused/reminded/decided/ +(to+inf.) He said, Ill give you all the money you need. He promised to give me all the money I needed. He promised that he would give me all the money I needed. He said to me , You ought to do your job well. He advised me to do my job well.

Passive Verbs
: to Be : To Be + p.p. Simple present : Am / is / are + PP. Speak/speaks Is/are spoken Someone is repairing my car. My car is being repaired. They invited me to a party. I was invited to a party. People speak Arabic in Egypt. Arabic is spoken in Egypt.

Present Cont.: Am / is / are + being + PP. Is/are repairing Is/are being repaired Simple past : Was / were + PP. invited Was/were invited

Past Cont. : I thought they were watching me. Was / were + being + PP. I thought I was being watched. Was/were Was/were being watching watched Present perfect : I have paid the bill. Have / has been + PP. The bill has been paid. Have/has paid Have/has been paid Past perfect : I knew why they had picked me Had been + PP. for the team. I knew why I had been picked for Had picked Had been picked the team. Future simple : Will be + PP. Will tell Will be told have They will tell you your exam results next Monday. You will be told your exam results next Monday. She will have saved enough money. been Enough money will have been saved.
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Future perfect : Will have been + PP. Will have saved Will saved

Simple modals : Can/should/have to/mayetc+be+ PP. Used to clean

to/used to/be Used cleaned to be

They used to clean this place. This place used to be cleaned. She might send the letter. The letter might be sent. He should have done the job. The job should have been done. He could have paid the bill. The bill could have been paid.

Perfect modals: Should have/could have/might have ..etc + been + PP. Should have done Should have been done

can / could will / would have to / has to / had to ought to used to be going to She used to clean the flat.

: shall / should may / might need to neednt will have to (The flat)

The flat used to be cleaned. They will have to cancel the match. (The match) The match will have to be cancelled. : be get get arrested / get killed/ get married / get divorced / get caught / get elected / get lost / get hurt / get beaten / get delayed / get confused / get burnt / get damaged / get fired / get run over The police caught him. (He) He was caught by the police. = He got caught by the police. She beat me at chess. (I) I was beaten at chess. = I got beaten at chess. : by + build / invent / discover / design / write / damage / compose / destroy Beethoven composed this symphony. (by) This symphony was composed by Beethoven. : dont / doesnt am not / isnt / arent + PP. didnt wasnt / werent + PP. They don't speak Arabic in Peru. (Arabic) Arabic is not spoken in Peru. They didnt see the robbers. (The robbers) The robbers werent seen. Neither / No one / Nobody Neither of them did the job. (The job) The job wasnt done.
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 . She gave me a gift. I was given a gift. A gift was given to me. : for buy / build / find / order / make / leave / save / get / keep. (for) He built his parents a house. A house was built for his parents.

: to give / bring / lend / offer / pass / read / sell / show / write. (to) He sold me his old car. His old car was sold to me. :allow . let She let me drive her car. I was allowed to drive her car. : It is possible = can be + PP Its impossible = cant be + PP Its necessary = must be + PP Its unnecessary = neednt be + PP Its probable = may be + PP Its improbable = might be + PP Its advisable = should be + PP Its inadvisable = shouldnt be + PP Its necessary to wash vegetables before eating. (washed) Vegetables must be washed before eating : think / say / believe / know / consider / understand / claim / expect / allege / report / suppose. People think that this building withstands earthquakes. : 1) It + be + P.P. ) + ( that + 2) + to Be + PP. ) + ( to-inf. ) ( + to be + PP ) + ( to have + PP. )( 1- It is thought that this building withstands earthquakes.
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2- This building is thought to withstand earthquakes. : People believe that she stole the documents. (It) (She..) * It is believed that she stole the documents. * She is believed to have stolen the documents :to be + ing I think he is making a plan. (It) (He) * It is thought that he is making a plan. * He is thought to be making a plan. to have been +V- ing to be +V- ing I think he was making a plan. (It) (He) It is thought that he was making a plan. He is thought to be making/ to have been making a plan. It is said that or "It is believed that means that people in general say or believe something People say that the Wall of China is the greatest building on Earth. . It is said that the Wall of China is the greatest building on Earth. The Wall of China is said to be the greatest building on Earth. More examples: The police believe that the terrorists escaped. (It) (The prisoner) It is believed that the terrorists escaped. The terrorists are believed to have escaped. The newspaper reported that the team lost the game. It was reported that the team lost the game. The team was reported to have lost the game.

Changing from Passive into Active

: .Be 2) ( .(1) .(3) I think we are being followed. We are being followed. : ( Present Cont.) Be : . followed I think someone is following us. . us we The garden has just been watered. (They ) They have just watered the garden. What she had said wasnt believed. (We ) We didnt believe what she had said.
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Prepositions after nouns, verbs and adjectives

Prepositions after nouns: reason for apology for damage to an answer to a solution to an obstacle to a reply to an effect on cause of the problem of the aim of a supply of increase in decrease in the matter with wrong with /

Prepositions after adjectives: brilliant at bad at terrible at wonderful at good at clever at hopeless at annoyed with furious with bored with familiar with angry with disappointed with pleased with delighted with crowded with satisfied with proud of frightened of full of scared of / ) ( ) ( ) ( terrified of ashamed of responsible for famous for good for ready for qualified for bad for sorry about/for mad about sad about excited about worried about happy about crazy about curious about dependent on keen on involved in rich in interested in

Prepositions after verbs:

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find out about wonder about tell someone about think about / of dream about/of hear about / of complain about know about talk about read about warn about search for apologise for hope for blame .. for apply for (a job) work for hear from protect ..from / against suffer from recover from result from
[

prevent from differ from complain to belong to apply to object to intend to apologise to accuse of consist of die of result in succeed in believe in help in/with deal with do without charge with rely on = depend on concentrate on congratulate on crash into

: ing He is worried about losing his job. He is worried about the exam. He's worried about it.

Exercises on prepositions
Choose the correct answer: 1. What was the reason (about for to in) the accident? 2. There has been an increase (about for to in) the number of tourists going to Luxor. 3. Many people are worried (about for to in) the problem of climate change. 4. The earthquake caused damage (about for to in) many houses. 5. I hope they gave him an apology (for in at about) their bad behaviour. 6. He is brilliant (for in at about) writing exciting stories. 7. Shakespeare was most famous (for in at about) his plays.
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8. He was keen (for in on about) writing, even as a boy. 9. I'd be interested (for in at about) learning more about Rider Haggard. 10. I was annoyed (for in at with) him for being late. 11. I'm proud (for in of about) my brother - he has done so well at school. 12. My little brother is terrified (for of at about) birds. 13. Are you excited (for in at about) going to China? 14. I'm sorry (with in at about) forgetting to phone you. 15. Where can I find out (for in at about) climate change? 16. My brother is going to apply (for in at about) a job at the university. 17. I think that car belongs (for in at to) one of our teachers. 18. The explorers were looking (for in with about) diamonds. 19. My uncle worked (for in at about) the Egyptian government. 20. He helped in the reform (for in of about) education. 21. I haven't hear (for in at from) my brother for two months. 22. Until I read King Solomon's Mines, I'd never heard (for in at of) Rider Haggard. 23. I must apologise (for in at to) being late. 24. Our hotel room was too hot, so we complained (for to at about) the hotel manager about it. 25. Our flat consists (for in at of) a kitchen, a living room, a bathroom and two bedrooms. 26. He died (for in of about) heart disease. He'd been suffering from t problem for many years. 27. He crashed (for in at into) a tree because he was driving too fast 28. William Shakespeare is more famous (for by from of) his plays than his novels. 29. Nobody knows the real reason (with to for of) the film's popularity. 30. Ali loves English, but he's not very good (for at by with) maths.
[

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly: 1- We must find an answer for the problem of climate change. 2- The main cause for global warming is the pollution from factories. 3- I'd like to find out more with studying in a different country. 4- Egypt is most famous at its beautiful Pyramids. 5- My brother isn't very good for playing basketball.
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6- Smoking may result from cancer. 7- She recovered about her illness. 8- We should protect the environment with pollution. 9- He complained with hotel manager about the food he had for breakfast. 10- She was ashamed about herself when she made a mistake.

Exercises
Choose the correct answer: 1- You shouldn't look at the sun (unless without if in case of) you wear protective glasses. 2- (If Unless In case of Without) you do your job well, youll be fired. 3- (If Unless But for Were) you get out in the cold, youll catch a flu. 4- If you eat junk food, you (would would have might have will) get ill. 5- (If Unless But for Were) she gets promotion. she won't get more money. 6- If Scientists knew when earthquakes happen, earthquakes (don't cause will cause wouldn't cause wouldn't have caused) a lot of destruction. 7- (Had If Should Unless) I worn my glasses, I wouldn't have had terrible headaches. 8- (If Unless Without Had) I didn't drink too much tea, I would sleep at night. 9- If he hadn't eaten too much sugar, he (wouldn't harm won't harm can't harm wouldn't have harmed) his teeth. 10- As long as you (don't won't hadn't haven't) boil your food, it won't lose vitamins. 11- If it (wasn't weren't hadn't been had been) for the storm, the match wouldn't have been cancelled. 12- He (wouldn't have would have would will have) got lost unless he had had a map. 13- (Provided As long Unless Were) that you pay for my drink, I'll go with you. 14- If he (read reads had read would read) the papers, he would find a lot of job advertisements. 15- If he (had invited was invited had been invited were invited), he would have gone to the party. 16- If I hadn't learnt English, I (would have wouldn't have could might) understood you.
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17- If you (work worked have worked had worked) harder, you would get higher marks. 18- If I wanted some advice about revising for an exam, I (ask would ask can ask asked) my teacher. 19- If he hadn't committed that crime, he (would be sent would have sent wouldn't have been sent will be sent) to jail. 20- (Without If Unless Should) his assistance, I might have lost my job. 21- He promised (to buying buying to buy bought) me a present if I passed the exam. 22- She threatened (to call calling calls to calling) the police if I didn't leave. 23- She denied (steal to steal steals stealing) anything from the shop. 24- He objected to (construct constructing constructs constructed) a new factory near his house. 25- Our teacher told us that the ocean (has been had been is to be) deeper than the sea. 26- Our neighbour told the police that he (sees has seen was seeing had seen) a dead body the night before. 27- She said she (is was will would) going to study law at the university of Harvard. 28- He advised me (to take taking took had taken) more care of myself. 29- She says she (don't hasn't isn't doesn't believe) in superstitions. 30- He has just said that he (had never been will never be has never been can never be) to koala Lumpur. 31- The Pyramids (built have been built were built would build) thousands of years ago. 32- Stones (carry will carry was carried were carried) on boats and overland. 33- You (can visit can be visited could be visited will be visited) this place at any time of the year. 34- It (says said is said is saying) that the new library at Alexandria was built in the same place as the ancient library. 35- People (are known know have been known were known) that the waterwheels at Fayoum Oasis were used to irrigate the fields. 36- It (believes believed has believed is believed) that wolves and foxes were hunted in Sinai 3,000 years ago.
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37- The tombs that (will cut were cut was cut had cut) into the hills can still be seen. 38- The walls around St. Catherine's Monastery (were building have built has built were built) to protect the treasures inside. 39- A lot of projects (are carrying will carry are being carried must carry) out at present. 40- People (know have known are knowing are known) to have lived in this place for thousands of years. 41- The men (believe were believed are believing will believe) to have robbed the bank. 42- Alexandria (is thought is thinking was thinking thinks) to be the most beautiful city in Egypt. 43- Many things (steal are stolen will steal was stolen) from supermarkets every day. 44- Most of the old part of the town (abandoned will abandon has been abandoned abandoning). 45- Hardly any furniture (was were are has) left after the fire. 46- After the treasures (had discovered was discovered have discovered had been discovered), they were sent to the museum. 47- Some new cities (have built have to be built will build would build) to solve the problem of overpopulation. 48- The woman got (arrest arresting being arrested arrested) for murder. 49- While my car (was repairing was being repaired has been repaired is repairing), I went shopping. 50- No evidence of life on other planets (has ever found has never been found has ever been found had ever found). Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences 1- If I felt tired, I usually go to bed early. 2- If I found any money at school, I'll take it to one of the teachers. 3- If you haven't taken those photos, I wouldn't have remembered our holiday. 4- I'll tell you if I saw anything unusual. 5- If there hadn't been a doctor on the train, the man would die. 6- If his wife hadn't been rich, he doesn't marry her. 7- Unless she makes that phone call, she wouldn't have known about his illness. 8- Unless he arrives early, he will have missed the lecture. 9- If he were a lawyer, he helps me. 10- Had he seen the signal, he wouldn't make that accident. 11- He agreed on helping me with my homework.
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12- He suggested to look for the information on the internet. 13- He reminded me with buying a newspaper for him. 14- She told me she is going to buy a new house. 15- My elder brother decided for traveling abroad. 16- Before roads were building across the desert, hardly any visitors came to Dakhla. 17- You may persuade to think again if you visit this oasis. 18- The job is doing at the moment. 19- The injured man couldn't walk and his friends had to be carried him. 20- A new hospital has built near the airport. 21- Dangerous driving are caused a lot of accidents. 22- A decision won't be making before the end of the month. 23- It is saying that many people are homeless after the floods. 24- People are not allowing to park here. 25- All the questions must answer in order. 26- Our products export to many countries. 27- She got hurting while cleaning the kitchen. 28- This painting is going to exhibit at the art gallery. 29- The man is questioning at the police station at the moment. 30- This problem should solve soon.

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Final revision 2nd secondary

Units 16,17and 18 Important vocab.
accommodation pretend staff value for money coast mass tourism package tour currency anthropology cautionary tale interference remarkable fence survivor alarm = alarm system interfere ban (v. n.) dependence solve run out (of) climate carbon dioxide greenhouse effect volcano ability possibility / ( ) ( / / / / / / culture reputation customer take it easy a fixed price destination wear away holidaymakers award director producer produce set up billionaire mainland create demand (n. / v.) hunger reduce oil atmosphere erupt melt / - ) ( / / / ) ( / / / /

issue permission surprisingly

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 Prepositions:
at particular times cut down compared to in a friendly way benefit from travel by public transport on the Red Sea coast find information on the internet give instructions to in the same way turn off the alarm have the right to have serious effects on divide ..into be fascinated by take in ban from permit to on account of increase by 2 degrees on a big scale adapt to = adjust to strange to (him) by way of knock down = pull down / make money out of bring in stay at / in a hotel at its best take a trip to .. / / / .. .. .. fill in a form threatened with extinction become involved in off the coast sail towards related to knock over introduceto warn .. of /against answer to allow to prohibit from demand for do a project on/about come out of bring back make way for take down () .. .. .. /

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 Permission Asking for permission May I use your telephone? Refusing Permission Sorry, I'm afraid you can't. Can I use your telephone? Yes, of course. I'd rather you didn't. Could I use your telephone? No problem. Sorry, I'm using it at the moment. Do you mind if I use your Not at all. / No, of Yes, I do. telephone? course not. I wonder if I could use your Sure. I'm sorry you can't. telephone. Do you mind if Do you mind if I borrow your camera? No, of course not. Yes, I do. Making Comparisons Compared to books, films are really fast moving. You can't compare books and films. Books are much more/less interesting. There's no comparison. Films are much more/less exciting. I think that films are more exciting than films. In my opinion, films can't include the details of books. If you ask me, the film wasn't as good as the book. Agreement and disagreement I'd prefer to (go to..), but I'm happy to (go to..) instead. . ...... ...... I'd like to go to ., but it's probably better to go to ....... ....... Do we all agree? So we're going to
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Giving Permission Certainly.

(Agreeing) (Disagreeing)

...... That's good/ we all agree. ..

Informal Hi I got your name from a friend I'm looking for I want to Send me.. As quickly as possible I can't wait to hear from you. Bye, Ali Ahmed formal Dear I was given your name by a friend I am searching for I would like to Please could you send me..? Promptly I look forward to hearing from you Yours faithfully, Ali Ahmed

Souvenir / memory / memorial whether .. or not ..... You can choose whether to do this job or not. plan /plane / plain / plains try / He tried to catch the thief, but he couldn't/ You should try this salad. It's delicious. try on You can try on this shirt in the fitting room. Have you got anything to declare? ) ( wear away The inscription on the coin wore away. wear down / She was worn down by overwork. wear off The pain in my knee is slowly wearing off. wear on ) ( As the week wore on, she discovered that she didn't do anything useful. wear out My boots wore out. I need to buy a new pair. recommend + V-ing / n. I recommend sending him an e-mail. recommend someone to + inf. They recommended me to consult a lawyer.
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 Encourage + V-ing / n. We should encourage reading as it is very useful. encourage + to-inf. We should encourage children to read. to+inf. : how / what / where I haven't decided where to go for my holiday. I don't know what to do with my old computer. I'd like to know how to operate this machine. Award (n) She won the Best Actress Award. He got the Academy Award for Best Director. Award (give)(v) ( ( Zewail was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Reward (v) ( / n) Present = gift He was rewarded for all his hard work.

She got a nice present (gift) on her birthday.

Egypt is the gift (NOT present) of the Nile. Prize: ( )

The first prize is a weekend for two people in Honolulu. She got the first prize in the race. intend to + inf. / She intended to get the early train, but she didn't get up in time. be intended to + inf. Be intended for + n. /

This program is intended to help old people. It is intended for old people. :ing avoid enjoy like hate prefer consider spend include suggest finish love dislike imagine involve resist

:to + inf.
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agree expect learn plan want would love ask deserve

decide hope offer promise would like expect plan ing to + inf. begin / start

They started to build the house. They started building the house. to + inf. begin / start It is starting to rain. : ) ( start I can't start my car. : ing look forward to be used to contribute to plenty of = a lot of (C/U) There is plenty of food in the fridge. table. by His salary was increased by 10 percent. be busy + V+ing He was busy doing the homework. in addition to take to lead to

There are plenty of books on the

When did ? = How long ago did? When did he do the shopping? = How long ago did he do the shopping? Spend time + V + ing. She spent the afternoon reading a science fiction story. Spend money on .. clothes. diary
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She spent most of her money on

 He forgot to write the date of the meeting in his diary. dairy / Milk, butter and cheese are dairy products. on time = punctual, not late / The train arrived on time. in time = early enough / soon enough / He was in time for the 7 o'clock train. in case + / ... He wears two watches in case one of them stops. I don't want to go out in case he phones.

Exercises
Choose the correct answer: 51- When we went on holiday last year, we arranged our own (accommodation/ accusation/ activation/ accumulation) in a small hotel. 52- I really like to take it (lazy/ easy/ hard/ relax) at the weekends, as I work hard in the week. 53- Our school has a (stuff/ staff/ stiff/ chief) of 40 people. Most of them are teachers. 54- Our family dentist has a very good (radiation/ reclamation/ reputation/ recreation). Everyone says how good he is. 55- I enjoyed that meal and it didn't cost much. It was really good (restaurant/ value/ argue/ avenue) for money. 56- My brother and I used to play a game where we (pretended/ extended/ expanded/ blended) to be astronauts. 57- When I go somewhere on holiday, I like to find out about the (capture/ creature/ departure/ culture) of the people who live there. 58- A (cost/ cast/ coast/ crust) is an area of land next to the sea. 59- Luxor is a popular Egyptian (deviation/ vacation/ deterioration - destination) for many visitors to Egypt. 60- In Europe (mass/ pass/ loss - class) tourism began in the 1960s, when air travel became cheaper. 61- Sharm El-Sheikh is on the Red Sea (beach/ coast/ border - boast). 62- (Terrorism/ Capitalism/ Tourism - organism) is important because it brings money into countries. 63- The cost of a flight from Europe to Egypt is (fixed/ faxed/ mixed - taxed). It will not change until next year.
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64- If children play football for too long, they will (tear - wear/ bear/ clear) away the grass. 65- The (deficiency/ efficacy - currency/ occurrence) of Britain is the pound. 66- In the second half, we (wore down/ wore out/ wore away/ wore on) the other team and won the match 3-2. 67- These shoes are going to (wear off/ wear on - wear out - wear) soon. I'll have to buy some more. 68- It was hard work and as the day (wore away/ wore out/ wore off - wore on), I became more and more tired. 69- If you take this medicine now, it won't (wear off/ wear down/ wore on/ wore away) until tomorrow. 70- This company arranges (pack/ packet/ package - pocket) tours at good prices. 71- (Collect/ Mass- Gather - Miss) tourism is very important to many countries. 72- Millions of (dressmakers/ peacemakers/ troublemakers - holidaymakers) are carried by air to destinations all over the world. 73- Countries on the Mediterranean (coast/ bank/ water - limits) attract millions of tourists. 74- The feet of tourists usually wear (down/ on/ off - away) the stone floors of many historic places. 75- Tourists can (bankrupt/ disrupt- erupt - interpret) the life of local people and change the feeling of the location. 76- Tourism can cause damage to historical (minutes/ departments/ monuments moments). 77- We should (discourage/ encourage/ coverage - enrage) tourists from polluting the environment. 78- Tourism helps to (remote/ promote/ provoke - prevent) the cultures of different countries. 79- Aeroplanes became cheaper, so the number of (fights/ lights/ weights - flights) increased. 80- I want to be a doctor when I'm older, so it's (annual/ initial/ material/ essential) that I go to a good university. He trained (to be/ being/ to being/ been) a film director. 81- He (bears/ borne/ was born/ was borne) in 1980. 82- This novel is about genetic (engines/ engineers/ engineering/ generations). 83- (Local/ International/ World/ Global) warming is a very serious problem. 84- A (user/ producer/ director/ manager) is a person who controls the making of a TV programme. 85- A (user/ producer/ director/ manager) is someone who gives instructions to film actors. 86- A (revolutionary/ cautionary/ secondary/ summary) tale is a story that warns people of something. 87- (Interruption/ Independence/ Interference/ Reference) means getting involved in a situation when you are not wanted. 88- She got the Academy (gift/ present/ souvenir/ award) for best actress. 89- (Paleontology/ Archaeology/ Anthropology/ Egyptology) is the study of people, their beliefs and customs.
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90- This man has a (remarkable/ regrettable/ removable - reusable) memory. He has the ability to remember things in great detail after seeing them. 91- They always (forward/ backward/ ward/ award) medals to the first, second and third athletes in a race. 92- A (millionaire/ billionaire/ questionnaire/ chauffeur) is someone who has a billion or more pounds or dollars. 93- He decided to (sit/ seat/ set/ sat) up a company that makes furniture. 94- A (survivor/ conductor/ ambassador/ ancestor) is someone who continues to live after an accident. 95- To (abbreviate/ accommodate - create - advocate) is to make something happen or develop. 96- A (defence/ licence/ fence/ substance) is used to enclose an area of land. 97- An (arm/ army/ inform/ alarm) is a loud noise or light which warns people of danger. 98- He's very rich, but I don't think he is a (solitaire/ billionaire/ wealth/ fortune) yet. 99- This year, my brother is (sitting/ standing - setting/ settling) up a computer repair business. 100- He tried to avoid (meeting/ to meeting/ to meet/ meets) his boss. 101- He deserved (get/ getting/ to get/ gets) the first prize. 102- My job doesn't include (make/ making/ makes/ to make) coffee for the boss. 103- I'd like (buying/ to buying/ to buy/ buy) a new computer. 104- Genetic engineering can lead to (improve/ improving/ improves/ improved) food production. 105106- The company needs to reduce its (dependence/ acceptance/ appliance/ attendance) on just one particular product. 107- All over the world, people die of (anger - hunger/ hanger/ danger) every day. They hardly find anything to eat. 108- All world countries should find a (solution/ revolution/ contribution - precaution) to the problem of over-population. 109- Global warming may lead to serious (critic/ electric/ climatic/ geometric) changes. 110- There are huge price (reductions/ instructions/ introductions/ connections) in all shops this week. 111- A ( hurricane/ storm/ flood - volcano) is a mountain that sends out smoke and fire. 112- When a volcano (adopts/ adapts/ erupts - attempts), it sends out smoke and fire. 113- The snow in this area usually (boils/ melts/ results - spills) by mid March. 114- Cutting down (rainforests/ raincoats/ rainbows - rainstorms) causes harm to the environment. 115- The gas formed when carbon is burned, or when people or animals breathe out is (oxygen/ nitrogen - carbon dioxide/ carbon paper) 116- We should take tough measures to reduce environmental (population/ pollution/ revolution - solution)
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117- Carbon dioxide is the main (white house/ red house/ farm house - greenhouse) gases. 118- The sun gives us (heat/ beat/ cheat - defeat) and light. 119- The flight was late because of the (genetic/ atmospheric/ athletic - diplomatic) conditions. 120- When our car broke down, it left (oily/ bodily/ busily - heavily) marks on the road. 121- The (consumption/ corruption/ eruption - interruption) of the volcano lasted for nearly three days. 122- That old factory is (saluting/ diluting/ contributing - polluting) the air in our city. 123- After a sand storm, everything is very (dusty/ rusty/ modesty/ thirsty). 124- I've run (out/ away/ across - down) of money. I need to borrow some from a friend. 125- The charity is totally (confident/ descendant/ dependent /evident) on money from the public. Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences: 1- We should protect our historic and famous moments. 2- A wreckage tour is a holiday arranged by a company for a fixed price. 3- A distillation is the place you are going to. 4- The current of Egypt is the pound. 5- Most hotels in Egypt have a good repetition. 6- We have a smoke arm in our kitchen to warn us in case of fire. 7- There were over 100 survival of the crash, but 50 people died. 8- Zoos have lenses to keep animals in and to keep people out. 9- He needs a great deal of money to reduce the film. 10- A psychologist studies prehistoric forms of life. 11- You should be curious while driving your car or you'll have an accident. 12- Dr. Zewail got several international rewards for his achievements. 13- We should stop referring with nature. 14- The boat sailed towards the main ground of France. 15- Many wild animals are threatened with extension. 16- The command for oil this month has exceeded supply. 17- The government is going to put a pan on the import of cars. 18- The plane deduced speed as it approached the airport. 19- The milk has run away. We need to buy some. 20- Plants are the main source of electronic oxygen.

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Grammar
Must / have to / need to
Must = it is necessary to .. Must : You must come and see us at the weekend. (a warm invitation) You must wash your hands before you eat. (strong advice) We must buy souvenirs for our friends. (strong reminder)

: Must I must go now. I must see my doctor tomorrow.

Must not / Mustn't

Mustn't = (be) not allowed = (be) not permitted to = (be) banned from = (be) prohibited from = (be) forbidden to
: You mustn't smoke in hospitals. =You aren't allowed to smoke in hospitals. =You aren't permitted to smoke in hospitals. = you are forbidden to smoke in hospitals. =You are banned from smoking in hospitals. =You are prohibited from smoking in hospitals.

:
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 Smoking is not allowed in hospitals. Parking is forbidden here. : have to / have got to / Need to

Have to / Have got to / Need to = It is necessary to..

I can't go out. I have to work. My children have to go to school next year. He has got to sign all the papers. I need to take some medicine. :must / have to / will have to I have to get up early tomorrow. I'll have to send the fax tomorrow. had :to

Had to = It was necessary to ..

We had to take a taxi as it was raining heavily.

:) ( have to I had to work six days a week. = It was necessary for me to work six days a week. My flight is at six in the morning. I'll have to get up early. Have you ever had to go to hospital? :

Don't have to / don't need to / needn't = It isn't necessary to

When you are on holiday, you don't need to go to bed early. She doesn't have to work on Saturday. :
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Won't have to = won't need to = It won't be necessary to

I won't have to clean the room tomorrow. Mother will do it. :

Didn't have to = didn't need to = It wasn't necessary to:

I didn't have to do the shopping yesterday. My brother did it. : didn't have to + inf. I didn't have to go to school yesterday. It was a holiday. : needn't have + PP. You needn't have brought your umbrella. It's not going to rain. : need need to This job needs computer skills. I need to finish the job early. = I must finish it early. : Must Must he send the e-mail now? :do/does/did have to / need to Do you have to do the job now? Does she need to go now? Did she have to borrow that money? : have got to Have you got to be at the office every day? Has that man got to carry all the boxes by himself? : should/ought to / had better

should = ought to = had better = If I were you, I'd = Its a good idea to. = Its advisable to.= Its desirable to+ inf.
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 You should make a study plan to organize your work. = It is a good idea to make a study plan to organize .. It is advisable to eat fresh food. You shouldn't leave your job. = You ought to eat fresh food. = If I were you, I wouldn't leave my job.

should have + PP. : You should have done your homework yesterday. You shouldn't have parked your car here. It's a 'No Parking' area.

Passive Questions
: (1) (2) (3) Did she send the letter? the letter sent? (1) She sent the letter. (2) The letter was sent.

(3) Wa

How many applicants did the manager interview? (1) The manager interviewed applicants. (2) Applicants were interviewed. (3) How interviewed? Have they delivered the washing machine? (1) They have delivered the washing machine. (2) The washing machine has been delivered. (3) Has the washing machine been delivered?

many

applicants

were

: ) ( do / does am / is / are + + PP. Do they sell cars here? Are cars sold here? ) ( did
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 Was / Were + + PP. Did she steal the money? Where did she hide the money? Was the money stolen? Where was the money hidden?

Present Continuous: Am /Is / Are + + being + PP. Are they cleaning the room? Why are they building the bridge? Past Continuous: Was / Were + + being +PP. Were they repairing the road? Present Perfect Have / Has + + been + PP Has she sent the letters? Past Perfect: Had + + been + PP. When had Peter done the exercise? When had the exercise been done? Modal Verbs )( Will / Can / May / Should.+ + be + PP. When should they do the job?When should the job be done? When will they repair the windows? When will the windows be repaired? by Who Who invented the radio? Who was the radio invented by? By whom was the radio invented?
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Is the room being cleaned? Why is the bridge being built?

Was the road being repaired?

Have the letters been sent?

The infinitive form of passive verbs

: + be + PP. We can see the Great Wall of China from space. The Great Wall of China can be seen from space. : to be + PP. to + inf. He wanted us to tell him the truth. He wanted to be told the truth.

I'd like you to introduce me to the new manager. I'd like to be introduced to the new manager. to have been + PP. to have + PP. He seems to have done the job. The job seems to have been done.

The man was believed to have forged the papers. The papers were believed to have been forged. being + PP. ing I remember my friends inviting me to their parties. I remember being invited by my friends to their parties.
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I don't like people telling me what to do. I don't like being told what to do.

He went into the building without anyone seeing him. He went into the building without being seen (by anyone). : after / as soon as

Having been + PP.

After they had freed the dinosaurs from the island, they destroyed many buildings. Having been freed from the island, the dinosaurs destroyed many buildings. As soon as she had told him the news, he fainted. Having been told the news, he fainted. : : have She had an exam yesterday. I have two cups of tea every morning. I had a letter from my friend. = An exam was taken yesterday. = Two cups of tea are drunk

= A letter was received from

: She escaped from prison.

.

Can / Could for Ability / Possibility and Permission

: Possibility can / could Cars can use electricity. (This is possible.) We could ban cars from cities. (This would be possible if we wanted it.) He can't be Egyptian/ he doesn't speak Arabic. (This is not possible)
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: can Can = be able to + inf. = be capable of + V. + ing = have the ability to + inf. I can see very well without glasses. = I have the ability to see very well without glasses. = I am capable of seeing very well without glasses. = I am able to see very well without glasses.

We can solve this problem. = We have the ability to solve this problem. = It is possible for us to solve this problem. : can / can't You can use my computer. = You are allowed to use my computer. = You are permitted to use my computer.

In some countries, you can drive at the age of 17. ) In some cities, people can't use their cars every day. )

(It is permitted by the law (It is against the law.

( could / couldn't :) I could swim at the age of six. I couldn't ride a bicycle until the age of nine. :

Was / were able to Managed to + inf. = Succeeded in + V. + ing

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 I took my car to the garage this morning, where one of the mechanics managed to repair it. I'd been trying to send that e-mail all day. Finally, I succeeded in sending it at 6 p.m. It was raining and there were no taxis. At last, we were able to arrive home.

: could / couldn't In the past, people could drive a car without passing a driving test. In the past women couldn't vote in elections. : could / can What shall we do tonight?/ We can / could go to the cinema. Can / Could you open that door, please? : can / could You can / could borrow my car tomorrow. Can / Could I use your office tomorrow? may : May I use your phone, please? You may borrow my camera tomorrow, if you like. :

Be allowed to + inf. = Be permitted to + inf. Be prohibited from + ing .

You are allowed to park here. You are permitted to use this fax machine. Parking is prohibited near the government buildings.

Making deductions
:
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must cant may might could Must have + PP. + inf.

I am certain that he isnt clever. (cant) He cant be clever.

Perhaps she speaks German well. She may speak German well.

(may)

The streets are wet. It must have rained last night. Cant have + PP. He was here a minute ago. He cant have gone too far. May have + PP. He doesnt get the same train any more. He may have changed his job. (=Perhaps he changed his job) Might have + PP. I havent seen Melissa for ages. She might have moved. (=Perhaps she moved.) : may / might could : could have + PP Could have + PP. He hasnt visited us for a long time. He could have been busy. (= He may/might have been busy) He was able to do the job but he didnt. (could) He could have done the job.

Reported Questions
Said / said to asked: Present Id like to know I want to know I wonder He inquired I wanted to know I wondered
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Past

I have no idea I dont know He asks Can you tell me? Could you tell me?

I had no idea I didnt know He asked

: wonder / inquire : if / whether yes / no She said, Do you speak French? = She asked if I spoke French. He said, Have you ever got burnt? He wondered if I had ever got burnt. : He said, Where did you get this shirt? = He wanted to know where I had got the shirt. He said, What are you doing now? = He asked what I was doing then. : do/does/did : How much do you earn? (He wonders..)

He wonders how much I earn. How much do you earn? (He wondered)

He wondered how much I earned. and + and if

He said, Why are you late? Did you miss the bus? He wondered why I was late and if I had missed the bus. He said, Where did you buy the trousers. How much did they cost you?
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= He wanted to know where I had bought the trousers and how much they had cost me. :offer He said, Shall I get you some tea? (He offered ) He offered me some tea. / He offered to get me some tea. :request He said, Could you open the window, please? (He asked) He asked me to open the window.

Order
Said to /threatened. told /asked / advised / begged /warned to + inf.

: not to + inf.

He said to me, Read the instructions before you operate the machine. (He told me ..) He told me to read the instructions before I operated the machine. She said to me, Dont ever shout at me. (She told me) She told me never to shout at her. He said, "Go away or Ill call the police. (He threatened ) He threatened to call the police if I didnt go away. He threatened that he would call the police if I didnt go away.

Exercises
Choose the correct answer: 1- I (mustn't - have to/ should have/ needn't) be at work at 8 a.m. or my boss will be furious. 2- You (should/ have to/ need to/ needn't) buy a pen. I can lend you one. 3- You (mustn't/ don't have to/ need to/ needn't) speak so loudly. We are in the library. 4- I (don't have t/ shouldn't/ needn't have/ must) hurry. My train leaves in 5 minutes.
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5- My son (has to/ needn't/ needn't have/ need) study mathematics at school next year so that he can join the faculty of engineering. 6- You (have/ have to/ need to/ don't need to) do all this hard work alone. I can help you. 7- Tomorrow is a national holiday. I (will have to/ need to/ won't have to/ should) get up early. 8- We (have to/ mustn't/ won't have to/ should have) forget that tourism is very important for Egypt. 9- She's on holiday. She (doesn't have to/ needs to/ shouldn't have/ needn't have) go to bed or get up at particular times. 10- I (shouldn't/ have to/ must/ need) get up early on school days. 11- I (have to/ must/ need/ should have) phone my friend this evening. I promised him I would. 12- In some countries, children (don't have/ don't need/ don't need to/ mustn't) wear school uniform. 13- People (mustn't/ don't have to/ should/ need to) drive too fast in the city center. 14- We ( should/ need to/ mustn't/ don't have to) give our homework to the teacher until next week. 15- These old buildings (need/ must/ have to be/ needn't) knocked down. 16- We (don't need to/ need to/ have to/ should) cut the tree down/ it can be part of the hotel garden. 17- I (don't have/ needn't have/ didn't have to/ should) cut the grass myself yesterday. The gardener did it. 18- You (had to write/ didn't have to write/ needn't have written/ should have written) such a long essay. The teacher asked for 300 words and you have written 700. 19- You (should add/ didn't have to add/ needn't have added/ needn't add) any more salt to the food. Now we can't eat it. 20- You (didn't have to/ mustn't/ must/ don't need to) study hard when you come to our school. The lessons are very easy. 21- More than 150 million copies of Michael Crichton's books (have sold - have been sold/ has been sold/ will sell). 22- John Lange was one of the names which (used/ had used - was used/ would use) by Michael Crichton. 23- Crichton often (is often included - included - was often included/ has often been included/ including) scientific subjects in his stories. 24- The Andromeda Strain (written/ wrote/ is written - was written) in 1969. 25- It is a frightening story about ordinary people who (caught - were caught/ were catching/ was caught) diseases from space. 26- The windows (has been smashed/ was smashed/ have been smashed/ smashing). 27- Two hundred people (rescue/ rescued/ will rescue/ were rescued). 28- He avoided (seeing/ being seen/ to see/ to be seen) by the policeman.
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29- She would like (to be employed/ employing/ employ/ to employ) as a secretary. 30- (Having arrested/ Having to arrest/ Having arresting/ Having been arrested) for murder, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. 31- The woman stole some money without (seeing/ to see/ seen/ being seen) by the shop owner. 32- This actor seems (to admire/ to have been admired/ admiring/ to admiring) by everyone. 33- The man asked (to give/ to giving/ to be given/ be given) a chance to prove his innocence. 34- Where (do/ does/ did/ were) the two new hospitals built? 35- How much (paid/ will pay/ was paid/ is paying) for the dress? 36- When (does/ did/ have/ has) the shopping been done? 37- (Is/ Are/ Have/ Do) the applicants being interviewed at the moment? 38- Who (was/ did/ has/ were) State of Fear written by? 39- Why (did/ has/ was/ does) your neighbour been arrested last night? 40- Information about genetic engineering (can find/ could find/ can be found/ are found) on the internet. 41- Language that is too difficult for ordinary people (is using/ used/ has used/ is used) by scientists. 42- He wrote about global warming in a way that (can understand/ could be understood/ could understand/ will understand) by ordinary people. 43- Many people (introduce/ are introducing/ were introduced/ is introduced) to the dangers of genetic engineering. 44- Nuclear radiation (can lead/ can be led/ are leading/ will be led) to serious diseases. 45- (Had/ Have/ Has/ Did) you ever been awarded a prize? 46- The security system will not (permit/ prohibit/ able/ ability) you to enter without the correct password. 47- Parking is strictly (inhabited/ indebted/ prohibited/ infected) in this area. 48- In the past, women (can't/ will/ shall/ couldn't) do certain jobs. 49- (Ought/ May/ Have/ Don't) I ask you a few questions, please? 50- There is plenty of food in the world. We (can/ won't/ have/ should have) feed everyone. 51- He (could have/ may have/ needn't have/ won't have) gone to the cinema, but he preferred to watch a film on TV. 52- He worked on his bike for a long time. Finally, he (could/ able/ ability/ managed) to mend it. 53- A small dog had somehow (managed to/ succeeded in/ was able/ could) surviving the fire. 54- When I was younger I (could/ can/ was able/ managed) stay up all night and not get tired. 55- (Should/ Might/ Will/ Could) I speak to Mr. Davis, please? 56- (May/ Might/ Should/ Can) you buy me some stamps, please?
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57- I (shouldn't/ can't - couldn't/ might not) find my keys this morning so I got into the house through the window. 58- The doctors are doing all that they (shall/ will/ may/ can), but she's still not breathing properly. 59- He (must be/ can't be/ won't be/ must have been) British. He speaks English fluently. 60- He (must be/ can't be/ won't be/ must have been) ill. He eats like a horse. 61- He (will have/ must have - could have/ need to have) taken the early train. I'm really not sure. 62- You (can/ may not/ should/ can't) take any pictures here. The sign over there says, "No Photographing." 63- She (is capable/ has the ability/ can/ could) to explain things clearly. 64- The rain (might - must/ shall/ need) have stopped by now. I'm not sure. 65- Accidents (shall/ mustn't/ can/ could have) happen if there are too many cars in city centers. 66- She (said/ asked/ wondered/ wanted) me if I had done the shopping. 67- He wondered where (I spend/ do I spend/ had I spent/ I had spent) my holiday. 68- She didn't know if (passed the test/ I am passing the test/ I had past the test/ to pass the test). 69- They asked me what (I do/ did I do/ I was doing/ was I doing) then. 70- She told me (finish/ to finish/ finishing/ not finish) the job quickly. 71- She asked me if I (have already finish/ already have finished/ already finish/ had already finished). 72- He wanted to know why (did I sign/ had I signed/ I had signed/ I am signing) the papers. 73- He wants to know if (there is/ is there/ had there been/ has there been) a post office nearby. 74- The doctor asked me how long (I smoke/ smoking/ I had been smoking/ I am smoking). 75- They told me not (making/ makes/ to make/ made) any noise. Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences 1- You have to take any more pills. You are quite well now. 2- You must drink this liquid. It's poisonous. 3- You need to bring any food with you tomorrow. I'll have enough for us all. 4- You have to clean the kitchen today. I'll do it in a few hours. 5- We didn't have waited long. A bus came at once. 6- I needn't pay the telephone bill last year. My brother was here then and he paid it. 7- I got to finish this work at 7 p.m. 8- I'll needn't to go in a few minutes. I don't want to miss my plane. 9- Should you have to clean the house yourself?/ No, someone did it for me. 10- Does she got to send the e-mail today?
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11- In what ways can human affected by science? 12- He awarded a prize for one of his novels. 13- He writes about humans be infected by germs. 14- This island inhabits only by birds. 15- This scientific report can understand by ordinary people. 16- What must done to solve this problem? 17- Where have the jewels kept? 18- When were they held the conference? 19- He hopes to promote to general manager. 20- Has been given the first prize, he invited all his friends to lunch. 21- In the past, people can't find clean water, so there were a lot of diseases. 22- She's been trying to pass her driving test for six years and she's finally managed in passing it. 23- I don't see my neighbour any more. He must moved to a new house. 24- He can read or write. He is illiterate. 25- Excuse me, should you tell me the way to the station, please? 26- We could get into our car because our keys were locked inside. 27- We will keep out of oil in 20 years. 28- Almost any information you need shall be found on the internet. 29- He uses a stethoscope and wears a white coat. He can't be a doctor. 30- She can the ability to do her job very efficiently.

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