BEST RECIPES

Additives
About 3,500 permitted in Britain 100-199, colours, 200-299 preservatives, 300-399 antioxidants and complexing, 400-499 thickeners, emulsifiers and gelling agents, 500-599 salt etc, 600-699 flavour enhancers, 900-999 coating agents, gases sweeteners, 1000-1399 miscellaneous, 1400-1499 starch derivatives Colours E100 curcuma artificially sweets and fish E101 eggs, in E101a E102 asthma children; damage, and hyperactivity; sensitivity is linked to used to colour jams, cereals, snack packaged soups; and Austria E103 E104 products, can USA, UK. E105 E106 E107 allergic in E110 bakery, cream, medications Polaramine, Ventolin syrup; urticaria (hives), allergies, hyperactivity, chromosomal pain, nausea indigestion, distaste for increased incidence of banned in E111 E120 Orange GGN Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmines, Natural Red 4 food colouring (orange) food colouring (crimson) rarely used Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow 6) food colouring (yellow-orange) Fast Yellow AB Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate Yellow 2G food colouring (yellow) food colouring (yellow) food colouring (yellow) asthma sufferers may have reaction; soft drinks; banned Australia and USA azo dye used in cereals, sweets, snack foods, ice drinks and canned fish; including side effects are runny nose, kidney tumours, damage, abdominal and vomiting, food; seen tumours in animals; Norway, Finland, UK Chrysoine resorcinol Quinoline Yellow WS, yellow 10 food colouring (golden) food colouring (dull or greenish yellow) forbidden used in lipsticks hair colognes and medications; cause dermatitis; banned in Norway, phase-out in the ` aspirin sensitivity; drinks, sweets, foods, canned fish, banned in Norway Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5) food colouring (yellow-orange) food colouring (lemon yellow) unpermitted, can provoke and urticaria (nettle rash) in linked to thyroid tumours, chromosomal Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) food colouring (yellow-orange) Curcumin, turmeric food colouring (yellow-orange) derived from the root of the (turmeric), but can be produced; used in cheese, margarine, baked fingers occurs in green vegetables, milk, liver and kidney; used margarine and cheese

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

E121 E122 cause people products jelly USA, Japan E123 herbaceous

Citrus Red 2 Carmoisine, Azorubine

food colouring (dark red) food colouring (red to maroon)

forbidden coal tar derived azo dye; can reaction in asthmatics and allergic to aspirin; typical are confectionary, marzipan, crystals; banned in Sweden, Austria, Canada, Norway phase-out in the UK,

Amaranth (FD&C Red 2)

food colouring (dark red)

derived from the small plant of the same mixes, fruitcrystals; can eczema and birth defects and some animal tests, cancer; banned in Austria and

name; used in cake flavoured fillings, jelly provoke asthma, hyperactivity; it caused foetal deaths in possibly also the USA, Russia, Norway forbidden E124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 4R) food colouring (red)

coal tar and azo dye, animals, can people allergic to USA & Norway,

carcinogen in produce asthma and aspirin; banned in unpermitted E125 E126 E127 custard foods; can levels, was thyroid cancer in rats banned in US, unpermitted E128 forbidden E129 Allura Red AC (FD&C Red 40) food colouring (orange-red) Red 2G food colouring (red) Ponceau SX, Scarlet GN Ponceau 6R Erythrosine (FD&C Red 3) food colouring (red) food colouring (red) food colouring (red)

used in cherries, canned fruit, mix, sweets, bakery, snack can cause sensitivity to light; increase thyroid hormone shown to cause in a study in 1990; Norway banned in Australia, used in sweets, drinks and condiments, cosmetics; 1980s to replace connected with banned in France, Sweden, Austria, permitted in US

medications and introduced in the early amaranth; cancer in mice; Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Norway, phase out in the UK, E130 E131 E132 Indanthrene blue RS Patent Blue V Indigo carmine, FD&C Blue 2 food colouring (blue) food colouring (dark blue) food colouring(indigo)

banned in Australia, USA, Norway added to tablets and capsules; used in ice cream, sweets, baked goods, confectionary, biscuits; coal

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

tar derivative; may cause nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, skin rashes, breathing problems and other allergic reactions. banned in Norway E133 Brilliant Blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1) food colouring (reddish blue) used in dairy products, sweets and drinks, usually occurring as aluminium lake (solution) or ammonium salt; banned in Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, Norway E140 i) Chlorophylls (ii) Chlorophyllins food colouring (green) green colour occurs in all plants; used for dyeing waxes and oils, used in medicines and cosmetics E141 E142 Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins Green S food colouring (olive green) food colouring (green) coal tar derivative; used in canned peas, mint jelly and sauce, packet bread crumbs and cake mixes; banned in Sweden, USA and Norway E143 E150a Fast Green FCF (FD&C Green 3) Plain caramel food colouring (sea green) food colouring (dark brown) made from sucrose sometimes helped by chemicals; used in oyster, soya, fruit and canned sauces, beer, whiskey, biscuits, pickles E150b E150c E150d E151 Caustic sulphite caramel Ammonia caramel Sulphite ammonia caramel Black PN, Brilliant Black BN food colouring food colouring food colouring food colouring coal tar derivative; used in brown sauces, blackcurrant cake mixes; banned in Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, USA, Norway E152 E153 Black 7984 Carbon black, Vegetable carbon food colouring food colouring charcoal pigment; used in jams, jelly crystals, liquorice; only the vegetable derived variety permitted in Australia, banned in the United States E154 E155 Brown FK, Kipper Brown Brown HT, Chocolate brown HT food colouring food colouring banned in the USA coal tar and azo dye; used in chocolate cake mixes; can produce asthma and people allergic to aspirin and

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

sensitivity; banned in Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, USA, Norway E160a Alpha-, beta-, Gamma-carotene food colouring (orange-yellow) human body converts it to vitamin A in the liver, found in carrots and other yellow or orange fruits and vegetables E160b Annatto, bixin, norbixin food colouring (red) extracted from seeds of tropical tree (Bixa orellana); used as a body paint, fabric dye, digestive aid and expectorant; used to dye cheese, butter, margarine, cereals, snack foods, soaps, textiles and varnishes; known to cause nettle rash E160c E160d Paprika oleoresin, Capsanthin, capsorubin Lycopene food colouring food colouring (red) paprika extract, banned in some countries carotenoid in tomatoes and pink grapefruit, can cause risk of cancer E160e E160f E161a E161b Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30) Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid (C 30) Flavoxanthin xanthophylls - lutein food colouring (orange) food colouring (orange) food colouring food colouring (yellow) derived from plants, found in green leaves, marigolds and egg yolks E161c E161d E161e E161f E161g Cryptoxanthin Rubixanthin Violaxanthin Rhodoxanthin xanthophylls - canthaxanthin food colouring food colouring food colouring food colouring food colouring (yellow) possibly derived from animal sources (retinol); the pigment is found in some mushrooms, crustacea, fish, flamingo feathers E161h E161i E161j E162 E163 E170 Zeaxanthin Citranaxanthin Astaxanthin Beetroot Red, Betanin Anthocyanins Calcium carbonate, Chalk food colouring food colouring food colouring food colouring (purple) food colouring (violet) food colouring derived from beets matter of flowers and plants used in toothpastes, white paint and cleaning powders; may be derived from rock mineral or animal bones; sometimes used to deacidify wines and firm canned fruit and vegetables E171 Titanium dioxide food colouring (pure white) used in toothpaste and white paint

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

E172 E173 E174 E175 E180 E181 E182 E200

Iron oxides and hydroxides Aluminium Silver Gold latolrubine, Lithol Rubine BK Tannin Orcein, Orchil Sorbic acid

food colouring (black, yellow, red) food colouring food colouring food colouring food colouring food colouring food colouring preservative

used in salmon and shrimp pastes; toxic at high doses unpermitted

unpermitted

Preservatives obtained from berries or synthesised from ketene; possible skin irritant E201 E202 E203 E209 E210 Sodium sorbate Potassium sorbate Calcium sorbate Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate Benzoic acid preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative also known as flowers of benzoin, phenlycarboxylic acid, carboxybenzene; added to alcoholic dinks, baked goods, cheeses, gum, condiments, frozen dairy, relishes, soft sweets, cordials and sugar substitutes; used in cosmetics, as an antiseptic in cough medications and an antifungal in ointments; can cause asthma, is also reputed to cause neurological disorders and to react with sulphur bisulphite (222), may provoke hyperactivity in children; obtained from Benzoin, a resin exuded by trees native to Asia Unpermitted E211 Sodium benzoate preservative used as antiseptic, as a food preservative and to disguise taste of poor-quality food; orange soft drinks can contain up to 25mg per 250ml; also in milk and meat products, relishes and condiments, baked goods and lollies; used in oral medications including Actifed, Phenergan and Tylenol; causes nettle rash and aggravates asthma E212 E213 E214 Potassium benzoate Calcium benzoate Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative preservative preservative Dangerous can cause allergic reactions

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

E215 E216 E217 E218 E219 E220

Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate Propylparaben (propyl para-hydroxybenzoate) Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate Methylparaben (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Sulphur dioxide

preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative allergic reactions possible, mainly affecting the skin derived from coal tar; all sulphur drugs are toxic and restricted in use (USA prohibits use on raw fruits and vegetables), produced by combustion of sulphur or gypsum; can provoke asthma, difficult to metabolise for those with impaired kidney function, destroys vitamin B1; in beer, soft drinks, dried fruit, juices, cordials, wine, vinegar, potato products possible contact allergen Forbidden Forbidden

E221 E222 E223 E224 E225 E226 E227 E228 E230 E231

Sodium sulphite Sodium bisulphite (sodium hydrogen sulphite) Sodium metabisulphite Potassium metabisulphite Potassium sulphite Calcium sulphite Calcium hydrogen sulphite (preservative) Potassium hydrogen sulphite Biphenyl, diphenyl Orthophenyl phenol

preservative, decontaminating agent preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative firming agent preservative preservative preservative

used in fresh orange juice

can be used for agriculture; citrus fruit; dangerous can be used for agriculture; typical products are pears, carrots, peaches, plums, prunes, sweet potato, citrus, pineapples, tomatoes, peppers, cherries, nectarines; dangerous

E232 E233

Sodium orthophenyl phenol Thiabendazole

preservative preservative

dangerous can be used for agriculture, typical products are citrus fruits, apples, pears, potatoes, bananas, mushrooms, meat, milk

E234

Nisin

preservative

antibiotic derived from bacteria; found in beer, processed cheese products, tomato paste

E235

Natamycin, Pimaracin

preservative: mould inhibitor

derived from bacteria; sometimes used medically to treat candidiasis; can cause nausea, vomiting, anorexia,

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

diarrhoea and skin irritation;. typical products are meat, cheese E236 E237 E238 E239 E240 E242 E249 Formic acid Sodium formate Calcium formate Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine) Formaldehyde Dimethyl dicarbonate Potassium nitrite preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative ; colour fixative curing agent for meat; nitrites can effect the body's ability to carry oxygen, resulting in shortness of breath, dizziness and headaches; potential carcinogen; not permitted in foods for infants and young children E250 Sodium nitrite preservative may provoke hyperactivity, potentially carcinogenic, can combine with chemicals in stomach to form nitrosamine E251 Sodium nitrate preservative used in the manufacture of nitric acid, as a fertiliser and in fermented meat products E252 Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre) preservative may be derived from waste animal or vegetable matter; used in explosives and fertilisers, and in the preservation of meat; may provoke hyperactivity; potentially carcinogenic E260 Acetic acid (preservative) acidity regulator main component of vinegar, synthetically produced from wood fibres; used in pickles, chutneys, and sauces E261 Potassium acetate preservative, acidity regulator food acid; should be avoided by people with impaired kidney function; typical products are sauces, pickles E262 E263 Sodium acetate, sodium hydrogen acetate (sodium diacetate) Calcium acetate (preservative) preservative, acidity regulator acidity regulator by-product from producing wood alcohol; used to make vinegar and in the production of dyers mordants E264 E265 E266 E270 Ammonium acetate Dehydroacetic acid Sodium dehydroacetate Lactic acid (preservative) (acid) preservative preservative preservative antioxidant, acidity regulator can cause nausea and vomiting N/A N/A produced by heating and fermenting carbohydrates in milk whey, potatoes, dangerous forbidden

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

cornstarch or molasses; difficult for babies to metabolise; used in sweets, dressings, soft drinks (sometimes beer) infant formulas and confectionary E280 Propionic acid preservative all propionates are thought to be linked with migraine; propionates occur naturally in fermented foods, human perspiration and ruminants digestive tract, also can be derived from ethylene and carbon monoxide or propionaldehyde or natural gas or fermented wood pulp; produced when bacteria decompose fibre; commonly used in bread and flour E281 E282 E283 E284 E285 E290 Sodium propionate Calcium propionate Potassium propionate Boric acid Sodium tetraborate (borax) Carbon dioxide preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative acidity regulator may be linked to migraines; used in flour products N/A N/A N/A N/A propellant, coolant, derived from lime manufacture; may increase the effect of alcohol; typical products are wine, soft drinks, confectionary E296 E297 Malic acid (acid) Fumaric acid acidity regulator acidity regulator derived from fruit or synthetic derived from plants of the genus Fumaria esp. F.officianalis or from the fermentation of glucose with fungi; can be used to flavour, acidify, as an antioxidant or raising agent used in soft drinks and cake mixes Antioxidants, acidity regulators E300 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) antioxidant flour treating agent; may be made synthetically from glucose, naturally occurs in fruit and vegetables; added to products as diverse as cured meat, breakfast cereals, frozen fish and wine E301 E302 Sodium ascorbate Calcium ascorbate antioxidant antioxidant sodium salt of vitamin C vitamin C, may increase the formation of calcium oxalate stones

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

E303 E304 E305 E306 E307 E308 E309

Potassium ascorbate Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid (i) Ascorbyl palmitate (ii) Ascorbyl stearate Tocopherol-rich extract (natural) Alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) Gamma-tocopherol (synthetic) Delta-tocopherol (synthetic) vitamin E

antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant

potassium salt of vitamin C fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid

in many vegetable oils, including soya, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize; works as an antioxidant for fatty acids and tissue fats, preventing vitamin A from oxidation; used in margarine and salad dressings

E310

Propyl gallate

antioxidant

prevents rancidity in oils; derived from nutgalls; may cause gastric or skin irritation, gallates are not permitted in foods for infants and small children because of tendency to cause methaemoglobinemia; used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging

E311 E312 E313 E314 E315 E316 E317 E318 E319

Octyl gallate Dodecyl gallate Ethyl gallate Guaiac resin Erythorbic acid Sodium erythorbate Erythorbin acid Sodium erythorbin tert-butylhydroquinone

antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant produced from sucrose produced from E317 petroleum-based; may cause nausea, vomiting, delirium; 5g is considered fatal. Typical products are fats, oils, margarine

E320

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)

antioxidant

petroleum derivative, retards oxidation; used in edible oils, chewing gum, fats, margarine, nuts, instant potato products, polyethylene food wraps; not permitted in infant foods, can provoke allergy and hyperactivity; concerns over carcinogenicity and estrogenic effects, in large doses caused tumours in lab animals; banned in Japan,

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

experts recommended ban in UK, but it was not banned E321 E322 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) Lecithin antioxidant emulsifier petroleum derivative derived from soya beans, egg yolks, peanuts, corn or animal resources; overdose can upset the stomach, kill the appetite and cause sweating; used to allow combination of oils in margarine, chocolate, mayonnaise, milk powder E323 E324 E325 Anoxomer Ethoxyquin Sodium lactate antioxidant antioxidant acidity regulator derived from lactic acid; may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions E326 E327 E328 E329 E330 Potassium lactate (antioxidant) Calcium lactate Ammonium lactate Magnesium lactate Citric acid acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acid, acidity regulator food acid, naturally derived from citrus fruit, used in biscuits, canned fish, cheese and processed cheese products, infant formulas, cake and soup mixes, rye bread, soft drinks, fermented meat products E331 E332 E333 E334 E335 E336 E337 E338 monosodium, disodium, sodium citrates (trisodium citrate) monopotassium, potassium citrate (tripotassium citrate) monocalcium, dicalcium, calcium citrates (tricalcium citrate) Tartaric acid (L(+)-) Sodium tartrates (i) Monosodium tartrate (ii), Disodium tartrate dipoytassium, monopotassium tartrate (cream of tartar) Sodium potassium tartrate Orthophosphoric acid acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator, firming agent, (acid) acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acid food acid food acid also sequestrant; food acid food acid, obtained from unripe fruit, grape juice food acid food acid food acid food acid, derived from phosphate ore; used in cheese products E339 monosodium, disodium, trisodium phosphates antioxidant mineral salt, used as a laxative and a fixing agent in textile dyeing; high intakes may upset the calcium/phosphorus equilibrium E340 E341 monopotassium, dipotassium, tripotassium phosphate monocalcium, dicalcium, tricalcium phosphates antioxidant anti-caking agent, firming agent mineral salt found in rocks and bones; used in medicines Emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners, gelling agents

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

10

as an antacid and polishing agent in enamels E342 E343 monoammonium, diammonium orthophosphates monomagnesium, dimagnesium phosphate anti-caking agent found in salt substitutes; under discussion and may be included in a future amendment to the Directive on miscellaneous additives E344 E345 E349 E350 E351 E352 E353 E354 E355 E356 E357 E359 E363 E365 E366 E367 E368 E370 E375 Lecitin citrate Magnesium citrate Ammonium malate sodium malate, sodium hydrogen malate Potassium malate calcium malate, calcium hydrogen malate Metatartaric acid Calcium tartrate Adipic acid Sodium adipate Potassium adipate Ammonium adipate Succinic acid Sodium fumarate Potassium fumarate Calcium fumarate Ammonium fumarate 1,4-Heptonolactone Niacin (nicotinic acid), Nicotinamide, vitamin B3 acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator emulsifier emulsifier acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator colour retention agent naturally occurs in bean, pea and other legumes, milk, egg, meat, poultry, and fish; at doses in excess of 1,000 mg per day can cause liver damage, diabetes, gastritis, eye damage, and elevated blood levels of uric acid (which can cause gout); at amounts as low as 50-100 mg may cause flushing (harmless but painful), headache, and stomach-ache especially if taken on an empty stomach E380 E381 Triammonium citrate Ammonium ferric citrate acidity regulator acidity regulator may interfere with liver and pancreas function essential mineral, food acid derived from citric acid; used as a dietary iron supplement in breakfast cereals and dietary formulas E383 E384 E385 Calcium glycerylphosphate Isopropyl citrate Calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate, acidity regulator acidity regulator sequestrant food acid from the root adipose

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

11

E386 E387 E388 E389 E390 E391 E399 E400

Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (Disodium EDTA) Oxystearin Thiodipropionic acid Dilauryl thiodipropionate Distearyl thiodipropionate Phytic acid Calcium lactobionate Alginic acid

sequestrant stabiliser Unpermitted Unpermitted

Thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers thickener, stabiliser, gelling agent, also emulsifier; thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, thickened cream and yoghurt; no known adverse effects in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients E401 E402 E403 E404 E405 E406 Sodium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) Potassium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) Ammonium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) Calcium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) Propane-1,2-diol alginate (Propylene glycol alginate) Agar emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier thickener, stabiliser, emulsifier thickener, gelling agent, stabiliser vegetable gum, from petroleum vegetable gum derived from red seaweed; sometimes used as a laxative, found in manufactured meats and ice cream E407 Carrageenan thickener, stabiliser, gelling agent also emulsifier; a fibre extracted from seaweed; linked to toxic hazards, including ulcers and cancer; the most serious concerns relate to degraded carrageen, which is not a permitted additive; however, native carrageen an, which is used, may become degraded in the gut E407a E408 E409 E410 Processed eucheuma seaweed Bakers yeast glycan Arabinogalactan Locust bean gum (Carob gum) thickener, stabiliser, gelling agent thickener, stabiliser, gelling agent also emulsifier N/A N/A also emulsifier; derived from carob or locust bean tree ceratonia siliqua; used in lollies, cordials, essences, some flour products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; a caffeine-free chocolate

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

12

substitute; may lower cholesterol E411 E412 Oat gum Guar gum thickener, stabiliser thickener, stabiliser derived from the seeds of Cyamoposis tetragonolobus of Indian origin; fed to cattle in the US; can cause nausea, flatulence and cramps, may reduced cholesterol E413 Tragacanth thickener, stabiliser, emulsifier resin form the tree Astragalus gummifer; used in foods, drugs including nasal solutions, elixirs and tablets; also used as a binder in cosmetics; possible contact allergy E414 Acacia gum (gum arabic) thickener, stabiliser, emulsifier derived from the sap of Acacia Sengal; easily broken down by the human digestive system; possible allergen, soothes irritations of mucous membranes E415 Xanthan gum thickener, stabiliser derived from the fermentation of corn sugar with a bacterium E416 Karaya gum thickener, stabiliser, emulsifier derived from the tree Sterculia urens; often used in conjunction with Carob (E 410), in ice cream, custard and sweets, as a filler for its capability to multiply its volume by 100 times with the addition of water; possible allergen E417 Tara gum thickener, stabiliser derived from the Tara bush, Caesalpinia Spinosa from Ecuador, Peru and is Kenya E418 E419 E420 Gellan gum Gum ghatti (thickener) (stabiliser) Sorbitol, thickener, stabiliser, emulsifier emulsifier sweetener, humectant derived from glucose, from berries or synthesised; used in lollies, dried fruit, pastries, confectionary, low calorie foods, pharmaceutical syrups and ophthalmic preparations and is the seventh most widely used preservative in cosmetics; not permitted in foods for infants and young children, can cause gastric disturbance

Sweeteners

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

13

E421

Mannitol

sweetener, humectant

derived from seaweed or the manna ash tree; possible allergen, not permitted in infant foods due to its ability to cause diarrhoea and kidney dysfunction, also may cause nausea, vomiting; typical products are low calorie foods

E422

Glycerol

sweetener, humectants

oily colourless alcohol; derived by decomposition of natural fats with alkalis; usually a by-product of soap making using animal fat or vegetable oil; can be obtained from petroleum products sometimes synthesised from propylene or fermented from sugar; used in flexible coatings on sausages and cheeses, also in crystallised and dried fruit, liqueurs and vodka; protects against DNA damage presumably via free radical scavenging; large quantities can cause headaches, thirst, nausea and high blood sugar; used in liquors, confectionary, dried fruit, low calorie foods

E424 E425 E426 E429 E430 E431 E432 E433

Curdlan Konjac (i) Konjac gum (ii) Konjac glucomannane Soybean hemicellulose Peptones Polyoxyethene (8) stearate (emulsifier) Polyoxyethene (40) stearate Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20) Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80) stabiliser emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier

Unpermitted Unpermitted

emulsifiers derived from animal fatty acids; used as synthetic flavourings, surfactants, defoaming agents and dough conditioners; may increase the absorption of fat-soluble substances

E434 E435 E436 E440a

Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate (polysorbate 40) Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60) Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan tristearate (polysorbate 65) pectin

emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier naturally occurring in the skins of apples; used to thicken jams, jellies and

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

14

sauces; large quantities may cause temporary flatulence or intestinal discomfort E440b E441 E442 E443 E444 E445 E446 E450 amidated pectin Gelatine (emulsifier) Ammonium phosphatides Brominated vegetable oil Sucrose acetate isobutyrate Glycerol esters of wood rosins Succistearin disodium, trisodium, tetrasodium, dipotassium tetrapotassium, dicalcium, calcium dihydrogen diphosphates E451 E452 E459 E460 E461 sodium, pentasodium, pentapotassium triphosphate sodium, potassium, sodium calcium, calcium, ammonium polyphosphate Beta-cyclodextrine Cellulose (i) Microcrystalline cellulose (ii) Powdered cellulose Methyl cellulose emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier, anti-caking agent emulsifier can cause flatulence, distension, intestinal obstruction E462 E463 E464 E465 E466 E467 E468 Ethyl cellulose Hydroxypropyl cellulose Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, = hypromellose Ethyl methyl cellulose Carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Croscarmellose) emulsifier may be included in amendment to the Directive on miscellaneous additives E469 E470 E470a E470b E471 E472a E472b E472c E472d E472e E472f E472g E473 E474 E475 E476 E477 E478 Enzymically hydrolysed carboxymethylcellulose Salts of fatty acids with base Al, Ca, Na, Mg, K and NH4 Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids Magnesium salts of fatty acids Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate) Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Succinylated monoglycerides Sucrose esters of fatty acids Sucroglycerides Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids Polyglycerol polyricinoleate Propane-1, 2-diol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propane-1 emulsifier emulsifier derived from petroleum emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier, anti-caking agent emulsifier, anti-caking agent emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier high intakes may upset the calcium/phosphate equilibrium emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier gelling agent emulsifier

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

15

E479b E480 E481 E482 E483 E484 E485 E486 E487 E488 E489 E490 E491 E492 E493 E494 E495 E496 E497 E498 E499 E500 E501 E503 E504 E505 E507 E508 E509 E510

Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate Stearyl tartrate Stearyl citrate Sodium Stearoyl Fumarate Calcium Stearoyl Fumarate Sodium laurylsulphate Ethoxylated Mono- and Di-Glycerides Methyl Glucoside - Coconut Oil Ester Propane-1,2-diol Sorbitan monostearate Sorbitan tristearate Sorbitan monolaurate Sorbitan monooleate Sorbitan monopalmitate Sorbitan trioleat Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polymers Partial polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids of castor oil Cassia gum sodium carbonate, bicarbonate, hydrogen carbonate, sesquicarbonate potassium carbonate, bicarbonate ammonium carbonate, bicarbonate magnesium carbonate, bicarbonate, hydrogen carbonate Ferrous carbonate Hydrochloric acid Potassium chloride Calcium chloride Ammonium chloride, ammonia solution acidity regulator, raising agent acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator, anti-caking agent acidity regulator acid gelling agent, seasoning sequestrant, firming agent acidity regulator, improving agent should be avoided by people with impaired liver or kidney function. in flour products large quantities can cause gastric ulceration irritant to mucous membranes medical antacid and laxative emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier may increase the absorption of fat-soluble substances emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier

Acidity regulators, anti-caking agents)

E511 E512 E513 E514 E515 E516 E517 E518 E519 E520 E521 E522

Magnesium chloride Stannous chloride Sulphuric acid Sodium sulphates (i) Sodium sulphate (ii) Potassium Sulphates (i) Potassium Sulphate (ii) Calcium sulphate Ammonium sulphate Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), Copper(II) sulphate Aluminium sulphate Aluminium sodium sulphate Aluminium potassium sulphate

firming agent antioxidant acid acid may upset the body's water balance derived from limestone improving agent acidity regulator, firming agent preservative firming agent firming agent acidity regulator laxative essential mineral Unpermitted

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

16

E523 E524 E525 E526 E527 E528 E529 E530 E535 E536 E537 E538 E539 E540 E541 E542

Aluminium ammonium sulphate Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide (acidity regulator) Ammonium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Calcium oxide (acidity regulator) Magnesium oxide (acidity regulator) Sodium ferrocyanide (acidity regulator) Potassium ferrocyanide Ferrous hexacyanomanganate Calcium ferrocyanide Sodium thiosulphate Dicalcium diphosphate (acidity regulator) Sodium aluminium phosphate (i) Acidic (ii) Basic Bone phosphate (Essentiale Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic)

acidity regulator acidity regulator acidity regulator firming agent acidity regulator acidity regulator improving agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent antioxidant emulsifier emulsifier anti-caking agent derived from bones; used in dried milk for coffee machines by-product of coal gas production Unpermitted

E543 E544 E545 E550 E551 E552

Calcium sodium polyphosphate Calcium polyphosphate Ammonium polyphosphate Sodium Silicates (i) Sodium silicate (ii) Sodium metasilicate Silicon dioxide (Silica) Calcium silicate

emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent derived from limestone and diatomaceous earth (the silicified skeletons of diatoms, a single celled plankton), antacid; no known adverse effects

E553a E553b

magnesium silicate, trisilicate Talc

anti-caking agent anti-caking agent has been linked to stomach cancer, typical products are polished rice, chocolate, confectionery

E554

Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate)

anti-caking agent

in salt, dried milk substitutes and flours; aluminium was thought to cause placental problems in pregnancy and has been linked to Alzheimer's

E555 E556 E557 E558 E559 E560 E561 E562 E563 E565 E566

Potassium aluminium silicate Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium silicate) Zinc silicate Bentonite Aluminium silicate (Kaolin) Potassium silicate Vermiculite Sepiolite Sepiolitic clay Lignosulphonates Natrolite-phonolite

anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent used in milk powders Unpermitted

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

17

E570 E572 E574 E575 E576 E577 E578 E579

Stearic acid (Fatty acid) Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate (emulsifier) Gluconic acid Glucono delta-lactone (acidity regulator) Sodium gluconate Potassium gluconate Calcium gluconate Ferrous gluconate

anti-caking agent anti-caking agent acidity regulator sequestrant sequestrant sequestrant firming agent food colouring colour-retention agent; derived from iron and glucose; used in olives, iron supplements

E580 E585 E586 E598 E599 E620

Magnesium gluconate Ferrous lactate 4-Hexylresorcinol Synthetic calcium aluminates Perlite Glutamic acid flavour enhancer salt substitute; amino acid present in many animal and vegetable proteins, derived commercially from bacteria; might cause similar problems as MSG food colouring antioxidant

Flavour enhancers

E621

Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

flavour enhancer

flavour enhancer derived from the fermentation of molasses, salt substitute; can cause asthma, not permitted in foods for infants and young children; typical products are canned vegetables, canned tuna, dressings, many frozen foods

E622

Monopotassium glutamate

flavour enhancer

can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps; typical products are low sodium salt substitutes

E623 E624 E625 E626 E627

Calcium diglutamate Monoammonium glutamate Magnesium diglutamate Guanylic acid Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate

flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer

salt substitute salt substitute salt substitute may trigger gout isolated from sardines or yeast extract; may trigger gout, not permitted in foods for infants and young children

E628 E629 E630 E631

Dipotassium guanylate Calcium guanylate Inosinic acid Disodium inosinate

flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer may be prepared from meat or sardines; may trigger gout, not permitted in foods for infants and young children may trigger gout

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

18

E632 E633 E634 E635

Dipotassium inosinate Calcium inosinate Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides

flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer may be associated with itchy skin rashes; typical foods include flavoured chips, instant noodles and party pies; avoid it, banned in some countries may trigger gout

E636

Maltol

flavour enhancer

derived from the bark of larch trees, pine needles, chicory wood, oils and roasted malt; it may be produced synthetically

E637 E640 E641 E642 E650 Antibiotics E700 E701 E702 E703 E704 E705 E706 E707 E708 E710 E711 E712 E713 E714 E715 E716 E717 E900 E901

Ethyl maltol Glycine and its sodium salt L-leucine Lysine hydrochloride Zinc acetate Bacitracin Tetracyclines Chlortetracycline Oxytetracycline Oleandomycin Penicillin-G-potassium Penicillin-G-sodium Penicillin-G-procaine Penicillin-G-benzathyne Spiramycins Virginiamicins Flavophospholipol Tylosin Monensin Avoparcin Salinomycin Avilamycin Dimethyl polysiloxane (anti-foaming agent) Beeswax , white and yellow

flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer

derived from maltol

Miscellaneous anti-caking agent glazing agent silicone based glazing agent, used to wax fruit; see bee products; occasionally causes allergic reactions E902 E903 Candelilla wax Carnauba wax glazing agent glazing agent derived from a South American palm; used in cosmetics and inks, and to wax fruit; occasionally causes allergic reactions E904 Shellac glazing agent derived from insects; occasionally causes irritations of the skin

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

19

E905

Paraffins

may inhibit absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins, mild laxative, there may be a link to bowel cancer; used on sweets, in processing yeast, vitamin tablets, dried fruit, confectionary, collagen

E905a E905b E905c E906 E907 E908 E909 E910 E911 E912 E913 E914 E915 E916 E917 E918 E919 E920

Mineral oil Petrolatum Petroleum wax (i)Microcrystalline wax (ii) Paraffin wax Gum benzoic Crystalline wax Rice bran wax Spermaceti wax Wax esters Methyl esters of fatty acids Montan wax Lanolin, sheep wool grease Oxidized polyethylene wax Esters of colophony Calcium iodate Potassium iodate Nitrogen oxides Nitrosyl chloride L-cysteine

anti-foaming agent glazing agent flavour enhancer glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent Unpermitted Unpermitted Unpermitted Unpermitted improving agent flour treatment agent derived from animal hair and chicken feathers Unpermitted derived from sheep wool Unpermitted

E921 E922 E923 E924

L-cystine Potassium persulfate Ammonium persulfate Potassium bromate

improving agent improving agent improving agent improving agent Unpermitted Unpermitted large quantities can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pain. used in flour products

E924b E925

Calcium bromate Chlorine

improving agent preservative, bleach, improving agent

Unpermitted destroys nutrients, carcinogen, Typical products are flour products unpermitted

E926 E927a E927b E928

Chlorine dioxide (preservative) Azodicarbonamide Carbamide (urea) Benzoyl peroxide (improving agent)

bleach improving agent improving agent bleach

Unpermitted

approved by USA for bleaching the carotenoids in refined flours

E929 E930 E931 E938 E939 E940 E941

Acetone peroxide Calcium peroxide (improving agent) nitrogen Argon Helium Dichlorodifluoromethane Nitrogen (packaging gas) packaging gas packaging gas packaging gas propellant bleach

Unpermitted used in freezing and vacuum packing

rarely used

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

20

E942 E943a E943b E944 E945 E946 E948 E949 E950 E951 E952

Nitrous oxide Butane Isobutane Propane Chloropentafluoroethane Octafluorocyclobutane Oxygen Hydrogen Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Cyclamic acid and its sodium and calcium salts (cyclamate)

propellant propellant propellant propellant propellant propellant packaging gas packaging gas sweetener sweetener sweetener many adverse effects, including allergy, migraine calcium & sodium cyclamate, artificial sweetener; can cause migraines, can be carcinogenic, caused damage to rats testicles and mouse embryos, banned in the US and UK due its links with cancer

E953 E954

Isomalt, Isomaltitol Saccharin and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts

sweetener sweetener calcium & sodium saccharin; artificial sweetener derived from toluene (a known carcinogen); banned in 1977 in the US, but reinstated subject to strict labelling starting: "Use of this product may be hazardous to your health, this product contains saccharin which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals"

E955 E956 E957

Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) Alitame Thaumatin

sweetener sweetener sweetener a protein derived from the tropical plant Thaumococcus danielli; used to sweeten wines, bread and fruit

E958 E959 E960 E961 E962 E965

Glycyrrhizin (sweetener) Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone (sweetener) Stevioside Neotame Aspartame-acesulfame salt (sweetener) maltitol, maltitol syrup

flavour enhancer flavour enhancer sweetener sweetener stabiliser sweetener, stabiliser, humectant hydrogenated glucose syrup; starch decomposed with digestive enzymes; used in confectionery, dried fruits, low-joule foods; laxative in high concentrations

E966

Lactitol

sweetener

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

21

E967

Xylitol

sweetener, humectant

found in raspberries, plums, lettuce and endives, though produced for commercial purposes from wood pulp; caused kidney stones and a diuretic effect on test rats; used in low-joule foods and carbohydratemodified sweets, ice-cream and jams

E968 E999

Erythritol Quillaia extract

humectant foaming agent, emulsifier natural surfactant; derived from chilean soap bark tree (Quillaia Saponaria); used in beer and soda; known to promote healing and reduce excessive oiliness in the skin

Other E1000 E1001 E1100 E1101 E1102 E1103 E1104 E1105 E1200 E1201 Cholic acid Choline salts Amylase Proteases ((i)Protease, (ii)Papain, (iii)Bromelain, (iv)Ficin) Glucose oxidase Invertase Lipases Lysozyme Polydextrose Polyvinylpyrrolidone preservative stabiliser, thickening agent, humectant, carrier stabiliser dispersing agent, coating for tablets; used in artificial sweeteners E1202 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (carrier) stabiliser clarifying agent for wine, colour and colloidal stabiliser E1203 E1204 E1400 E1401 E1402 E1403 Starches E1404 E1405 E1410 E1411 E1412 E1413 E1414 E1420 E1421 E1422 E1423 E1430 Oxidized starch (emulsifier) Enzyme treated starch Monostarch phosphate (stabiliser) Distarch glycerol (thickening agent) Phosphated distarch phosphate (stabiliser) Acetylated distarch phosphate (emulsifier) Starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride (stabiliser) Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate (stabiliser) Acetylated Distarch Adipate (stabiliser) Acetylated distarch glycerol Distarch glycerine (stabiliser) thickening agent emulsifier thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent Polyvinyl alcohol Pullulan Dextrin (Dextrins, roasted starch white and yellow) (stabiliser) Modified starch ((Acid-treated starch) stabiliser) Alkaline modified starch (stabiliser) Bleached starch (stabiliser) thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent emulsifier emulsifier stabiliser, flavour enhancer stabiliser, flavour enhancer antioxidant stabiliser derived from mould mushroom or pig pancreas

Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetasphosphate; esterified with phosphorus oxychloride (stabiliser) thickening agent

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

22

E1440 E1441 E1442 E1443 E1450 E1451 E1501 E1502 E1503 E1504 E1505 E1510 E1516 E1517 E1518 E1519 E1520

Hydroxy propyl starch (emulsifier) Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine (stabiliser) Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate (stabiliser) Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol Starch sodium octenyl succinate (emulsifier) (stabiliser) Acetylated oxidised starch (emulsifier) Benzylated hydrocarbons Butane-1, 3-diol Castor oil Ethyl acetate Triethyl citrate Ethanol Glyceryl monoacetate Glyceryl diacetate or diacetin Glyceryl triacetate or triacetin Benzyl alcohol Propylene glycol

thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent thickening agent

resolving agent flavour solvent foam stabiliser alcohol flavour solvent flavour solvent humectant derived from glycerol; used to coat fresh fruit in the US humectant. dispersing agent petroleum based; its glycerine like taste has made it popular for children's medications and other elixirs; used in many topical creams and ointments, cosmetics, hair products and deodorants; has been linked with fatal heart attacks (when given intravenously), central nervous system depression and cosmetic or pharmaceutical contact dermatitis part becomes alcohol in the body

E1521 E1525

Polyethylene glycol 8000 [5][clarification needed] Hydroxyethyl cellulose thickening agent

Copyright 2012- BecketsBest- Best Recipes

23