STP Algae Biodiesel Aff

SDI 2K8 Algae Biodiesel Affirmative
Phil
1AC............................................................................................... ....................2
Observation I. Inherency....................................................................................2
Topicality ........................................................................................................21
Inherency........................................................................................................22
Solvency ............................................................................................ .............23
Algae Trades off with Ethanol...........................................................................25
Airline industry ...............................................................................................27
Splash and Dash .............................................................................................33
Generic....................................................................................................... .....37
Food Prices XT’s............................................................................................. ..42
AT: DOHA DA....................................................................................................47
Politics ...........................................................................................................49
A2: Delegation CP............................................................................................51
A2: States CP...................................................................................................53
A2: Takes too long-can’t solve fast enough........................................................59
A2: No Infrastructure.......................................................................................63
A2: US Economy not key to global economy.......................................................64
AT: Safflower PIC..............................................................................................70
AT: Canola PIC..................................................................................................71
AT Sunflower PIC..............................................................................................74
AT Rice PIC......................................................................................................75
AT: Mustard Seed PIC.......................................................................................77
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Phil
1AC
Observation I. Inherency
FIRST, THERE IS NO FEDERAL FUNDING FOR ALGAE BIODIESEL
Briggs in 4 Michael Briggs, University of New Hampshire, Physics Department, Widescale Biodiesel Production
from Algae revised August 2004, UNH Biodiesel Group, http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html,
The above is a description of the potential algae has to offer. The current state of the technology is
not yet capable of achieving yields as high as theoretically possible, and the
economics need further improvement. The UNH Biodiesel Group and a few other groups across the
country are working on improving the technology for growing algae and processing it into biodiesel. Due to the
lack of government funding for this field of work, UNH and its collaborators are seeking private
partners to finance the continued development of the technology.
SECOND, CURRENT FUNDING OF BIODIESEL IS SET TO EXPIRE AT THE END OF THIS YEAR
McElroy in 8 [Anduin Kirkbride McElroy, Will biodiesel tax credit be extended?, May 2008, Biodiesel Magazine,
http://biodieselmagazine.com/article-print.jsp?article_id=2264, PS]
The National Biodiesel Board’s legislative team is working to extend the biodiesel
excise tax credit and the small agri-biodiesel producer tax credit beyond the end of
this year. “Extension of the biodiesel tax incentive is the NBB’s top legislative priority, and while there are
certainly no guarantees in the legislative process, we are hopeful that Congress will
extend the credit beyond its current Dec. 31, 2008, expiration date,” said Manning Feraci,
vice president of federal affairs.
There have been as many as six attempts in the U.S. Congress to tack an extension
onto existing legislation, such as the Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 and the Federal Aviation
Administration Reauthorization Act of 2007. Feraci said the U.S. House has passed a two-year extension on three
separate occasions, and the U.S. Senate has also approved legislation containing a two-year extension of the
incentive. At press time, the extension was attached to the tax title of the Senate
version of the 2007 farm bill, on which Congress has struggled to move forward.
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Phil
FINALLY, IT IS UNLIKELY THE CURRENT TAX CREDIT WILL BE EXTENDED DUE TO THE SPLASH AND DASH
LOOPHOLE –THE LOOPHOLE HAS CRIPPLED THE US BIODIESEL INDUSTRY—THE TAX BREAKS GO TO FOREIGN
COUNTRIES
Swanson in 7 Finance panel set to close ‘splash and dash’ loophole, Ian Swanson, http://thehill.com/business--
lobby/finance-panel-set-to-close-splash-and-dash-loophole-2007-06-19.html,
Known as “splash and dash,” the loophole allows 100 percent biodiesel made from
soybeans and other commodities and imported from a third country, such as Brazil or
Malaysia, to be carried to a U.S. port, where a “splash” of petroleum diesel is added.
This allows the importer to qualify for tax credits intended to promote the
production and use of U.S. biodiesel. The ship then quickly leaves the U.S. port to
“dash” to another port, usually in Europe, where the subsidized biofuel is unloaded
and sold. Tax incentives have created a hugely profitable market for biofuels in
Europe, so the companies pocketing the U.S. tax breaks are again rewarded in
Europe. Critics of the approach say the biodiesel tax incentives, first approved by
Congress in 2004, were intended to promote the use of renewable fuel in the U.S.
Fuels blended in the U.S. but used in other countries should not benefit from the tax
breaks, they argue. “Allowing foreign-produced biodiesel to be transshipped through
the U.S. market solely to take advantage or our biodiesel tax is indefensible,” said
Joe Jobe of the National Biodiesel Board, which fully supports efforts to shut down
“splash and dash” transactions.
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Plan:
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase incentives for
alternative fuels by extending the Volumetric Blender Tax Credit to December 31
2017 with the following two provisions added: include algae as eligible for tax
credits and to adopt Section 123 of H.R. 6049. Ask and well clarify
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Phil
Advantage : Global Warming
TO BEGIN--100 PERCENT OF SCIENTIFIC PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS AGREE THAT ANTHROPOGENIC WARMING

IS REAL CAUSED BY CO2
Hendricks and Inslee 7

Bracken, Senior Fellow with American Progress, Jay, Representative from Washington, Apollo’s Fire, pg.7
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AND, MULTIPLE INDICATORS PROVE—

IPCC in 7 [ Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf
Eleven of the last twelve years (1995-2006) rank among the twelve warmest years in the
instrumental record of global surface temperature (since 1850). The 100-year linear trend (1906-
2005) of 0.74 [0.56 to 0.92]°C1 is larger than the corresponding trend of 0.6 [0.4 to 0.8]°C (1901-2000) given in the Third
Assessment Report (TAR) (Figure SPM.1). The temperature increase is widespread over the globe and is greater at higher
northern latitudes. Land regions have warmed faster than the oceans (Figures SPM.2, SPM.4). {1.1, 1.2} Rising sea level
is consistent with warming (Figure SPM.1). Global average sea level has risen since 1961 at an average rate of 1.8
[1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr and since 1993 at 3.1 [2.4 to 3.8] mm/yr, with contributions from thermal expansion,
melting glaciers and ice caps, and the polar ice sheets. Whether the faster rate for 1993 to 2003
reflects decadal variation or an increase in the longer-term trend is unclear. {1.1} Observed decreases in snow
and ice extent are also consistent with warming (Figure SPM.1). Satellite data since 1978 show
that annual average Arctic sea ice extent has shrunk by 2.7 [2.1 to 3.3]% per decade, with larger decreases in summer of 7.4 [5.0
to 9.8]% per decade. Mountain glaciers and snow cover on average have declined in both hemispheres. {1.1} From 1900 to 2005,
precipitation increased significantly in eastern parts of North and South America,
northern Europe and northern and central Asia but declined in the Sahel, the
Mediterranean, southern Africa and parts of southern Asia. Globally, the area affected by drought
has likely2 increased since the 1970s. {1.1} It is very likely that over the past 50 years: cold days, cold nights and
frosts have become less frequent over most land areas, and hot days and hot nights
have become more frequent. It is likely that: heat waves have become more frequent over
most land areas, the frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased over most
areas, and since 1975 the incidence of extreme high sea level has increased
worldwide. {1.1} There is observational evidence of an increase in intense tropical
cyclone activity in the North Atlantic since about 1970, with limited evidence of increases elsewhere. There is no clear
trend in the annual numbers of tropical cyclones. It is difficult to ascertain longer-term trends in cyclone activity, particularly
prior to 1970. {1.1} Average
Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of
the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the
last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1300 years. {1.1}
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HOWEVER, ALL IS NOT LOST DECREASING EMISSIONS CAN STILL PREVENT WARMING – IT’S NOT INEVITABLE
Bowen 7
Mark, PhD in Physics from MIT, Censoring Science, pg. 4-5
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UNFORTUNATELY, WAITING WILL ONLY INCREASE THE RISK OF RAPID WARMING DUE TO MULTIPLE POSITIVE
FEEDBACK LOOPS
Shapley in 7 [Dan Shapley, Runaway Global Warming Starts with a Single Step, Study Finds Evidence
of Chain-Reactions Triggered by Modest Warming, http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-
news/latest/global-warming-positive-feedback-47122006, 12-20-2007]
It happened 55 million years ago for natural reasons, and it may happen today because of human
pollution.
"It" is a chain-reaction that leads rapidly from modest global warming to
catastrophic global warming via a series of "positive feedback loops." The concept isn't
new, but a study published today in Nature shows for the first time how it happened in the past, its
authors say.
Last time, it happened during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, a period of warming that the
authors say is the prehistoric period during which the Earth experienced warming most similar to what
we're seeing today.
Then, it started most likely with a volcano, the authors think, which pumped enough greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere to trigger a modest amount of warming, similar perhaps to the amount
we've seen over the last several decades.
What happened next is the important part.The earth became warm enough that icelike
structures in the ocean melted, releasing massive amounts of methane that
bubbled up, fueling rapid warming of the atmosphere. While carbon is more long-
lived, methane is more than 20 times more potent as a greenhouse gas.
Some scientists have been nervously watching greenhouse gas sinks on Earth today, like the
methane trapped in tundra, fearing that enough warming might force these sinks to
release massive amounts of greenhouse gases suddenly, feeding additional
warming that causes the release of more gases...and so on.
"Thestudy for the first time shows such a chain-reaction during rapid warming in a
greenhouse world," according to the information about the study on the Website of the lead
author, Appy Sluijs, a paleoecologist from Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
Here's the rest of his description:
Analogous to the modern situation, the phase of greenhouse warming 55 million years ago was caused
by a relatively rapid increase of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. This phase, known as the
Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, was studied using sediments that accumulated 55 million years
ago on the ocean floor in what is now New Jersey. The new study shows that a large part of the
greenhouse gases was injected as a result of a chain-reaction of events. Likely through intense
volcanism, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere became higher and the ensuing greenhouse warmed
the Earth. As a result, marine methane hydrates, ice-like structure in which massive amounts of
methane are stored, melted and released large amounts of methane into the atmosphere. This
'positive feedback' amplified the magnitude of global warming, which comprised about 6° C in total.
climate warming can enforce mechanisms that inject
The new research confirms that
massive amounts of stored carbon into the atmosphere. Current and future warming
will likely see similar feedbacks, such as methane hydrate dissociation, adding
additional greenhouse gases to those resulting from fossil fuel burning.
Last year, the same group of researchers showed in Nature that 55 million years ago tropical algae
migrated into the Arctic Ocean, when temperatures rose to 24° C. Current climate models are not
capable of simulating the high temperatures at that time, which has repercussions for the predictions
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of future climate change. In addition to Al Gore’s presentation, this type of research shows what a
greenhouse world looks like, including palm trees and crocodiles in the Arctic.
LASTLY, RUNAWAY WARMING LEADS TO EXTINCTION – QUICK TIME FRAME

Pearce 7
Fred, With Speed and Violence, environment and development consultant, pg. 240-241
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Phil
Advantage : Tailspin
RISING FUEL COSTS WILL CRIPPLE THE COMMERCIAL AIRLINE INDUSTRY

Smith in 8[Fuel costs could 'devastate' airlines: Rising fuel costs could drive major air carriers out of business and hurt economy,
says report. CNNMoney.com RSS FEEDS (close) By Aaron Smith, CNNMoney.com staff writer, June 25, 2008: 3:14 PM EDT}
NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- The skyrocketing price of fuel could "devastate" the airline
industry and hurt the economy, according to a report from the Business Travel Coalition released Monday.
Pressured by rising fuel costs, major airlines could collapse as early as this year, the coalition said.
The failure of just one airline could disrupt travel for 200,000 to 300,000 daily
passengers and cause between 30,000 and 75,000 immediate job losses, said the
coalition.
The failure of more than one airline could result in 100,000 job losses, said the report,
particularly in such hubs as Atlanta for Delta Air Lines (DAL, Fortune 500), Chicago for UAL Corp.'s (UAL) United Airlines and
Continental Airlines' (CAL, Fortune 500) Houston.
"Already-depleted cash reserves are dwindling fast, and unless the fuel crisis
lessens, airlines face not the now-familiar protracted restructuring in bankruptcy,
but outright and immediate extinction," said the rep
A COLLAPSE OF THE INDUSTRY WOULD CRIPPLE THE US ECONOMY
Hotel News Resource in 8 [Oil-Fueled Catastrophe in the Airline Industry Would Cripple U.S. Economy
and Eliminate American Jobs, 2008-06-24, http://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article33216.html, PS]
The skyrocketing price of aviation fuel will have devastating implications far beyond
new surcharges for checked bags and in-flight beverage services according to a new study prepared by the
Business Travel Coalition (BTC). Not only are U.S. airlines and their passengers facing
their darkest future, but fast-approaching airline liquidations will cripple the U.S.
economy that depends on affordable, frequent intercity air transportation.
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Phil
ECONOMIC COLLAPSE LEADS TO GLOBAL CONFLICT

Lopez in 98 (Bernardo V., Business World, September 10, pg. 12, LN)
What would it be like if global recession becomes full bloom? The results will be catastrophic. Certainly, global recession will spawn wars of
all kinds. Ethnic wars can easily escalate in the grapple for dwindling food stocks as in India-Pakistan-Afghanistan, Yugoslavia,
Ethiopia-Eritrea, Indonesia. Regional conflicts in key flashpoints can easily erupt such as in the Middle East, Korea, and Taiwan.
In the Philippines, as in some Latin American countries, splintered insurgency forces may take advantage of the economic drought to regroup and
reemerge in the countryside. Unemployment worldwide will be in the billions. Famine can be triggered in key Third World nations with India,
North Korea, Ethiopia and other African countries as first candidates. Food riots and the breakdown of law and order are possibilities. Global
recession will see the deferment of globalization, the shrinking of international trade - especially of high-technology commodities such as in the
computer, telecommunications, electronic and automotive industries. There will be a return to basics with food security being a prime concern of
all governments, over industrialization and trade expansions. Protectionism will reemerge and trade liberalization will suffer a big setback. The
WTO-GATT may have to redefine its provisions to adjust to the changing times. Even the World Bank-IMF consortium will experience continued
crisis in dealing with financial hemorrhages. There will not be enough funds to rescue ailing economies. A few will get a windfall from the
disaster with the erratic movement in world prices of basic goods. But the majority, especially the small and medium enterprises (SMEs), will
suffer serious shrinkage. Mega-mergers and acquisitions will rock the corporate landscape. Capital markets will shrink and credit crisis and
spiralling interest rates will spread internationally. And environmental advocacy will be shelved in the name of survival. Domestic markets will
flourish but only on basic commodities. The focus of enterprise will shift into basic goods in the medium term. Agrarian economies are at an
advantage since they are the food producers. Highly industrialized nations will be more affected by the recession. Technologies will concentrate
on servicing domestic markets and the agrarian economy will be the first to regrow. The setback on research and development and high-end
technologies will be compensated in its eventual focus on agrarian activity. A return to the rural areas will decongest the big cities and the ensuing
real estate glut will send prices tumbling down. Tourism and travel will regress by a decade and airlines worldwide will need rescue. Among the
indigenous communities and agrarian peasantry, many will shift back to prehistoric subsistence economy. But there will be a more crowded
upland situation as lowlanders seek more lands for production. The current crisis for land of indigenous communities will worsen. Land conflicts
will increase with the indigenous communities who have nowhere else to go either being massacred in armed conflicts or dying of starvation.
Backyard gardens will be precious and home-based food production will flourish. As unemployment expands, labor will shift to self-reliant
microenterprises if the little capital available can be sourced. In the past, the US could afford amnesty for millions of illegal migrants because of
its resilient economy. But with unemployment increasing, the US will be forced to clamp down on a reemerging illegal migration which will
increase rapidly. Unemployment in the US will be the hardest to cope with since it may have very little capability for subsistence economy and its
agrarian base is automated and controlled by a few. The riots and looting of stores in New York City in the late '70s because of a state-wide
brownout hint of the type of anarchy in the cities. Such looting in this most affluent nation is not impossible. The weapons industry may also
grow rapidly because of the ensuing wars. Arms escalation will have primacy over food production if wars escalate. The US will
depend increasingly on weapons exports to nurse its economy back to health. This will further induce wars and conflicts which
will aggravate US recession rather than solve it. The US may depend more and more on the use of force and its superiority to get its ways
internationally. The public will rebel against local monopolies. Anarchy and boycotts will be their primary weapons against cartels especially on
agricultural products such as rice and vegetables, which are presently in the hands of a few in most Third World nations.
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Phil
FURTHERMORE, COMMERCIAL AIRLINE INDUSTRY KEY TO POWER PROJECTION AND HEGEMONY

Gavin in 93 [Colonel Glynn W. Cavin Jr. USAF, The Economic Health of the Airline Industry and its Impact on National
Security, 1993]
The massive airlift of U.S. troops to the Persian Gulf War was possible because the
United States has a strong airline industry. However, fierce competition has put the
long-term health of that industry at risk. The surface portion of the transportation
industry is encouraging intermodalism as the only way to survive in an increasingly
competitive world, but true intermodal surface to air movement has yet to be widely
developed. Airlines still do not consider routine airlift of International Standards
Organization (ISO) containers profitable, using today's aircraft. They need a new
airplane that will make a leap forward in lifting capability without a commensurate
leap in expense.
In this paper I propose a dual track solution to the problems of the airlines. First,
the Government must work with the airlines and aerospace industry to create a
more favorable economic environment for them. Second, the Government must sponsor
development ef an aircraft that will make long-haul airlift of ISO containers
economically attractive, and militarily useful. Simply put: Our nation depends on
the best airline industry in the world to make our National Military Strategy of power
projection viable!
AND, COLLAPSE OF US HEGEMONY ENSURES A NUCLEAR CONFLICT

Haas ’07 (Mark L. Haas, Summer 2007, International Security, “A Geriatric Peace?;
The Future of U.S. Power in a World of Aging Populations”, LexisNexis)
The same factors that help to preserve U.S. primacy also increase the likelihood of continued peace between the United States
and the other most powerful states in the system. Numerous studies have shown that power transitions, either actual or
anticipated, significantly increase the probability of international conflict. By implication, the continuation of U.S. hegemony
supported by the effects of global aging will decrease the probability of either hot or cold wars developing with the other powers.
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Phil
Advantage : Splash and Dash
THERE IS LOOPHOLE IN EXISTING BIODIESEL TAX CREDIT WHICH ALLOWS FOREIGN COMPANIES TO BENEFIT
AND LEADS TO DUMPING OF BIODIESEL ON THE EU
LaJeunesse in 8 William LaJeunesse, 'Splash and Dash' Biofuel Scam Costs Americans Millions, Lawmakers Say,
Friday , June 13, 2008
The scam — as Shadegg and others call it — is known as “splash and dash.” It
stems from an existing $1 subsidy for every gallon of biodiesel fuel blended with
regular diesel in the United States. Here’s how it works: Biodiesel is produced
abroad using South American sugar cane or Asian palm oil and shipped to the United States, where
it’s blended with just a “splash” of regular diesel. A typical tanker-load of about 9 million gallons of
biodiesel requires just 9,000 gallons of American diesel to make it qualify for the subsidy. But every gallon in the
shipment garners a buck. The ship then makes a “dash” for Europe, where its fuel is
sold below market rates. That means each tanker-load that makes the dash nets importers
about $9 million dollars in tax credits from the IRS. Lawmakers have estimated its
cost to Americans at tens — or even hundreds — of millions each year.
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Phil
SPLASH AND DASH HAS PUT THE US AND THE EU ON THE BRINK OF AN ALL OUT TRADE WAR—ONLY
CONGRESS CAN CLOSE THE LOOPHOLE
NEW ENERGY NEWS ‘8, (EU – U.S. BIOFUEL TRADE WAR?, JUNE 1, 2008,
HTTP :// NEWENERGYNEWS . BLOGSPOT . COM /2008/06/ EU- US - BIOFUEL - TRADE- WAR. HTML )
“Splash and dash” is the technique foreign agrofuels producers use to take advantage of U.S.
subsidies. It is especially popular among importers of B99 diesel into Europe. Pure Agrofuels manufacturers in Brazil, Indonesia and Malaysia pass their product through U.S. ports
where a bit of petroleum diesel is added, qualifying the entire shipment for a U.S. subsidy. Perhaps the most objectionable aspect of the practice is that it often adds many miles of transport under
greenhouse gas-generating fossil fuel power in order to deliver supposedly climate change-mitigating fuel to Europe. European Commissioners (EC) like Peter Mandelson suggest the subsidy
may be worth 11 pence/litre (~88 cents/gallon). EU biodiesel producers and suppliers cannot compete. The UK’s D1 announced last month it will close a new refinery and lay off all employees.
The EC is threatening to put a duty on U.S. biodiesel imports if “splash and dash” is not
discontinued, although public statements remain muted. Unnamed EU diplomat: "The Commission is in contact with the United States to clarify certain details regarding U.S.
production…" The U.S. Congress looked into closing down this abominable practice in the 2007 energy bill but “somehow” the loophole in the biodiesel subsidy left it in place. If
Congress doesn’t close the loophole soon, it risks starting a trade war with the EU. The situation is
urgent for the European biodiesel industry. Linda McAvan, Labour MP, UK: "My fear is that by the time we get something done, the
European industry will be out of business."
A TRADE WAR BETWEEN THE US AND EU WOULD ESCALATE INTO A NUCLEAR CONFLICT
Miller and Elwood 88 (Vincent and James, http://www.isil.org/resources/lit/free-trade-protectionism.html)
History is not lacking in examples of cold trade wars escalating into hot shooting wars:
• Europe suffered from almost non-stop wars during the 17th and 18th centuries, when restrictive trade policy (mercantilism) was the
rule; rival governments fought each other to expand their empires and to exploit captive markets.
• British tariffs provoked the American colonists to revolution, and later the Northern-dominated US government imposed restrictions
on Southern cotton exports – a major factor leading to the American Civil War.
• In the late 19th Century, after a half century of general free trade (which brought a half-century of peace), short-sighted politicians
throughout Europe again began erecting trade barriers. Hostilities built up until they eventually exploded into World War I.
• In 1930, facing only a mild recession, US President Hoover ignored warning pleas in a petition by 1028 prominent economists and
signed the notorious Smoot-Hawley Act, which raised some tariffs to 100% levels. Within a year, over 25 other governments had
retaliated by passing similar laws. The result? World trade came to a grinding halt, and the entire world was plunged into the "Great
Depression" for the rest of the decade. The depression in turn led to World War II.
The #1 Danger To World Peace
The world enjoyed its greatest economic growth during the relatively free trade period of 1945-1970, a period that also saw no
major wars. Yet we again see trade barriers being raised around the world by short-sighted politicians. Will the world again end up in a shooting
war as a result of these economically-deranged policies? Can we afford to allow this to happen in the nuclear age?
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Phil
Advantage : Kernels of Truth
ETHANOL IS THE MOST WIDELY USED BIOFUEL

In the AEO2007 reference case, ethanol use increases rapidly from current levels. Ethanol
blended into gasoline is projected to account for 4.3 percent of the total gasoline
pool by volume in 2007, 7.5 percent in 2012, and 7.6 percent in 2030. As a result, gasoline
demand increases more rapidly in terms of fuel volume (but not in terms of energy content) than it would in the absence of
ethanol blending. Overall, gasoline consumption is projected to increase by 32 percent on an energy basis, and by 34 percent on a
volume basis, from 2007 to 2030.
HOWEVER, IT WILL INEVITABLY FAIL—ITS TAKES UP TOO MUCH LAND

Scott and Bryner in 6 ALEX SCOTT with MICHELLE BRYNER, Chemical Week, December 20, 2006 /
December 27, 2006, Alternative Fuels; Rolling Out Next-Generation Technologies, PS
Biofuels production in the U.S. is based mainly on corn. However, analysts say
there is not enough farmland in the U.S. to produce the amount of corn needed as
feedstock for the biofuel sector, as well as food industry, given long-term forecasts
of rapid demand growth. A small number of companies say they are developing novel processes that can
convert non-food or waste biomass, such as stalks, into ethanol and help solve the feedstock supply problem. The
first technologies for processing non-crop biomass are about to hit the market, firms say.
MOREOVER, IT CREATES MASSIVE FOOD PRICE BLIPS IN THE ECONOMY

Brown in 8 [Lester R. Brown, President of the Worldwatch Institute, Why Ethanol Production Will Drive World Food Prices
Even Higher in 2008, January 24, 2008 - 1 , 2008 Earth Policy Institute, http://www.earth-
policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm, PS]
We are witnessing the beginning of one of the great tragedies of history. The United
States, in a misguided effort to reduce its oil insecurity by converting grain into fuel
for cars, is generating global food insecurity on a scale never seen before.
The world is facing the most severe food price inflation in history as grain and
soybean prices climb to all-time highs. Wheat trading on the Chicago Board of Trade on December 17th
breached the $10 per bushel level for the first time ever. In mid-January, corn was trading over $5 per bushel, close to its historic
high. And on January 11th, soybeans traded at $13.42 per bushel, the highest price ever recorded. All these prices are double
those of a year or two ago.
As a result, prices of food products made directly from these commodities such as
bread, pasta, and tortillas, and those made indirectly, such as pork, poultry, beef,
milk, and eggs, are everywhere on the rise. In Mexico, corn meal prices are up 60 percent. In Pakistan,
flour prices have doubled. China is facing rampant food price inflation, some of the worst in decades.
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Phil
THESE FOOD PRICES BLIPS WILL CULMINATE IN A MASSIVE FAMINE AND WAR
Winnail, Ph.D., M.P.H, 1996 (Douglas S., "On the Horizon: Famine," September/October, http://www.kurtsaxon.com/foods004.htm)
What is seldom stated is that optimistic forecasts for increasing grain production are based on critical long-term assumptions that include normal
(average) weather. Yet in recent years this has definitely not been the case. Severe and unusual weather conditions have suddenly appeared around
the globe. Some of the worst droughts, heat waves, heavy rains and flooding on record have reduced harvests in China, Spain, Australia, South
Africa, the United States and Canada--major grain growing regions of the world--by 40 to 50 percent. As a result grain prices are the highest on
record. Worldwatch Institute's president, Lester Brown, writes, "No
other economic indicator is more
politically sensitive that rising food prices.... Food prices spiraling out of
control could trigger not only economic instability but widespread political
upheavals"-- even wars. The chaotic weather conditions we have been experiencing appear to be related to global warming
caused by the release of pollutants into the earth's atmosphere. A recent article entitled "Heading for Apocalypse?" suggests the effects of global
warming--and its side effects of increasingly severe droughts, floods and storms--could be catastrophic, especially for agriculture. The
unpredictable shifts in temperature and rainfall will pose an increased risk of hunger and famine for many of the world's poor. With world food
stores dwindling, grain production leveling off and a string of bad harvests around the world, the next couple of years will be critical. Agricultural
experts suggest it will take two bumper crops in a row to bring supplies back up to normal. However, poor harvests in 1996 and 1997 could create
severe food shortages and push millions over the edge. Is it possible we are only one or two harvests away from a global disaster? Is there any
significance to what is happening today? Where is it all leading? What does the future hold? The clear implication is that things will get worse
before they get better. Wars, famine and disease will affect the lives of billions of people!
Although famines have occurred at various times in the past, the new famines will happen during a time
of unprecedented global stress--times that have no parallel in recorded history--at a time when the
total destruction of humanity would be possible! Is it merely a coincidence that we are
seeing a growing menace of famine on a global scale at a time when the world is facing the threat of a resurgence of new and old epidemic
diseases, and the demands of an exploding population? These are pushing the world's resources to its limits! The world has never before faced
such an ominous series of potential global crises at the same time! However, droughts and shrinking grain stores are not the only threats to world
food supplies. According to the U.N.'s studies, all 17 major fishing areas in the world have either reached or exceeded their natural limits. In fact,
nine of these areas are in serious decline. The realization that we may be facing a shortage of food from both oceanic and land-based sources is a
troubling one . It's troubling because seafood--the world's leading source of animal protein--could be depleted quite rapidly. In the early 1970s,
the Peruvian anchovy catch--the largest in the world--collapsed from 12 million tons to 2 million in just three years from overfishing. If this
happens on a global scale, we will be in deep trouble. This precarious situation is also without historical precedent!
However the problems of increase of corn don’t end there—it
16
Phil
Observation 2: Solvency
GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES EFFECTIVELY SPUR TRANSITION TO ALGAE BASED FUELS

Emerging Markets Online, ‘08
[Emerging Markets Online, Global Energy and Utilities Market Research, “New! Biodiesel 2020: A Global Market Survey, 2nd
Edition Sustainability Concerns Drive Industry Growth,” February 2008. www.emerging-markets.com/biodiesel/]
An increasing number of second generation biodiesel projects are now emerging in

anticipation of growing sustainability concerns by governments, and in response to
market demands for improved process efficiencies and greater feedstock production yields.
"Many governments are now revising their biofuels policies in a reactive or a

proactive manner," Thurmond notes. "If governments continue to pro-actively
support and promote research & development in second generation technologies
including renewable diesel, BTL biomass to liquids projects, algae, and cellulosic diesel; and if governments
continue to actively support the development of sustainable, alternative, lower-cost
feedstocks such as algae, jatropha, castor, used vegetable oil, tallow, and other sustainable feedstocks, the
prospects for achieving biodiesel targets may be realized faster than anticipated.
ALGAE BIODIESEL SOLVES GLOBAL WARMING AND CAN SUPPORT THE ENTIRE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR IN THE
US
Freedman in 7 Tami Freedman, Algae the answer, February 28, 2007 , Business Day Edition
Algae multiplies so quickly and produces so much oxygen per square metre that ponds
with a total surface area five times the size of Colorado would be enough to start to
reverse our growing CO² problem. Algae triples in volume every day. Maize, with one crop per year, nets
about 161l of biodiesel a hectare (soy nets 144l). Algae yields as much as 30000l a hectare. Enough biodiesel
to replace all petroleum transportation fuels could be grown in 24000km². That
24000km² is far less than the 112,5-million hectares used for crop farming in the
US, and the more than 125-million hectares of animal grazing land. Hydrogen is
dangerous and explosive, extremely expensive and nets zero energy - it uses more energy than it creates.
Algae converts CO² to O², is 30%-50% oil, and converts easily to biofuel.
Conservation reduces present and future production of CO². Algae reduces existing
CO². Government needs to quit looking at maize and begin massive funding and
grants for algae.
17
Phil
KEY TO THE AVIATION INDUSTRY

Edmonson and Aston in 7[Gail Edmondson, with Adam Aston, HERE COMES POND SCUM POWER; Algae
biodiesel isn't practical yet, but startups and giants are enthusiastically exploring the possibilities, Business Week,
December 3rd 2007, PS]
Eager to shrink its carbon footprint and wean itself from foreign oil, the U.S. aviation
sector is leading the research push in biofuels made from algae oil, says an article in the
Sept. 17 AviationWeek entitled "Alternative Fuels for Jet Engines." Plants such as algae that produce
the fats used in biofuel not only can be grown locally but also spend most of their
existence sucking up CO2. Commercial airlines, the U.S. Air Force, the Federal
Aviation Administration, and NASA are all on board with the idea of algae-based
biofuels.
CLOSING THE LOOPHOLE HAS BIPARTISAN SUPPORT—AND WOULD AVERT A TRADE WAR WITH EU
Both committee Democrats and Republicans, such as Finance ranking member Chuck Grassley (R-
Iowa), were concerned because the credit for blending fuel was meant to encourage
biodiesel production in the U.S., a committee aide said. It is estimated that the practice cost the
U.S. Treasury $30 million in the last year, but critics say the price will grow as the practice is
becoming more common. The loophole has been particularly galling to the
European industry, which has lobbied European Union officials to press the U.S. to
change its system. In a letter to E.U. Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson earlier this year, the European
Biodiesel Board (EBB) complained that U.S. biodiesel can qualify for the tax breaks by
adding only a drop of mineral diesel, even though biodiesel blends are typically as
much as 95 percent mineral diesel. The blended fuel “is then ready to be exported
to Europe in order to fully benefit from European subsidy schemes,” said the letter,
which calls it an unfair trade practice. Lobbyists for E.U. farmers who hope to have
their commodities used for the production of bio-fuels in Europe also have pressed
for the change in U.S. policy, since the U.S. produced ethanol is cutting into their
home markets. “It’s pushing the price down so it’s hurting the European farmer,” said
Ralph Ichter, who represents French oilseed producers and processors.
18
Phil
PRODUCTION OF ALGAE BIODIESEL CAN BEGIN AS EARLY AS NEXT YEAR

Beveridge in 7 JOHN BEVERIDGE, Herald Sun (Australia), February 1, 2007 Thursday , Powered by pond scum
POND scum could be one answer to the renewable energy crisis. Researchers at Utah State
have found that algae is a particularly good producer of biodiesel. They now plan to
produce an algae-biodiesel that is cost-competitive by 2009. One of the big benefits
of algae is that it is easy to grow and can yield thousands of litres of oil per hectare.
The attraction of biodiesel is that it is a renewable fuel that is carbon-dioxide
neutral. Its development has attracted criticism due to the low yields when made from the current sources --
usually soybean or corn oil. ''This is perhaps the most important scientific challenge facing humanity in the 21st
century,'' said Professor Lance Seefeldt. Algae will be ready to produce on mass scale by 2009 The Toronto Sun,
February 7, 2007 Wednesday , Fill'er up with pond scum U.S. researchers are working on extracting
oil from algae -- a.k.a. pond scum -- and converting it to biodiesel fuel. The project
calls for cost-competitive production of the pond scum biodiesel by 2009. Algae can
produce up to 40,000 litres of oil per acre and can be grown virtually anywhere.
Biodiesel is a clean and carbon-dioxide-neutral fuel that is becoming more popular, but most of
the current product comes from soybean and corn oil.
FINALLY ALGAE IS THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS WAY TO CREATE BIOFUEL AND IT SOLVES THE
INEVITABLE FOOD SHORTAGES THAT WILL ARISE BECAUSE OF CORN AND SOYBEAN BASED ETHANOL
McIntosh in 7 [Craig McIntosh, As Corn Ethanol Threatens, Algae makes Promises,
http://www.celsias.com/article/pressure-rising-over-biofuels-plus-algae-to-biodie/, Janurary 8th 2007, PS]
Recent announcements about Algae-to-Biodiesel are looking very interesting, and

potentially vastly superior to crop-based options in many ways. Said to be up to or
over 500 times more productive per acre than corn, algae would solve the
competition-for-food dilemma, but also the serious soil mining and desertification
issue that the mainstream media has been slow to pick up on to date.
A New Zealand company, Aquaflow Bionomic , recently demonstrated the successful development of it's B5 Fuel
Blend in the country's capital, and Solix in conjunction with the Colarado State University are developing their own
Algae-to-Biodiesel process .
With the incredibly rapid rate of construction of new corn ethanol plants, and the
great deal of uncertainty (unlikelihood?) that politicians will heed Lester Brown's
warnings, could someone please light a fire under these Algae-to-Biodiesel
companies?
19
Phil
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR ALGAE LEADS TO A SHORTTERM TRANSITION AWAY FROM SQ BIODIESELS
Business Wire 2/13/08
"If governments continue to pro-actively support research & development in second

generation technologies using alternative, non-food feedstocks such as algae, jatropha, castor, used vegetable
oil, tallow, and recycled waste feedstocks, the prospects for achieving sustainable biodiesel targets
may be realized faster than anticipated."
BIODIESEL WILL SQUEEZE OUT THE ETHANOL INDUSTRY

"Our research finds these fundamental transitions in the biodiesel industry will
inevitably lead to a consolidation among smaller, first generation producers from
2008 to 2010; accompanied by multiple mergers and acquisitions in the field," said author Will Thurmond.
"Transitions in the biodiesel industry will create winners and losers in the near term.
TheBiodiesel 2020study concludes biodiesel producers that are best able to adapt to transitions in feedstocks, government
policies, markets, and technologies are most likely to succeed over the long term."
20
Phil
Topicality
T--CARD
CARA JENKIN, The Advertiser (Australia), July 21, 2006 , Oil-rich algae seen as bio-fuel, PS
MICROSCOPIC algae organisms could be an alternative source of diesel fuel

because of their high oil content. Researchers at the South Australian Research and Development
Institute will this month embark on a three year research program to investigate the viability of its use. Biodiesel
fuel - a renewable alternative for diesel engines - is currently produced from canola
and cattle fat. The fuel is more environmentally friendly than current diesel as it
does not contain petroleum, is non toxic and biodegradable.
21
Phil
Inherency
NO LARGE SCALE FACILITIES ARE WORKING ON ALGAE YET

The Washington Post in 8 [The Washington Post January 6, 2008 Sunday , A Promising Oil Alternative: Algae
Energy, LN, PS]
Another bonus: Because algae can be grown just about anywhere in an enclosed space, it's being
tested at several power plants across the nation as a carbon absorber. Smokestack emissions can be
diverted directly into the ponds, feeding the algae while keeping greenhouse gases
out of the atmosphere. Although processing technology for algae fuel -- a.k.a. "oilgae" in some
environmentalist circles -- is improving, it's still years away from reaching your local gas pump. "It's feasible;
it's just a question of cost, because no large-scale facilities have been built yet,"
Caspari says. Boeing and Air New Zealand recently announced a joint project with a New Zealand company to
develop an algae-based jet fuel, while Virgin Atlantic is looking into the technology as part of a biofuels initiative.
Watch this space for updates.
AMBIGUITIES ABOUT ALGAE’S ELIGIBILITY UNDER THE TAX CREDIT OR RFS IS CREATING HESITATION
Senator Jeff Bingaman in 8 [Biodiesel and the New Renewable Fuel Standard, Statement for
the New Mexico Biodiesel Policy Summit, March 27, 2008,
http://www.biodieselnewmexico.com/pdfs/SenatorBingamanSpeech.pdf, ]
Finally, there is a technology and feedstock-neutral requirement for “advanced
biofuel” that can be met with a wide variety of fuels. Co-processed, “renewable
diesel,” for instance, would fill this portion of the mandate. Gasoline-replacement fuel made from
algae would be another example for this category. I should note that there are
some ambiguities regarding the carve out mandates that will have to be worked out, either through the EPA rule-
making that will enforce the RFS, or, if that is not possible, through legislative technical corrections. Most relevant for this
audience, it is not clear whether biomass-to-liquids (BTL) fuel that turns woody biomass into
diesel would count toward the “biomass-based diesel” requirement, the cellulosic
biofuel requirement, or both. It is also not clear how biodiesel from algae would be
treated.
22
Phil
Solvency
Global Warming
GLOBAL WARMING ALGAE EATS THE CARBON DIOXIDE

Myer in 6 ROD MYER, ENERGY REPORTER, Trial plant to transform emissions into biofuels, November 13, 2006 Monday,
The Age (Melbourne, Australia) The
micro-algae process works like this. Carbon dioxide
emissions are fed into a network of plastic tubes holding water, algae and nutrients.
Through the action of sunlight on the outside of the tubes, photosynthesis occurs
and the algae "eats" the carbon dioxide. What remains when the process is finished
are three substances: oils, protein and carbohydrates in approximately equal parts.
The oils are turned into biodiesel, the carbohydrates can be converted into ethanol
and the proteins can become stockfeed.
ALGAE DECREASES CO2—IT SUCKS IT UP AND PRODUCES OXYGEN

Edmonson and Aston in 7 [Gail Edmondson, with Adam Aston, HERE COMES POND SCUM POWER; Algae biodiesel isn't
practical yet, but startups and giants are enthusiastically exploring the possibilities, Business Week, December 3rd 2007, PS]
Startups in the U.S. and Europe are turning to power companies and local governments to back larger trials, selling the idea that
algae can offset some of the power plants' CO2 emissions. On Nov. 2, German energy group E-On Hansa said it would build a
$3.2 million pilot algae farm at its Hamburg power plant with support from the city government. Portuguese biodiesel maker
SGC Energia is investing in a $3 million pilot algae farm next to a power plant. It will be up and running in 2008. Many startups
still have growing pains. GreenFuel Technologies in Cambridge, Mass., founded in 2004, quickly snared $20 million to create a
business around its patented algae bioreactor. But when its system was tested at a power plant outside Phoenix, the green goo
grew too fast, overwhelming GreenFuel's ability to harvest the oil. Last June, after just two weeks, GreenFuel stopped the trial.
Despite the misadventure, though, the market proved forgiving. GreenFuel raised an additional $5.5 million to pursue a lower-
cost approach. It expects to announce new commercial trials in the next few weeks.
23
Phil
ALGAE SOLVES GLOBAL WARMING

Economist in 7 [The Economist September 22, 2007 Sea green; Alternative energy, LN, PS]
ONE of the crazier ideas for dealing with global warming is to sprinkle the oceans with iron filings. One reason
the sea (unlike the land) is not covered with plants is that it lacks crucial nutrients--
iron, in particular. Add iron, the theory goes, and you will promote the growth of algae.
These will absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and then conveniently sink
when they die. Thus, over the course of a few decades, the concentration of the gas
in the atmosphere will return to pre-industrial levels. Presto! Problem solved. Algae biodiesel is
only a few years away and can be used in Jets Clover in 7 [Charles Clover, The Daily Telegraph (LONDON), May 9,
2007 Wednesday, Flying with algae air] COMMERCIAL airliners could be using biofuels made from algae within
five years, Boeing, the world's largest aircraft manufacturer, said yesterday. It brings the prospect of more
environmentally-friendly air travel decades closer than had been previously thought. The semi-tropical algae, which
has a natural oil content, can be used to make biodiesel. Boeing is planning tests using conventional biodiesel next
year with Virgin Atlantic and General Electric.
ALGAE PRODUCES MORE FUEL THAN OTHER ALTERNATIVE AND DECREASES CO2
Hemphill in 7 PETER HEMPHILL, The Weekly Times (Australia), November 14, 2007, Algal bloom is a boom
ALGAL blooms have become a bugbear of Australia's water systems but one company is hoping it will be a bonus
for them. Melbourne biodiesel maker BioMax believes that algae will become the best feedstock for
producing a natural biofuel. And it could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions
from coal-fired power stations in the process. In what could possibly be a world first, BioMax, a
subsidiary of the Victor Smorgan Group, is well down the track of producing biodiesel from an algal species sourced
from Cherry Lake at Altona. As BioMax managing director Mile Soda told the Victorian Parliament inquiry into
biofuels recently, the algae ra-pidly multiplies when it is supercharged with carbon
dioxide and nitrous oxide. So much so that it results in about 50-180 times more oil
production than canola crops on an equivalent area of land basis.
24
Phil
Algae Trades off with Ethanol

ALGEA SOLVES –AND WOULD FREE UP LAND USED BY OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR GROWING FOOD
One of the important concerns about wide-scale development of biodiesel is if it

would displace croplands currently used for food crops. In the US, roughly 450
million acres of land is used for growing crops, with the majority of that actually being used for
producing animal feed for the meat industry. Another 580 million acres is used for grassland pasture and range, according to
the USDA's Economic Research Service. This accounts for nearly half of the 2.3 billion acres within the US (only 3% of
which, or 66 million acres, is categorized as urban land). For any biofuel to succeed at replacing a
large quantity of petroleum, the yield of fuel per acre needs to be as high as
possible. At heart, biofuels are a form of solar energy, as plants use photosynthesis to convert solar energy into chemical
energy stored in the form of oils, carbohydrates, proteins, etc.. The more efficient a particular plant is at converting that solar
energy into chemical energy, the better it is from a biofuels perspective. Among the most photosynthetically efficient plants are
various types of algaes. The Office of Fuels Development, a division of the Department of Energy, funded a program
from 1978 through 1996 under the National Renewable Energy Laboratory known as the "Aquatic Species
Program". The focus of this program was to investigate high-oil algaes that could be grown specifically for the
purpose of wide scale biodiesel production1. The research began as a project looking into using quick-growing algae
to sequester carbon in CO2 emissions from coal power plants. Noticing that some algae have very
high oil content, the project shifted its focus to growing algae for another purpose -
producing biodiesel. Some species of algae are ideally suited to biodiesel
production due to their high oil content (some well over 50% oil), and extremely fast growth rates. From
the results of the Aquatic Species Program2, algae farms would let us supply enough biodiesel to completely replace
petroleum as a transportation fuel in the US (as well as its other main use - home heating oil) - but we first have to solve
a few of the problems they encountered along the way.
25
Phil
NEED A MERE FACTION OF THE NATIONS FARMLAND TO FUEL THE COUNTRY USING ALGAE
NREL's research focused on the development of algae farms in desert regions, using shallow saltwater pools for
growing the algae. Using saltwater eliminates the need for desalination, but could lead to problems as far as salt
build-up in bonds. Building the ponds in deserts also leads to problems of high evaporation rates. There are
solutions to these problems, but for the purpose of this paper, we will focus instead on the potential such ponds can
promise, ignoring for the moment the methods of addressing the solvable challenges remaining when the Aquatic
Species Program at NREL ended. NREL's research showed that one quad (7.5 billion gallons) of biodiesel could be
produced from 200,000 hectares of desert land (200,000 hectares is equivalent to 780 square miles, roughly 500,000
acres), if the remaining challenges are solved (as they will be, with several research groups and companies working
towards it, including ours at UNH). In the previous section, we found that to replace all transportation
fuels in the US, we would need 140.8 billion gallons of biodiesel, or roughly 19
quads (one quad is roughly 7.5 billion gallons of biodiesel). To produce that amount would require
a land mass of almost 15,000 square miles. To put that in perspective, consider that
the Sonora desert in the southwestern US comprises 120,000 square miles. Enough
biodiesel to replace all petroleum transportation fuels could be grown in 15,000
square miles, or roughly 12.5 percent of the area of the Sonora desert (note for
clarification - I am not advocating putting 15,000 square miles of algae ponds in the Sonora desert. This hypothetical
example is used strictly for the purpose of showing the scale of land required). That 15,000 square miles
works out to roughly 9.5 million acres - far less than the 450 million acres currently
used for crop farming in the US, and the over 500 million acres used as grazing land
for farm animals.
ALGAE BIOFUEL CAN PRODUCE 10 TO 100 TIMES THE FUEL AS THE SAME ACRE OF OTHER ETHANOL
Edmonson and Aston in 7 Gail Edmondson, with Adam Aston, HERE COMES POND SCUM POWER; Algae
December 3rd 2007,
In a world spooked by global warming and thirsty for nonpolluting fuel, lowly algae
hold a potent appeal. The plants sop up large quantities of carbon dioxide, a
greenhouse gas, and produce tiny globules of fat that can be collected and turned
into biodiesel fuel for trucks, cars, and trains. The oils might even be processed into aircraft
fuel. One of algae's great virtues is that the plant has so little in common with other
sources of fuel. Unlike cornfields that are harvested to produce ethanol, algae farms
don't require huge volumes of freshwater, nor do they tie up land that could be used
for food crops. Algae flourish in saltwater or even wastewater and grow up to 40 times faster than other plants. Compared
with current energy crops, algae have "the potential to deliver 10 or 100 times more energy per acre," says Ron C. Pate, a
technical expert at Sandia National Labs. That's why industrial giants ranging from Chevron to Honeywell to Boeing
are starting up algae business units. "In the past two years, we have changed from algae skeptics to proponents,"
says Dave Daggett, Boeing's technology leader for energy and emissions.
26
Phil
Airline industry
ALGAE IS THE BEST REPLACEMENT FOR FOSSIL FUELS IN AIRPLANES
Wastnage in 8 New jets aim for a green sky future; Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), May 28, 2008, Justin
Wastnage Fuel from algae, glide approaches and redesigned aircraft will help cut flying's carbon footprint, writes Justin
Wastnage.
An area the size of Belgium could be used to farm enough algae to power the entire
world's aircraft, Craig Saddler, president of Boeing Australia told an aviation environment summit in Sydney recently.
"Not that we'd actually use Belgium," he added quickly. Boeing, like many in the air transport industry,
sees great potential in diesel produced from organic sources rather than fossil fuels.
The current front-runner is biodiesel produced from sea algae, which sucks up
carbon dioxide as it grows. Virgin Atlantic recently trialled biodiesel on a short flight from London to Amsterdam
and Air New Zealand is planning a trans-Tasman flight using the fuel later this year.
THE DOD NEEDS INCETIVES TO INCREASE RESEARCH FOR BIO-JET FUEL

STEVE KARNOWSKI, Algae a rising star as a renewable fuel source, Seattle Post-Intelligencer,
http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/341990_algaepower03.htmlm December 2, 2007 6:14 p.m. PT
The Pentagon's research arm, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, is funding
research into producing jet fuel from plants, including algae. DARPA is already working with Honeywell's
UOP, General Electric Inc. and the University of North Dakota. In November, it requested additional research
proposals. As the single largest energy consumer in the world, the Defense
Department needs new, affordable sources of jet fuel, said Douglas Kirkpatrick, DARPA's biofuels
program manager. "Our definition of affordable is less than $5 per gallon, and what we're
really looking for is less than $3 per gallon, and we believe that can be done," he said.
27
Phil
DARPA WANTS TO USE ALGAE TO POWER PLANES

Bryner in 7 [MICHELLE BRYNER , Chemical Week, September 5, 2007 / September 12, 2007, Jet Propellant Goes
Green]
Honeywell's UOP (Des Plaines, IL) says it has been awarded $ 6.7 million from the
U.S. Defense Advanced Re-search Projects Agency (DARPA) to develop bio-based jet
fuels. The aim of the project is to commercialize a process to convert vegetable and
algal oils into jet propellant 8 (JP-8) to be used by U.S. and NATO militaries. UOP says it
will work on the project with Arizona State University (ASU; Mesa, AZ), Cargill, Honeywell Aerospace, Sandia
National Laboratories (Albuquerque, NM), and Southwest Research Institute (San Antonio). Project completion is
expected by the end of 2008. The project will build on UOP's green diesel technology, which it co-developed with
refiner Eni (Milan), UOP says. The technology, which includes several heterogeneous catalysts, each containing a
metal functional group on a support, differs from conventional biodiesel production, which combines methanol and
vegetable oil, says Jennifer Holmgren, director/renewable energy and chemicals at UOP. UOP's process results in
high-cetane diesel fuel that is an ultra-high-quality hydrocarbon, resembling Fischer-Tropsch diesel. This
technology will be used at a refinery that Eni is building at Livorno, Italy (CW, July 18, p. 13). Tailoring this
technology to JP-8 will be challenging, Holmgren says. The military requires "stringent specifica-tions" for JP-8.
Also, the process must achieve 90% energy efficiency for maximum conversion of feed to fuel, and reduce waste
and production costs. UOP expects the technology to eventually be viable in the
production of jet fuel for commercial jets. ASU, Cargill, and the other partners are responsible for
developing a process that uses algae oils to produce jet fuel. ASU researchers will screen for oil-rich strains of
algae, evaluate their potential to produce oil, and develop an algae-based process that yields competitively priced oil
that can be converted into jet fuel. While algae-derived oil is similar to other vegetable oils in
terms of fatty acid composition, algae is predicted to yield 100 times/acre more oil
on an annual basis, ASU says.
28
Phil
MASSIVE JOB LOSSES, SUPPLY CHAIN DISRUPTION, DECLINING BUSINESS ACTIVITY, SHRINKING TAX REVENUES,
WEAKENED AMERICAN COMPETITIVENESS, DEVASTATED COMMUNITIES, AND REDUCED TOURISM ARE JUST
SOME OF THE PREDICTABLE RESULTS FROM AIRLINE LIQUIDATIONS THAT COULD HAPPEN AS EARLY AS THE
SECOND HALF OF 2008 AS A DIRECT RESULT OF UNSUSTAINABLE FUEL PRICES.
The BTC study, “Beyond the Airlines’ $2 Can of Coke: Catastrophic Impact on the US Economy from
Oil-price Trauma in the Airline Industry,” is projecting that massive job losses, supply chain
disruption, declining business activity, shrinking tax revenues, weakened American
competitiveness, devastated communities, and reduced tourism are just some of
the predictable results from airline liquidations that could happen as early as the
second half of 2008 as a direct result of unsustainable fuel prices. The study expands
on the analysis released on June 13, 2008 by AirlineForecasts, LLC and BTC and points to the real news
multiple liquidations at legacy US airlines – now a
about the airlines’ fuel problems: how
serious possibility – would have a wide-ranging impact on many facets of the US
economy. “The airline industry stimulates so much economic activity – much more
than many people currently understand,” said BTC chairman Kevin Mitchell. “Airline
networks are an integral part of the transport grid that supports the US economy,
and without immediate action to bring down fuel costs, we face the economic
equivalent of a major blackout later this year or early next. Unlike in a blackout,
however, the cabin lights may never come back on for many US airlines.”
29
Phil
COLLAPSE OF THE INDUSTRY WOULD LEAD TO MULTIPLE DEVASTATING IMPACTS

The BTC paper points to nine specific impacts of a collapse of the industry: • Direct Employment.
Between 30,000 and 75,000 would lose work immediately with just one airline failure, with
payroll losses of $2.3 billion to $6.7 billion. • Indirect Community Impact. Losses would ripple
throughout communities given that each airline job creates large numbers of indirect
local jobs, and other economic activity. • Reduced Purchases from Suppliers. Airline purchases
would cease at any failed carrier impacting companies that rely on airlines to keep their businesses
afloat as well as public entities such as airports. • Impact on Tourism. The world’s largest
industry would be devastated in the US, with locally severe effects in places like South Florida,
Hawaii, Las Vegas or Colorado, depending on which airline(s) fail. • Effects on Logistics and Supply-
Chain Management. Restaurants, pharmaceutical companies, manufacturers relying on
just-in-time parts, florists, grocers and the fashion industry would be among those
injured. • Decline in Business Activity. Business travel – really the flow of human capital, which
precedes or facilitates other flows – would be severely disrupted, with acute
disruption in airline hubs and major cities. • Declining Tax Revenues. Loss of income
taxes paid by employees, coupled with the loss of excise, use and other airline-paid taxes would be
• Increasing Government
bad news for governments already struggling with declining revenues.
Outlays. Impacted individuals would immediately place demands on governments in
the form of unemployment compensation, retraining and the demand for other
resources. • Weakened US Competitiveness. America competes with other countries for
tourists, and with reduced air lift to the US, travelers would be less likely to visit the US and more likely
to use non-US carriers.
30
Phil
KEY TO THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY

O’Connell in 7 [Dominic O'Connell, The Sunday Times (London), April 22, 2007, Biofuels on way to clean up jet
engines]
Scientists are working on plans for an environmentally friendly jet fuel to clean up
the image of aviation and head off government threats to curb air travel, writes Dominic
O'Connell. Engineers at Boeing, the American plane maker, say biofuels made from crops or algae may
help fuel planes within five years, far sooner than anticipated. Boeing is co-ordinating
research and development in a consortium whose members include BP, Shell and
Chevron as well as the US air force, Nasa and aircraft engine companies. Sir Richard
Branson's Virgin Fuels, which has invested in biofuel production in California, is also a member. "There will
have to be further processing of bioethanol or biodiesel to make it suitable for
aviation use. It would be used as a blend with conventional fuel - perhaps up to 40%
could be biofuel. This is very promising," said Billy Glover, Boeing's director of environmental strategy. The
move could pre-empt plans to curb aviation growth. Although it contributes only 2%
of man-made greenhouse gas emissions, the number of flights is rising by about 6%
a year. Last year Gordon Brown doubled air passenger duty, paid by those flying in and out of the UK, claiming it
would help cut emissions.
31
Phil
BIOFUELS ARE KEY TO CONTINUED READINESS OF THE ARMED FORCES

Guzman in 7 [Doris de Guzman, ICIS Chemical Business America, July 9, 2007, Biobased jet fuel to take off]
Biofuels' new fat goldmine?TECHNOLOGIES FOR producing fats and oils-based jet fuel are on the horizon as
crude oil and gasoline prices continue to skyrocket. The Department of Defense (DoD) through its Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) recently awarded several fundings for the
development of a new bio-jet fuel technology for the military. The goal of the 18-month
project, according to DARPA, is to produce an affordable alternative to petroleum-derived jet propellant 8 (JP-8).
"The technical objective of the biofuels program is to achieve a maximum 90% energy efficiency conversion of oil-
rich crops either from agriculture or aquaculture to JP-8," says DARPA. "Technologies developed should use
minimum external energy sources, should be adaptable to a range or blend of feedstock crop oils, and the by-
products produced should have ancillary manufacturing or industrial value. "calculating economics DoD reported a
165% increase in bulk jet fuel spending from 2003-2005 because of the rising cost of crude oil. The department is
said to consume around 15% of kerosene-based jet fuel produced by the US. Total global jet fuel consumption in
2005 was 3.6m bbls/day while US consumption was 1.6m bbls/day, notes Jennifer Holmgren, director of Renewable
Energy and Chemicals business unit at UOP, a subsidiary of Honeywell."The US Air Force, US Army and
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) consumed 250,000 bbls/day of JP-8 in
2005. In addition to jets, JP-8 is also used to fuel heaters, stoves, tanks and other
vehicles in military service," adds Holmgren. The Navy reportedly uses JP-5, which is almost similar to
JP-8 but not identical, while commercial airliners use Jet A and Jet A-1 fuels that are also kerosene-based. UOP says
it received $6.7m in DARPA funding last month for the development of bio-jet fuel using vegetable and algal oils,
and will work with Honeywell Aerospace, Cargill, Arizona State University, Sandia National Laboratories and
Southwest Research Institute.UOP expects their technology to also be viable for future use in the production of jet
fuel for commercial jets. The technology will use less than 10% hydrogen as a reagent and will have 20% propane
and 7% naphtha as by-products.the bio-JET race is onIn February, DARPA also awarded Gilbert, Ariz.-based
Diversified Energy Corp. (DEC) a subcontract for the development of military bio-jet fuel.DEC's Centia technology,
co-developed by North Carolina State University, is said to have an end-to-end energy efficiency of up to 85% partly
due to a proprietary glycerol burner where it is used as a thermal source instead of being a by-product. Like UOP's
technology, Centia can also use any lipid feedstock such as vegetable oils, algal oils, animal fats or waste greas-es,
as well as have the flexibility of producing other biofuel outputs such as biogasoline and biodiesel."The potential for
our technology is simply enormous," says Jeff Hassannia, DEC vice president of business development. "In the
aviation market, the world uses around 73bn gallons/year of jet fuel.
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Splash and Dash

PLAN WOULD CLOSE THE LOOPHOLE
Language closing the loophole is tucked away in the Energy Advancement and Investment Act of 2007 unveiled by
Finance last Thursday. The provision is one of the smaller revenue raisers included in the
bill to pay for various tax incentives for renewable energies. The Finance legislation is set to
be incorporated into the energy bill the Senate is debating this week on the floor. Senate approval of the energy bill
will turn on the result of a number of debates, from the viability and cost of coal-to-liquid technology to the auto
industry’s opposition to the bill’s mandated fuel efficiency standards. Under current law, U.S. biodiesel
producers are eligible for a subsidy of $1 per gallon of biodiesel mixed with mineral
diesel. The Senate legislation would change U.S. law so that only biodiesel
consumed or sold for consumption in the U.S. would qualify for the subsidy. Foreign-
produced fuel would have to be entered in the U.S. for consumption in the U.S. to
get the tax credits. The bill would also not allow domestically produced fuel sold for
export to qualify for the tax incentive.
SPLASH AND DASH COSTS AMERICANS MORE THAN $600 MILLION A YEAR
CHICAGO — A lawmaker says U.S. taxpayers are being bilked to the tune of millions of
dollars by a biofuel subsidy that helps to lower gas prices in Europe, and he's
leading the charge to close the apparent loophole. “In 2007 this subsidy cost the
American taxpayer $300 million, and it’s projected to cost the American taxpayers
$600 million next year,” said Rep. John Shadegg, R-Ariz.
SPLASH AND DASH WILL COST AMERICANS MILLIONS EVERY YEAR

The scam — as Shadegg and others call it — is known as “splash and dash.” It
stems from an existing $1 subsidy for every gallon of biodiesel fuel blended with
regular diesel in the United States. Here’s how it works: Biodiesel is produced
abroad using South American sugar cane or Asian palm oil and shipped to the United States, where
it’s blended with just a “splash” of regular diesel. A typical tanker-load of about 9 million gallons of
biodiesel requires just 9,000 gallons of American diesel to make it qualify for the subsidy. But every gallon in the
shipment garners a buck. The ship then makes a “dash” for Europe, where its fuel is
sold below market rates. That means each tanker-load that makes the dash nets importers
33
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about $9 million dollars in tax credits from the IRS. Lawmakers have estimated its
cost to Americans at tens — or even hundreds — of millions each year.
THE LOOPHOLE IS BEING EXPLOITED IN THE STATUS QUO AND COSTING AMERICANS MILLIONS
And while Congress and the National Biodiesel Board say they know the loophole is
being exploited — as America is exporting much more biofuel than it's producing — they’ve been unable to identify the
guilty companies. “Ultimately when you dig down it gets to the point that you would have to have access to IRS information,”
said Manning Feraci, vice president of federal affairs at the National Biodiesel Board. “Taxpayer information is confidential, so
we can’t have access to it.” “We
really haven’t found out the names of the companies who are
profiting from it,” Shadegg told FOX News. “I think the bad actors are the members
of Congress who are allowing this to happen.” Shadegg wants to end “splash and dash” by eliminating
the subsidy for any biodiesel exported from the United States, which he says harms energy independence. Shadegg is pushing his
bill in the House, which has already passed measures to stop the scam. Farmers in the Midwest, however, want a narrower
solution that would continue to allow them to grow crops for use in biodiesel that could be exported to Europe. And
Feraci
says “the 'splash and dash' loophole is completely indefensible,” but his board is
hoping to maintain the overall subsidy, which he says aids American farmers. “We’re
creating jobs in rural America. We support over 20,000 jobs. And these are green jobs that are helping to address our energy
security needs,” he told FOX News.
SPLASH AND DASH WILL LEAD TO A TRADE WAR WITH EU

Whether the subsidy stays or goes, the push to end splash and dash may come from Europe — which is threatening a trade war
over America’s biodiesel subsidy. The E.U. trade commissioner wants an investigation and has asked for retaliatory tariffs if
Congress doesn’t end the subsidy, which is making things tight for European sellers of biodiesel. “Taxpayers should be outraged
because they are subsidizing foreign consumers of biodiesel,” said Shadegg. “That is insane, and it’s a ridiculous burden to put on
American taxpayers.”
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SECTION 123 OF HR 6049 CLOSES THE LOOPHOLE

USAgNet - 05/19/2008, House Panel Extends Biodiesel Tax Incentive, http://www.wisconsinagconnection.com/story-
national.php?Id=1183&yr=2008,
The U.S. biodiesel industry applauded the U.S. House Ways and Means Committee
for approving H.R. 6049, the Energy and Tax Extenders Act of 2008. Among its many
provisions, the legislation extends the biodiesel tax incentive, which is a top priority
for the biodiesel industry. "I would like to thank Chairman Rangel and the members of the Ways and Means
Committee for extending and improving the biodiesel tax incentive," said Joe Jobe, CEO of the National Biodiesel Board (NBB).
"The biodiesel tax incentive is working, and the committee's decision to support
biodiesel will help our industry improve America's energy independence by
displacing foreign petroleum with clean-burning, domestically produced fuel." H.R.
6049 contains provisions pertaining to biodiesel such as extending biodiesel tax
incentive for one year through Dec. 31, 2009; provides $1 per gallon incentive for
all biodiesel regardless of feedstock; shuts down the abusive "splash and dash"
loophole that currently allows foreign-produced fuel to enter the U.S, claim the
biodiesel tax incentive, and be shipped to a third country for end use; and properly
defines tax benefits available to co-processed renewable diesel. The U.S. biodiesel
industry stands ready to play a key role in the effort to reduce America's
dependence on foreign oil. In 2007 alone, biodiesel displaced 20 million barrels of
petroleum. Biodiesel is also a clean burning fuel that reduces carbon lifecycle
emissions by 78%, the equivalent of removing 700,000 cars from the nation's
roadways. Lastly, biodiesel production creates jobs and economic opportunity. The
biodiesel industry supported 21,803 jobs and added over $4 billion to the national
economy in 2007. The NBB is the national trade association of the biodiesel industry and is the coordinating body for
biodiesel research and development in the U.S. Its membership is comprised of biodiesel producers, state, national, and
international feedstock and feedstock processor organizations, fuel marketers and distributors, and technology providers.
A EU-US TRADE WAR WOULD LEAD TO THE COLLAPSE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Mistral ’04 (Jacques Mistral, December 8, 2004, THE EUUS ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP IN AN ERA OF
GLOBALIZATION, http://www.infofranceusa.org/fr/ambassade/finance/AF04131.pdf.
In this context, accusations could be promptly delivered from both sides of the Atlantic: insufficient savings, poor
growth, lack of flexibility… The blame game is an easy one; it’s always the other’s guy! But there is no point in
naming and shaming anyone. Would unwise policy decisions be adopted to cope with these imbalances, we know that the
world economy could suffer very damaging consequences. As an example, a scenario occasionally described in
Washington or New York links a hard landing of the dollar, increased interest rates, the bursting of the housing
bubble or a financial market crash. An American recession would follow and the world economy could not escape the
consequences of such a downturn.
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PLAN SOLVES SPLASH AND DASH AND EXTENDS THE NECESSARY INCENTIVES TO STIMULATE THE INDUSTRY
Davis in 8 (John, Biodiesel Board Praises Energy Incentive Package, May 21, http://domesticfuel.com/page/2/?s=dle,)
The National Biodiesel Board is welcoming the news of passage of the Renewable
Energy and Job Creation Act of 2008 (H.R. 6049)… better known as the the Energy
and Tax Extenders Act by the NBB. It’s no wonder the group considers its final
passage the NBB’s top legislative priority as it extends the biodiesel tax incentive,
and contains other biodiesel provisions: The House approval is an important step in
allowing the U.S. biodiesel industry to continue to grow America’s energy security
with cleaner-burning domestically produced biodiesel,” said Joe Jobe, CEO of the
NBB. “Biodiesel is a new green industry that supports over twenty thousand jobs
and added over four billion dollars to the U.S. economy last year. The extension of
this incentive is an important investment in America’s long-term energy future.”
H.R. 6049 extends for one year a variety of renewable energy tax provisions and
includes the following biodiesel-specific measures: * Extends biodiesel tax incentive
for 1 year through Dec. 31, 2009. * Provides $1 per gallon incentive for all biodiesel
regardless of feedstock. * Shuts down the abusive “splash and dash” loophole that
currently allows foreign produced fuel to enter the U.S, claim the biodiesel tax
incentive, and be shipped to a third country for end use. * Properly defines tax
benefits available to co-processed renewable diesel. As I mentioned in a previous
post, the bill… and its tax incentives… are not out of the woods yet. It still faces
opposition in the U.S. Senate and a threatened veto from the White House.
TRADE WAR LEADS TO PROTECTIONISM

Liu in 5 Henry C K Liu, The coming trade war and global depression, Asia Times Online July 16, 2005,
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/global_economy/gf16dj01.html
The developing rupture between the sole superpower and its traditionally deferential allies lies in mounting trade conflicts. The
United States has benefited from an international financial architecture that gives the US economy a structural monetary
advantage over those of the EU and Japan, not to mention the rest of the world. Trade issues range from government-subsidy
disputes between Airbus and Boeing to those regarding bananas, sugar, beef, oranges and steel, as well as disputes over fair
competition associated with mergers and acquisition and financial services. If either government is found to be in breach of WTO
rules when these disputes wind through long processes of judgment, the other will be authorized to retaliate. The US could put
tariffs on other European goods if the WTO rules against Airbus and vice versa. So if both governments are found in breach, both
could retaliate, leading to a cycle of offensive protectionism. When the US was ruled to have unfairly supported its steel industry,
tariffs were slapped by the EU on Florida oranges to make a political point in a politically important state in US politics
36
Phil
Generic
BIODIESEL SOLVES—IT IS THE BETTER THAN HYDROGEN AND CAN BE USED TO POWER OUR AUTOMOBILES
Briggs in 4 Michael Briggs, University of New Hampshire, Physics Department, Widescale Biodiesel Production from Algae
revised August 2004, UNH Biodiesel Group, http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html,
In the United States, oil is primarily used for transportation - roughly two-thirds of
all oil use, in fact. So, developing an alternative means of powering our cars, trucks,
and buses would go a long way towards weaning us, and the world, off of oil. While
the so-called "hydrogen economy" receives a lot of attention in the media, there are
several very serious problems with using hydrogen as an automotive fuel. For
automobiles, the best alternative at present is clearly biodiesel, a fuel that can be
used in existing diesel engines with no changes, and is made from vegetable oils or animal fats rather
than petroleum. In this paper, I will first examine the possibilities of producing biodiesel on the scale necessary to replace all
petroleum transportation fuels in the U.S.
ALGAE SOLVES BEST

The Boston Globe, October 23, 2007 Tuesday , EDITORIAL; Pg. A10
The holy grail for biodiesel researchers is to develop and stabilize algae as a source
of vegetable oil. Certain forms of algae produce thousands of gallons of oil per acre,
versus the 46 gallons of soybeans. Production would be either in large concrete
ponds or giant test tubes. This would keep biofuels from being the exclusive domain
of grain producers and agribusiness, already the villains in the just-released documentary, "Big Corn,"
which explores corn's role in the obesity epidemic. Incentives are key to industry The Boston Globe, October 23, 2007
Tuesday , EDITORIAL; Pg. A10 Massachusetts can help put green fuel in auto and home heating tanks, both by
offering incentives to local firms that are improving biofuel technology and by
ensuring that the state's drivers and homeowners have access to vegeta-ble-based
alternatives to gasoline and oil. When the environmental and national security costs
are added to the high price of heating oil, biofuels - especially ones that do not
depend on relatively costly corn or soybeans - are a bargain. Investment in biofuels is
increasing in the SQ Scott and Bryner in 6 ALEX SCOTT with MICHELLE BRYNER, Chemical Week, December
20, 2006 / December 27, 2006, Alternative Fuels; Rolling Out Next-Generation Technologies, PS Leading
companies in a variety of industries, including chemicals and oil, are competing
hard to secure a position in the market for alternative fuels, particularly biofuels.
Firms such as BP, Broin Companies (Sioux Falls, SD), Cargill, DuPont, Iogen (McLean, VA), Novozymes,
Shell, and Xethanol (New York) are developing novel process technologies and building
manufacturing plants to establish themselves in the rapidly growing sector for fuels
such as bioethanol, biodiesel, syngas produced from biomass, and hydrogen. Industry's assumption
that the high price of crude oil -- which today makes biofuels attractive -- will last,
appears to be holding true.
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Phil
ALGAE IS THE BEST OF ALL BIOFUELS
The Washington Post in 8 [The Washington Post January 6, 2008 Sunday , A Promising Oil Alternative: Algae
Energy, LN, PS]
With petroleum reserves dwindling, the search is on to replace gasoline with a

cleaner, greener alternative. Though much eco-talk has centered on ethanol from
corn and biodiesel from soybeans, the biofuel that looks more likely to replace
petroleum on a large scale comes from a most unlikely place: pond scum. Algae, like
corn, soybeans, sugar cane and other crops, grows via photosynthesis (meaning it absorbs carbon dio-xide) and can
be processed into fuel oil. However, the slimy aquatic organisms yield 30 times more energy per
acre than land crops such as soybeans, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. The reason:
They have a simple cellular structure, a lipid-rich composition and a rapid reproduction rate. Many algae species
also can grow in saltwater and other harsh conditions -- whereas soy and corn require arable land and fresh water
that will be in short supply as the world's population balloons. "If you replaced all the diesel in the
U.S. with soy biodiesel, it would take half the land mass of the U.S. to grow those
soybeans," says Matt Caspari, chief executive of Aurora Biofuels, a Berkeley, Calif.-based private firm that spe-
cializes in algae oil technology. On the other hand, the Energy Department estimates that if
algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require
15,000 square miles, which is a few thousand miles larger than Maryland.
TAX CREDITS SOLVE—THEY MAKE ALGAE COMPETITIVE WITH FOSSIL FUELS

Hick, ‘08
[Matthew, Renewable Energy Today, 2008, renewableenergy-today.com/Renewable-Energy/Renewable-Energy-Tax-

Credits.html]
It’s certainly no secret: the cost of renewable energy production and its implementation can be extremely high. This is the very
reason why tax credits are often used to enable renewable energy sources to compete with fossil fuels.
With rising oil and natural gas prices, the war in Iraq and environmental problems centering on global warming and air pollution,
our nation is concerned about their energy security and environmental issues. The United States is recognizing the need and
power of renewable energy and is supporting its development through federal income tax credits and incentives.
38
Phil
GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES THAT HAVE CREATED DEMAND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INCREASING PRIVATE
INVESTMENT
Business Wire, 2/13/08
Government policies and targets for biofuels in the EU, the US and China are evolving and
becoming increasingly complex. Second generation biofuels from algae, renewable diesel, biomass to liquids
and cellulosic diesel will play an increasingly important role in meeting ambitious
production targets and sustainability criteria. "In the US and the EU, algae, renewable diesel and
BTL-based biodiesel ventures are growing in response to demands for clean fuels. Each of
these endeavors clearly demonstrates increased public and private sector interest
and investment in non-food, second generation markets," said Thurmond.
INCENTIVES FOR ALGAE SPUR COMPANIES TO INVEST IN BIOFUELS

States New Service 07, November 5, 2007, GOVERNOR, SENATE PRESIDENT, HOUSE SPEAKER UNVEIL
NATION-LEADING BIOFUEL MEASURES, Lexus
It' not just the right thing to do for our environment and our energy independence,
it is the right thing to do for our economy. It is exciting that we are able to produce advanced
biofuels with what we have right here in Massachusetts," said Senate President Therese Murray. "With
advanced biofuels coming from an array of new feedstocks, including agricultural waste,
sustainable energy crops, algae, and even cranberry bog biomass, many companies in the Commonwealth are
already developing these fuels." The state gas-tax exemption for cellulosic ethanol would be the first state tax
incentive in the nation for the next generation of ethanol. While an important step toward energy independence,
ethanol from corn is an intermediate step toward cellulosic ethanol, which offers dramatic environmental benefits
and can utilize a potentially broad array of New Englanda"grown feedstocks. The signal sent by the state
gas-tax exemption, creating instant market demand for their products, will spur
Massachusetts companies on in the race to commercialize cellulosic ethanol.
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Phil
TAX INCENTIVES ARE NECESSARY TO THE SUCCESS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIESEL

Tyson in 04, K. Shaine Tyson, 30 December 2004, Science Direct, DOE analysis of fuels and coproducts from
lipids, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TG3-4F4NYGD-
2&_user=1111158&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000051676&_version=1&_urlVersi
on=0&_userid=1111158&md5=5c9a6422b32189b54ddf921d70749218
In order for biomass oils to displace large quantities of petroleum, there must be a
clear policy environment that encourages the use of lipid fuels and products using
tools such as purchasing incentives, tax credits or mandates. Mandates will be the
least expensive of the options but incentives are more politically popular. Some
realignment of other subsidies, such as soybean and other agricultural fat and oil export
incentives and farm support payments could be redirected into incentive programs. Long-
term incentive costs depend on the differential between biomass oil prices and
distillate prices. Petroleum prices are likely to be higher in the coming decade
compared to the last decade. In fact, world petroleum production and consumption
are close to equilibrium and without expanded production, petroleum prices will
inevitably rise. Thus, the price differential between lipids and petroleum will shrink in the coming decades.
Unfortunately, a significant price gap will persist.Given a federal incentive to displace petroleum
with lipids, a well-coordinated research program between USDA and DOE will be necessary to maximize
petroleum displacement. The R&D areas that have the most value to OBP are presented below:1. Demonstrate and
optimize commercial biodistillate production (industrial partnership).2. Demonstrate and optimize CO2 oil extraction
technology (program R&D and or solicitation).3. Develop and optimize fixed base and acid–base etherification
catalysts that reduce glycerin refining costs (program R&D and or solicitation).4. Support industry development of
coproducts from glycerol or glycerin (solicitation).5. Support industry development of industrial processes that
produce products from meals (solicitation).6. Increase oil supplies by developing closed loop microorganism
production systems (program and solicitation).DOE invests heavily in biomass ethanol technology that entails
substantial risks and would not provide significant petroleum displacement benefits for at least another decade.
Lipid fuels are produced today and face few barriers to use, particularly in low blends, and can displace over 1
billion gallons per year of petroleum diesel with existing supplies before 2014. In order for OBP to meet
the EERE goal of displacing petroleum, budget allocations need to be revisited and
Congressional support must be enlisted.
History proves fuel taxes stimulate the alternative energy industry
40
Phil
INCENTIVES KEY TO THE INDUSTRY

Duffield and Collins in 06, James A. Duffield and Keith Collins 2006, CHOICES The magazine of food, farm,
and resource issues, A publication of theAmerican Agricultural Economics Association, Evolution of Renewable
Energy Policy, http://www.choicesmagazine.org.
Much of the success of corn ethanol can be attributed to government incentive

programs starting in the 1970s. The motor fuel excise tax exemption was originally passed by the Energy Tax Act
of 1978, giving ethanol blends of at least 10% by volume a $0.40/gallon exemption on the 10 CHOICES 1st
Quarter 2006 • 21(1) Federal motor fuels tax. Enacted in 1980, the Energy Security Act offered insured loans to
small ethanol plants, producing less than one million gallons per year. Also in 1980, the Crude Oil Windfall Tax Act
extended the ethanol motor fuel excise tax exemption and provided blenders the option of receiving the same tax
benefit by using an income tax credit instead of the fuel tax exemption. of 1992 (EPACT) extended the fuel tax
exemption and the blender’s income tax credit to two additional blend rates containing less than 10% ethanol. The
Energy Conservation Reauthorization Act of 1998 amended EPACT to include biodiesel fuel use credits. Under this
law, fleet operators are allowed one alternative-fueled vehicle credit for using 450 gallons of biodiesel. The use of
AFVs is also increasing in the private sector, primarily due to the Alternative Motor Fuels Act that was passed in
1988 to encourage auto manufacturers to produce cars that are fueled by alternative fuels, including an ethanol/
gasoline blend containing 85% ethanol called E85. The law provides credits to automakers towards meeting their
corporate average fuel efficiency (CAFE) standards. Automakers can lower their average fuel economy
requirements by receiving credits for producing alternativefueled vehicles that meet government requirements.
Biodiesel received a fuel tax credit, similar to that of ethanol, with the
American Jobs Creation Act of 2004. The the biodiesel tax credit has
already had a major impact on the emerging biodiesel industry. Largely
due to this tax credit, biodiesel production increased from about 25
million gallons in 2004 to over 90 million gallons in 2005. According to the
National Biodiesel Board, there are currently 53 plants producing biodiesel
in the United States, with another 40 plants expected to come online soon.
LACK OF TAX CREDITS WILL KILL THE INDUSTRY—WIND PROVES

Duffield and Collins in 06, James A. Duffield and Keith Collins 2006, CHOICES The magazine of food, farm,
and resource issues, A publication of theAmerican Agricultural Economics Association, Evolution of Renewable
Energy Policy, http://www.choicesmagazine.org.
Production tax credits have also been used to encourage electricity generated by qualified energy resources, including biomass,
and some animal wastes (Gielecki, Mayes, & Prete, 2001). The EPACT established a 10-year $0.018 per
kilowatthour (kWh) production tax credit for biomass plants, wind energy, and other
renewable energy production. This program has been especially important to
growth in the wind industry that depends on the tax credit to encourage
investment. When the tax credit expired in 2003, financing of new wind power
installations came to a halt. Fortunately for wind-energy advocates, the production tax credit was
extended to the end of 2005 by the Jobs Bill.
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Phil
Food Prices XT’s

CORN IS ONLY A TRANSITION TECH—NEED LONG TERM SOLUTION LIKE ALGAE
A recent study by Nexant (White Plains, NY) concludes that biodiesel

and bioethanol derived from food
crops such as corn will only be "transition" technologies, and that industry will move
to so-called cellulosic biofuels derived from non-food crop biomass. There will also
be an integration of technology platforms enabling production of biogasoline and
biodiesel "sooner than some may believe," most likely in conjunction with electric
power and chemicals, Nexant says.
CORN ETHANOL IS NOT A VIABLE OPTION—TOO LITTLE LAND

The anticipated shortage of land for growing corn to produce food and biofuels will
be a major challenge, however. Bioethanol is forecast to consume about 20% of the 2006-2007 U.S. corn
crop. Ethanol that can be produced economically from corn in the U.S. will be limited,
because of the land shortage, to about 15 bil-lion gal/year -- three times current production of
ethanol from corn, analysts say. Ethanol, if it is to replace a sizable share of the 140-billion gal/year gasoline market
in the U.S. and make inroads into markets worldwide, will have to be made increasingly from biomass derived from
non-food crops as well as from stalks and husks, and even wood chips. Lower volumes of non-crop raw materials
than of food crops are required to make bioethanol, and less energy is con-sumed, but the process technologies
available make non-crop feedstock a more expensive option. Experts say that if technologies were improved,
alternative raw materials could generate enough ethanol to replace the more than 20% of gasoline currently
consumed in the U.S. Companies including Novozymes (Copenhagen), IoGen (Ottowa), and the Na-tional
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL; Golden, CO) have for the past several years been developing genetically
engineered organisms, including bacteria and enzymes that can be used in processes, to cost-effectively convert
waste biomass such as corn stalks into bioethanol. Tax Credits are key to the industry Scott and Bryner in 6 [ALEX
SCOTT with MICHELLE BRYNER, Chemical Week, December 20, 2006 / December 27, 2006, Alternative Fuels;
Rolling Out Next-Generation Technologies, PS] Congress recently adopted the Tax Relief and Health Care Act,
which features a tax credit for ethanol manufacturers that begin production of cellulosic ethanol within the next six
years. Biotech industry association BIO (Washington) has welcomed the tax credit as "an important provision" for
the industry.
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Phil
MUST HAVE LEGISLATIVE PREDICTABILITY

Scott and Bryner in 6 [ALEX SCOTT with MICHELLE BRYNER, Chemical Week, December 20, 2006 /
December 27, 2006, Alternative Fuels; Rolling Out Next-Generation Technologies, PS]
"Reliable legislative conditions over the long term will be essential to create a
suitable basis for the high investments that will be needed," says Stefan Keppeler,
director/fuels services at DaimlerChrysler. "Today's alternative fuels are a valuable contribution
for a sustainable mobility, but development of second-generation biofuels is
required and offers significant CO[2] reduction potential." Shell has been developing biofuels
for the past 30 years and claims to be the largest distributor of biofuels for transport, selling just under 3 billion liters
of biofuel in 2005, mostly in the U.S. and Brazil.
NOT ECONOMICALLY VIABLE—NEED FUELS FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES LIKE BRAZIL

Preston in 8 [Holly Hubbard Preston, The International Herald Tribune, March 15, 2008 Saturday, Hopes are high,
as are the hurdles, for alternative fuel; Ambitious target set for biofuels, which have yet to be economically viable]
''Biofuels in this country are clearly supported by government policy and not
economically viable on their own,'' said Marc Levinson, a senior commodities research analyst for
JPMorgan. By support, Levinson is referring to the re-cently expanded U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard, which raised
targets on biofuel consumption, including advanced bio-fuels - defined as cellulosic biofuels and biomass-based
diesel - to 36 billion gallons by 2022. In Levinson's view, there is ''no way'' the U.S. biofuels industry
will be able to meet the targets. Levinson said he believed that the U.S. biofuel industry
would either need to find more efficient ways of converting existing feedstocks into
biofuel or turn to outside sources like Brazil, which is rich in sugar-ethanol but faces
heavy U.S. import tariffs. Incentives are key to investment Preston in 8 [Holly Hubbard Preston, The
International Herald Tribune, March 15, 2008 Saturday, Hopes are high, as are the hurdles, for alternative fuel;
Ambitious target set for biofuels, which have yet to be economically viable] Brent Erickson, a former oil industry
lobbyist and now an executive vice president of the Biotechnology Industry Organization, said he believed that the
U.S. directive was not unrealistic: ''It guarantees a market for biofuels'' and is a ''big
risk reduction'' for corporations and private equity that might want to invest. Erickson
pointed to the Brazilian gov-ernment, which adopted an aggressive biofuel policy mandate over 30 years ago. Today,
some 40 percent of its total transport fuel comes from locally grown sugar cane turned into fuel for 75 percent of
Brazil's total automobile fleet.
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Phil
US PRODUCTION OF CORN FOR ETHANOL IS SPIKING IN THE SQ—LEADING TO FOOD PRICE SPIKES AND INSTABILITY
The U.S. is undergoing a biofuel building blitz - 79 plants are under construction,
116 are operating and another 200 are in the planning stages.
That amounts to a lot of corn - 139 million tons, the study estimates. That's half
the entire 2008 projected U.S. harvest.
"With the corn supplies tightening fast," the report warns, "rising prices will affect
not only products made directly from corn but also those produced using corn." That
includes chicken, pork and beef.
"The risk is that soaring food prices could generate a consumer backlash against
the fuel ethanol industry," the Earth Policy Institute predicted.
Because the U.S. supplies 70% of the world's corn exports, the price spike could
trigger "urban food riots" in Third World countries.
44
Phil
MODERN AGRICULTURE METHODS USED IN CORN HARVESTING ARE UNSUSTAINABLE BECAUSE THEY LEAD TO SOIL EROSION
Modern agriculture is an industrial system, and as such, it is not sustainable.

Nutrients extracted from the soil are removed from the farmland in the form of vegetable matter, and shipped to
consumers. After being eaten, the nutrients are excreted as human wastes and then disposed of as sewage. Industrial
agriculture breaks the cycle, leading on the one hand to soil and water depletion and on the other to pollution
problems with raw sewage. Modern agriculture is a form of soil mining....
In food farming, the plant matter that is not harvested could (and should) be
returned to the soil in an effort to help limit soil nutrient depletion, and to help limit
erosion. Industrial production of biofuels depends on utilizing everything that can be
harvested from the plantation or field. The nutrients removed from the ground in
the form of biomass must be replaced with artificial fertilizers. And even then, soil
depletion is hastened and the productivity of the crop land diminishes significantly
from one generation to the next until it must be abandoned as unproductive. As it
is, industrial agriculture has brought us to the brink of an agricultural crisis....
For this reason alone, biofuel production can never be sustainable. And,
therefore, biofuels are not renewable.
HIGH FOOD PRICES DESTABILIZE PAKISTAN

Clayton08 (Mark Clayton, writer for the Christian science monitor January 28, 2008 As Global Food Costs Rise, Are Biofuels To
Blame? /www.commondreams.org)
The biofuels industry plans on producing record amounts of ethanol this year to
meet a mandate of the new US energy law - and will need a lot of corn to do it. At the
same time, global food prices are at near-peak levels. The question is, how big is the connection between
those two developments? It’s a topic getting more scrutiny as the world enters 2008 with the lowest grain stockpiles on record,
near-record grain prices, and prospects for even tighter supplies as global demand rises for food and fuel.
Political instability over higher food prices is a key concern. Last year saw tortilla
demonstrations in Mexico, pasta protests in Italy, and unrest in Pakistan over bread
prices. Soybean prices, meanwhile, prompted demonstrations in front of Indonesia’s presidential palace. Food inflation in
China is a major problem. But the connection between the expansion of biofuels and higher global food prices is not clear cut,
with the biofuels industry saying its impact is relatively small and biofuel critics saying that ethanol plants are driving up the
price of corn and biodiesel producers are taking a bite out of the soybean crop.“The United States, in a misguided effort to reduce
its oil insecurity by converting grain into fuel for cars, is generating global food insecurity on a scale never seen before,” says
Lester Brown, president of the Earth Policy Institute (EPI), an environmental think tank in Washington. World
population growth will require food for an additional 70 million people this year, the
EPI said in a report last week. Driven mostly by population growth, world grain consumption rose an average of 21 million tons
per year from 1990 to 2005, the US Department of Agriculture reported this month. Demand for grain to make ethanol soared by
27 million tons last year, USDA reported.
45
Phil
HIGH FOOD PRICES DESTABILIZE PAKISTAN

Clayton08 (Mark Clayton, writer for the Christian science monitor January 28, 2008 As Global Food Costs Rise, Are Biofuels To
Blame? /www.commondreams.org)
“Putting [corn-ethanol] land back into food use would have a profound effect on the price of corn,” says Bruce Babcock, an
economist at Iowa State University’s Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute. This
year, he estimates, the US
will produce about 8 billion gallons of ethanol. To do that, nearly one-fifth of the 80
million acres now devoted to corn will go to make ethanol. That demand is helping
to boost feed prices for cattle, as well as for crops like peas and beans because less
land is devoted to growing them, he says. although higher energy costs for fuel to transport crops and grow
them were a larger factor. “This analysis puts to bed the argument that a growing domestic ethanol industry is solely responsible
for rising consumer food prices,” Bruce Scherr, CEO of Informa Economics, a food and agriculture research and consulting firm
based in Memphis, Tenn., said in a statement. The “farm value” of commodity raw materials used in foods accounts for 19
percent of total US food costs, down from 37 percent in the 1973. Higher costs for labor, packaging, transportation, and energy
were a “key driver” behind higher food costs, the report said. While higher corn prices cause lower profit margins for livestock
and poultry producers, “the statistical evidence does not support a conclusion that there is a strict ‘food-versus-fuel’ trade-off”
driving consumer food prices higher, the study said. Whatever the reason, prices for grains such as corn and soybeans are up.
Despite a record US corn crop in fall 2007, corn prices are near a record high of about $5 a bushel in mid-January. Because
corn is feedstock, higher corn prices can affect food prices. The average price of
milk rose 29 percent last year, for instance, and eggs 36 percent. “More people are
coming to the conclusion that there is a food-fuel link,” says Siwa Msangi of the International Food
Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a Washington food-security research organization. “The historic pattern of the past, where food
prices were in a long-term decline, could be at an end. ”But the major reason grain prices are spiking, he and others note, is fast-
rising demand for higher-quality food like meat, poultry, and dairy products by the increasingly affluent people of China and
India.
Still, biofuels play a role in higher grain prices, says Dr. Babcock. His findings are bolstered by a study last month in which Mr.
Msangi’s IFPRI estimated that future biofuel expansion could increase international corn prices between 26 and 72 percent by
2020, depending on how aggressive the expansion turns out to be. Under two scenarios IFPRI examined, “the increase in crop
prices resulting from expanded biofuel production was accompanied by a net decrease in the availability of … food” for the
world’s poor, the study found. As prices rise, of course, producers worldwide have incentive to grow more corn - or other crops,
such as wheat, that might be in demand instead of corn.
But that’s not happening yet. In an apparent effort to moderate food prices and quell social unrest - which in turn curbs growers’
incentive to produce more - Russia this month is expected to place a 40 percent export tax on wheat. Argentina, too, has limited
its wheat exports. “The price of corn, soybeans, and livestock feed is not going to go down,” Babcock says. America’s new
energy bill “pretty much guarantees that feed costs and land rent are going to stay high.”
46
Phil
AT: DOHA DA
DOHA DESTROYS ECOSYSTEMS AND HURTS THE POOR
Green Peace International 6 (Green Peace International 24 July 2006, Daniel Mittler is a Political
Advisor with Greenpeace International, “Face it, Doha is dead”: time to look at alternatives to WTO,
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/press/releases/doha-is-dead)
“As on climate change, Bush had nothing but sweet words to offer on trade; he is squarely to blame for this
current impasse. The US’s unwillingness to wean their large scale-agro businesses off their unfair support is
“Governments must
an outrage” said Daniel Mittler, Trade Policy Advisor of Greenpeace International.
now abandon the Doha talks that have been going nowhere over the last five years”.
“The WTO failure today proves yet again, that the time of bulldozing the interests of
the developing world has passed,” added Mittler. “The global community must now act
to put an end to trade policies that promote the destruction of ecosystems and
undermine the interests of the poor.”
BEING POOR IS SPIRITUAL AND INTELLECTUAL TORTURE, WASTING HUMAN POTENTIAL

Angell 2000 (Marcia Angel, February/March 2000, American physician, author, and the first
woman to serve as editor-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine, Pockets of Poverty,
http://www.bostonreview.net/BR25.1/angell.html)
A response to justice is good for our health, by Norman Daniels, Bruce Kennedy, and Ichiro
Kawachi. One need not invoke some mysterious effect of inequality on health to make a very
strong argument for lessening inequalities that lead to deprivation at the low end of the scale.
Poverty is crippling not only physically but intellectually and spiritually. It cripples
any wealthy society that tolerates it on a large scale, as does the United States. In addition to
the loss of human potential and the social pathology that grows out of poverty, the
costs include the callousness that injures the rest of society to it’s presence, even
as many people enjoy extraordinary riches.
The fact that there are also health consequences of poverty, whether they are
exacerbated by inequality or not, is doubly punishing and adds greatly to the
injustice. Daniels, Kennedy, and Kawachi are right about that. F. Scott Fitzgerald famously
pointed out that the rich are different from the rest of us. But what is less well known is that he
observes that no difference that divides people is so important as that between the well and the
sick. I agree.
47
Phil
COLLAPSE OF THE DOHA COLLAPSES THE WTO AND NEOLIBERALISM

Business World 6 (BusinessWorld, July 25, 2006 Tuesday, COMMENTARY; Doha collapse good for developing nations, LN)
the WTO framework subordinates development

Trade can be a medium of development. Unfortunately,
to corporate-driven free trade and marginalizes developing countries even further. It
is time to cease entertaining illusions about the alleged beneficial effects on
development of the Doha Round. The collapse of the Doha Round will be good for
the poor. The task now is to look for alternative frameworks and institutions other
than the WTO and other neoliberal trade mechanisms that would make trade truly
beneficial for the poor.
NO RISK OF PASSAGE TOO MANY DIVERGENT INTERESTS

States News Service 8 (States News Service, March 2, 2008, Democrats, Off Course on Trade, LN)
If that sounds defeatist, consider the reasons for Doha's failure. The global trading
system has come to include ever more countries, rendering negotiations ever more
difficult. As Daniel Tarullo of Georgetown University points out, the lag between the completion of one
global trade round and the next was five or six years even back when fewer than
100 countries were involved. But the Tokyo Round, which had 102 members, was completed 12 years after the
previous round concluded; and the Uruguay Round (123 members) was completed 15 years after the Tokyo Round. The Doha
Round (151 members) stands at 13 years and counting.
48
Phil
Politics
A2: Plan is loss for Bush
PLAN IS A HUGE WIN FOR BUSH

Peddie in 7 [CLARE PEDDIE, SCIENCE REPORTER, Biofuel chance slipping away, September 24, 2007, The
Advertiser (Australia)]
In the United States President George W. Bush wants a seven-fold increase in biofuel production in the next dec-ade, and
research and development is moving quickly. ''There are 148 major biodiesel plants operating in the U.S. and by 2012, 50 per
cent of all new vehicles produced in the US will run on biofuel - E85 and biodiesel - with 20 per cent of expensive, imported
petroleum fuels being re-placed with biofuels grown and manufactured in the USA,'' Dr Clarke said.
49
Phil
A2: Plan is popular

TAX CREDIT IS UNPOPULAR
McElroy in 8 [Anduin Kirkbride McElroy, Will biodiesel tax credit be extended?, May 2008, Biodiesel Magazine,
http://biodieselmagazine.com/article-print.jsp?article_id=2264, PS]
Because the biodiesel tax credit is a tax package, it is difficult to add on to a bill. The
Ways and Means Committee is the principle committee that has authority over tax legislation. A tax package
was negotiated within the committee for the EISA, but it didn’t make the final bill.
“[Because] the administration didn’t want a tax package in the energy bill, we’re
looking for other vehicles where the tax package will be welcome,” said Amber Thurlo Pearson, NBB
communications specialist.
50
Phil
A2: Delegation CP
DELEGATION CRIPPLES DEMOCRACY
CATO ’98 (CATO, 1998, The CATO Handbook, Institute advocating public policy, “The
Delegation of Legislative Powers”, www.cato.org)
The concern over congressional delegation of power is not simply theoretical and abstract, for
delegation does violence, not only to the ideal construct of a free society, but also to the day-to-
day practice of democracy itself. Ironically, delegation does not help to secure "good
government''; it helps to destroy it.
DELEGATION RUINS SEPARATION OF POWERS WHICH IS KEY TO DEMOCRACY, WITHOUT DEMOCRACY A

PLANETARY WAR IS INEVITIABLE.
Sankatsing 04 (Dr. Glenn Sankatsing, 2004, Political Democracy, A democratic alternative to

liberal democracy, www.crscenter.com/DN)
Democracy is not about telling lies, not even about telling the truth, but about listening to
the authors of history, to hear what people think and aspire, to feel their heart beat and to watch
how people act on their own behalf. No other social body than people with awareness is,
therefore, entitled or capable of securing development and, in the long run, social and physical
survival. No paternalist option, not by patriarchy, colonialism or imperialism, can ever substitute
participation, and no delegation can ever engender democracy, because paternalism paves the
way to oligarchy. Appropriation of power by elites only created social and political disasters in
national policy and at the global level, and harbors only polarization and extreme violence. The
globalization of appropriation of power and inter-elite confrontation, marginal to the genuine
interests of the people of the world, recently set off the first planetary war between reciprocal
fundamentalisms giving rise to two rival brands of terrorism, which threatens the survival of the
species. Representative democracy is the only viable road left open to pursue global harmony
by providing the minimum conditions to overcome three imminent threats, the collision in
development, the collapse of ecology and the confrontation in religion, every single one of which
directly endangering the survival of humanity. Representative democracy, whose penetrating
roots are anchored in justice, equality, freedom and solidarity, as non-negotiable basic values of
human coexistence, is the only realm capable of offering a development-oriented project of
society and a democratic response to usurpation of power.
51
Phil
IRS Overstretch DA
THE GOVERNMENT IS HEAVILY RELYING ON THE IRS TO REGULATE GOVERNMENT TAXES
The New York Times in 07 (David Cay Johnston, The NY Times, March 9th, 07, I.R.S. Letting
Tax Lawyers Write Rules
http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu:2047/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.
do/DN)
The Internal Revenue Service is asking tax lawyers and accountants who create tax shelters
and exploit loopholes to take the lead in writing some of its new tax rules. The pilot project
represents a further expansion of the increasingly common federal government practice of
asking outsiders to do more of its work, prompting academics and other critics to complain
that the government is going too far. They worry that having private lawyers and
accountants draft tax rules could allow them to subtly skew them in favor of their clients.
The I.R.S. staff has been cut by a fifth in the last decade, even as Congress has made the tax
code vastly more complex. The agency, in a formal notice, said it lacked the resources to
issue as much guidance as taxpayers are seeking. Rule making is the heart of what
Washington does, though it gets little news coverage. Once a bill becomes law it must be
carried out through rules that range from advice memoranda to formal regulations, which
are printed in the Federal Register. At that point, they are subject to public comment and at
times public hearings before being revised and then formally adopted as the way the
executive branch will carry out the new law. For many years, the government has relied on
contractors to provide research and technical advice on regulations. Since 1980 one such
firm, the Regulatory Group, has trained government employees in the art of writing
regulations and has provided research and editorial consulting. It also works for private
companies subject to regulation. I.R.S. rule making has been especially contentious,
including decades of efforts by the I.R.S. general counsel's office to keep secret the guidance
issued to agency executives and field personnel. Several regulation experts and tax lawyers
warned of dangers if the tax police must enforce rules written by those skilled at devising
tax-free paths through the maze of the Internal Revenue Code. Looking at the issue in its
broadest terms, Gary D. Bass, executive director of OMB Watch, a nonprofit research and
advocacy organization that tracks the Office of Management and Budget, warned that the
Bush administration was turning over too much government responsibility to those it is
supposed to be keeping an eye on. ''People would chuckle at letting the U.S. Chamber of
Commerce or OMB Watch write the laws,'' he went on, ''but that is what is being done by
this administration, which keeps outsourcing more and more regulation work.''
52
Phil
A2: States CP
2AC AT: States C-P—California Econ DA
CALIFORNIA IS STRAPPED FOR CASH NOW—

Halper, 7/7/08
[Evan, LA Times, 7/7/8, l/n]
Although the nation's sluggish economy and mortgage crisis have put the squeeze on a number of states, many are humming
along fine, without dramatic measures to keep them in the black. Some even have multibillion-dollar surpluses. And almost none
of the states that do have fiscal difficulties face shortfalls on the scale of California's. Analysts say the state's troubles stem largely
from its budget system -- the most dysfunctional in the country -- and they look to California as an example of how not to do
things. In a recent ranking of state policies by the Pew Center on the States, California scored D+ on fiscal management. The
average grade was B-. "We have these problems that have long been understood, but we don't deal with them," said Jim Mayer,
executive director of California Forward, a bipartisan think tank seeking to overhaul the budget process. "If we are going to fix
this, we need to learn from what they have done in other places." Of the 46 states that began their fiscal year on Tuesday,
California is one of just four that still have no spending plan. Lawmakers are nowhere near agreement on how to patch a $15.2-
billion shortfall, and the budget will probably include borrowing, accounting shifts and other maneuvers that make money
managers cringe. An outdated tax code, voter-approved initiatives that lock in billions of dollars for programs, inadequate
oversight of spending and the lack of a substantial rainy-day fund all add to California's financial ills. Other states have addressed
such issues with impressive results. But attempts at similar changes here routinely fall flat.
BIODIESEL TAX INCENTIVES ARE COSTLY—THEY GIVE MONEY TO BIG BIZ

Cubert, ‘08
[Mike, ezine@rticles, 2008, ezinearticles.com/?Government-Incentives-and-Tax-Credits-for-Biodiesel-Production-and-

Sale&id=279414]
Biodiesel production, distribution, and use, as with many emerging alternative energies, has been aided in large part by recent
government incentives making biodiesel fuel production and distribution more attractive. These tax incentives put money back in
the pockets of biodiesel producers who, presumably, pass the benefits on to you, the consumer, with lower biodiesel prices. Not
just any biodiesel is eligible for tax incentives. The definition of biodiesel fuel, as it’s used for tax purposes, is “monoalkyl esters
of long chain fatty acids”. Biodiesel production companies seeking any of these credits must ensure that they are making
biodiesel fuel that meets the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for registration of fuels and fuel additives as
described in the Clean Air Act, as well as requirements put forth by the American Society of Testing and Materials.
CALIFORNIA CANNOT AFFORD THE INCENTIVES--ALL BUDGET CHANGES WILL HURT CALI’S ECONOMY
Halper, 7/7/08
[Evan, LA Times, 7/7/8, l/n]
Every change to the budget threatens to cost someone big money. Special interests are organized and ready to protect their turf.
They have the ear of lawmakers who, as a result of term limits, constantly have their eye on the next office and are reluctant to
rile their political patrons.
53
Phil
CALIFORNIA IS KEY TO THE GLOBAL ECONOMY—COLLAPSE WILL HURT THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
CalChamber, ‘08
[CalChamber, All about International Trade and Investment,

www.calchamber.com/CC/BusinessResources/InternationalResources/AllAboutInternationalTrade/TradeStatistics.htm]
California is one of the 10 largest economies in the world with a gross state product of over $1.7 trillion. International related
commerce accounts for approximately one-quarter of the state’s economy. Although trade is a nationally determined policy issue,
its impact on California is immense. In 2007, California exported to 222 foreign markets. Trade offers the opportunity to expand
the role of California’s exports. In its broadest terms, trade can literally feed the world and raise the living standards of those
around us.
ECON COLLAPSE=WAR
[insert mead or similar impact here]
PERM—ONLY THE STATES AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WORKING TOGETHER SOLVES

Koplow in 06, Doug Koplow, October 2006, Earth Track, Inc., BIOFUELS - AT WHAT COST ?Government support for ethanol
and biodiesel in the United States One of a series of reports addressing subsidies for biofuels in Australia, Brazil, Canada, the
European Union, Switzerland and the United States.
Government subsidies—at both the state and federal levels—have long played an
important role in the expansion of the biofuels industry within the United States. A
1979 analysis by the now defunct Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) noted that in “…the 1980s there is a
physical—though not necessarily economic—possibility of producing at least 5–10 billion gallons of ethanol per
year.”1 A 1988 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) observed that [t]he fuel-
ethanol industry was created by a mix of Federal and State subsidies, loan
programs, and incentives. It continues to depend on Federal and State subsidies.2 Nearly 10 years later,
the USDA’s assessment had changed little. In a report issued in 1997 it stated that “[t]he most influential actors in
the ethanol industry are Federal and State Governments.”3 Even the Renewable Fuels Association
acknowledges that “[r]enewable fuels are produced only in countries where
programs have been created to assist their production.”4 The Energy Tax Act of
1978 introduced the first major federal subsidy to ethanol, a full exemption from the
then 4¢/gallon motor fuel excise tax. In that same year, the first 20 million gallons
of commercial ethanol production capacity came online. Since that time, production
capacity has grown steadily. In both the ethanol and biodiesel sectors, the pace of
growth has accelerated dramatically in recent years.
54
Phil
CALIFORNIA ECON DA EXT.--UNIQUENESS
CALIFORNIA IS FACING A HUGE BUDGET DEBATE—NOW IS THE KEY TIME TO TIGHTEN SPENDING
Walter, 7/11/08
[Dan, Sacramento Bee, 7/11/08]
If nothing else, the California budget imbroglio has brought the Capitol's stark ideological conflict - very liberal Democrats vs.
very conservative Republicans and no more than a handful of even semi-moderates - into razor-sharp focus. With the Democrats
now insisting on more than $8 billion in new taxes, mostly on business and the affluent, to cover much of the state's whopping
budget deficit, and Republicans rejecting them as damaging to the state's struggling economy, the stage is set for a cage fight.
And that wouldn't be such a bad thing. The ideological warriors have been sparring for years, but each year have avoided a toe-
to-toe slugfest over taxes and permanent spending cuts by conjuring up new accounting gimmicks or ways to borrow money.
55
Phil
AT: Democratic spending bill will collapse economy now
DEMS BILL WON’T PASS

Walter, 7/11/08
[Dan, Sacramento Bee, 7/11/08]
We can't cut any more," Bass said. "This budget defines what Democrats say we need to do to keep California on an even keel."
The Democratic budget not only raises taxes by $8.2 billion a year, mostly by adding higher income tax rates for upper-income
taxpayers, but it restores many of the spending reductions that Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger had proposed in May. And that,
Republicans say, makes the Democratic budget a non-starter - which is no idle threat since at least some GOP votes would be
needed to pass both the budget and any new taxes.
56
Phil
California Econ DA ext.--Link
TAX CREDITS COST GOVERNMENTS BIG MONEY

Kaseman and Kaseman, ‘98
[Larry and Susan, Home Education Magazine (it’s more than a magazine, May-June 1998,
www.homeedmag.com/HEM/HEM153.98/153.98_clmn_tkch.html
When the government ties tax credits to specific purposes, it has to hold those receiving tax credits accountable, which means the
government has to check up on and regulate them in some way. Tax credits cost the government money, directly or indirectly. To
be responsible to people who pay taxes and therefore provide the government with money, it needs to hold accountable the
recipients of tax money and tax credits. Most people agree that this principle makes sense. For example, we would not want the
government to award a contract for road construction and then not follow up to make sure the road was built to specifications.
57
Phil
California Econ DA ext.—I/L: CA Econ Key
CALIFORNIA IS A HUGE PORTION OF THE US ECONOMY

CalChamber, ‘08
[CalChamber, All about International Trade and Investment,

www.calchamber.com/CC/BusinessResources/InternationalResources/AllAboutInternationalTrade/TradeStatistics.htm]
The U.S. Department of Commerce reported that, in 2007, California exports amounted to over $134 billion. This is an increase
from the 2006 total of nearly $127 billion. California maintained its perennial position as a top exporting state. Exports from
California accounted for 12 percent of total U.S. exports in 2007. California's top trading partners are Mexico, Canada, Japan,
China and South Korea. California trade and exports translate into high-paying jobs for over one million Californians. The state
leads the nation in export-related jobs. According to the California Business, Transportation & Housing Agency, about one in
seven jobs in California is related to trade, with every million dollar increase in trade equaling eleven new jobs. According to the
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, in 2005, foreign-controlled companies employed 542,600
California workers, the most of any state. Major sources of foreign investment in California in 2005 were the United Kingdom,
Japan, Switzerland, France, and Germany. Foreign investment in California was responsible for 4.2 percent of the state's total
private-industry employment in 2005. About 23 percent, or 123,900 of these workers, were in the manufacturing sector, and these
foreign-controlled companies accounted for 8.2 percent of total manufacturing employment in California in 2005.
58
Phil
A2: Takes too long-can’t solve fast enough

SWITCH TO BIO-DIESEL COULD HAPPEN OVERNIGHT—INFRASTRUCTURE IS NOT A PROBLEM
Briggs in 4 Michael Briggs, University of New Hampshire, Physics Department, Widescale Biodiesel Production from Algae
revised August 2004, UNH Biodiesel Group, http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html,
One of the biggest advantages of biodiesel compared to many other alternative

transportation fuels is that it can be used in existing diesel engines without
modification, and can be blended in at any ratio with petroleum diesel. This completely
eliminates the "chicken-and-egg" dilemma that other alternatives have, such as hydrogen powered fuel cells. For hydrogen
vehicles, even when (and if) vehicle manufacturers eventually have production stage vehicles ready (which currently cost around
$1 million each to make), nobody would buy them unless there was already a wide scale hydrogen fuel production and
distribution system in place. But, no companies would be interested in building that wide scale hydrogen fuel production and
distribution system until a significant number of fuel cell vehicles are on the road, so that consumers are ready to start using it.
With a single hydrogen fuel pump costing roughly $1 million, installing just one at each of the 176,000 fuel stations across the
US would cost $176 billion - a cost that can be completely avoided with liquid biofuels that can use our current infrastructure.
With biodiesel, since the same engines can run on conventional petroleum diesel,
manufacturers can comfortably produce diesel vehicles before biodiesel is available
on a wide scale - as some manufacturers already are (the same can be said for flex-fuel vehicles
capable of running on ethanol, gasoline, or any blend of the two). As biodiesel production continues to
ramp up, it can go into the same fuel distribution infrastructure, just replacing
petroleum diesel either wholly (as B100, or 100% biodiesel), or blended in with diesel. Not
only does this eliminate the chicken-and-egg problem, making biodiesel a much
more feasible alternative than hydrogen, but also eliminates the huge cost of
revamping the nationwide fuel distribution infrastructure.
59
Phil
CAN HAPPEN BY 2009

Beveridge in 7 JOHN BEVERIDGE, Herald Sun (Australia), February 1, 2007 Thursday , Powered by pond scum
POND scum could be one answer to the renewable energy crisis. Researchers at Utah State
have found that algae is a particularly good producer of biodiesel. They now plan to
produce an algae-biodiesel that is cost-competitive by 2009. One of the big benefits
of algae is that it is easy to grow and can yield thousands of litres of oil per hectare.
The attraction of biodiesel is that it is a renewable fuel that is carbon-dioxide
neutral. Its development has attracted criticism due to the low yields when made from the current sources --
usually soybean or corn oil. ''This is perhaps the most important scientific challenge facing humanity in the 21st
century,'' said Professor Lance Seefeldt. Algae will be ready to produce on mass scale by 2009 The Toronto Sun,
February 7, 2007 Wednesday , Fill'er up with pond scum U.S. researchers are working on extracting
oil from algae -- a.k.a. pond scum -- and converting it to biodiesel fuel. The project
calls for cost-competitive production of the pond scum biodiesel by 2009. Algae can
produce up to 40,000 litres of oil per acre and can be grown virtually anywhere.
Biodiesel is a clean and carbon-dioxide-neutral fuel that is becoming more popular, but most of
the current product comes from soybean and corn oil.
60
Phil
MICRO-ALGAE IS ONLY 5 YEARS AWAY AND WOULD SOLVE GLOBAL WARMING

The Advertiser (Australia), August 10, 2007 Friday, One Degree change the planet's future; Part 5 energy; Growth
industry. LN, PS
"Harvesting microalgae on a mass scale will be a technological leap in expanding

the biofuels industry and helping to address the challenges of global warming,"
SARDI Biofuels group leader Dr Kevin Williams says. "Producing microalgae for biodiesel will
open the door to drastically reducing carbon dioxide emissions from ve-hicles, it's a
clean fuel to produce and an entirely new industry for Australian farmers." Microalgae is a
perfect crop for Australian conditions - it thrives in salty or nutrient loaded water resources
and loves the Sun. Most importantly, it can be cultivated on marginal land - putting
areas often considered of no or little value, to good use. But the research is still in
its infancy. Dr Williams says full commercial production is at least fi ve to 10 years
away for Australian producers.
THERE IS A HUGE DEMAND FOR BIOFUELS—NEED TO INCREASE PRODUCTION IN ORDER MAKE THE SWITCH
FROM OIL—BUT ONLY ALGAE CAN DO IT
Edmonson and Aston in 7 Gail Edmondson, with Adam Aston, HERE COMES POND SCUM POWER; Algae
December 3rd 2007,
In the U.S., demand for such plant-based oils is quickly outstripping supplies. That and
algae's mystique have attracted the attention of energy entrepreneurs such as Martin Tobias, CEO of Imperium Renewables in
Seattle, which is armed with $145 million in venture capital and private equity funding. Imperium buys practically every drop of
oil U.S. algae startups are producing. So far it has sold just a few hundred gallons of finished fuel. But Tobias has dedicated a 5
million-gallon refinery to algae oil, and by 2011 he expects startups to be making 100 million gallons
a year. At that point, Tobias reckons, the price per gallon will fall to $1.70, from as much as $20 today. "The only thing
missing is the farms," he says. "I prefer not to operate a large-scale farm myself, but I may have to do it." Extracting oil from
algae is currently a cumbersome affair that involves drying and processing the plants. But some of the world's top genetic
engineers want to create improved algae strains that will produce oil continually, eliminating the most difficult processing steps.
"Farming and harvesting are both complex and expensive," says human genome pioneer J. Craig Venter, whose 2005 startup,
Synthetic Genomics, is experimenting with algal genes. Rival Solazyme in South San Francisco has engineered more than a
dozen specialized strains and ramped up pre-commercial production. "We can easily make thousands of gallons [of algal
biodiesel] a month," says Chief Operating Officer Jonathan S. Wolfson.
61
Phil
ALGAE WILL PRODUCE CLEAN ENERGY AND WILL BE READY FOR MARKET IN 5 YEARS
Dyer in 8 [Gwynne Dyer , South China Morning Post, June 20, 2008, Pond scum and smog: the green-fuel
alternatives]
So, if the car-driving masses are ever to escape high fuel prices, they cannot rely on
simply cutting demand through conservation. They need an alternative fuel, and the
biofuels that are now on offer simply cannot replace oil. There just isn't enough
land and water to grow conventional biofuels and food, too. If we're going to go on driving
cars, but we can't afford to fuel them from petroleum (and we can't afford to put all those greenhouse gas emissions
in the air, either), then what do we do instead? There are two alternative fuels that could
theoretically be produced in the volumes required, and that would not add to the
carbon dioxide in the atmos-phere. One is algae, grown in open ponds on marginal
land, or in nutrient-rich sewage farms, or even in completely con-tained
environments in the dark. Other plants also contain oil, but the great virtue of algae
(pond scum, in the vernacular) is that it can double its mass every two hours under ideal
circumstances, which means it can be harvested daily. The US Department of
Energy estimates that to replace all the petroleum fuel in the country with home-
grown algae fuel would require 40,000 sq km of land, less than one-seventh of the
area devoted to growing corn in America. Biodiesel from algae is not yet ready for
prime time, but there are numerous start-up companies exploring rival ways of
growing and processing it, and major oil companies like Shell and Chevron are
jumping in. The main question is cost, but as long as petroleum stays above
$100US a barrel, some of these methods may well prove competitive. The other, more
radical, proposal is to transform carbon dioxide from the problem into part of the solution by combining it with
hydrogen to make a synthetic octane fuel suitable for use in vehicles. You get your carbon dioxide from the exhaust
gases of coal and gas-fired power plants or just extract it from the air directly (prototypes of machines for doing this
are being tested), and you obtain your hydrogen however you like. Getting hydrogen requires energy, and is only
carbon-neutral if the electricity used to split it out of water comes from a non-fossil-fuel source like solar, wind or
nuclear. But, combining the hydrogen with carbon dioxide avoids the huge problems of storage, refrigeration and
high pressures connected with using pure hydrogen: the synthetic octane is handled and used like conventional
fuel. One or both of these approaches is going to start challenging conventional oil in
the market within five to 10 years if the price of oil stays high. Security of supply
and cost are the big concerns driving this process now, but the ultimate prize is
vehicle fuel that does not contribute to global warming. Conventional oil can never
offer that advantage so, in the long run, it is in big trouble.
62
Phil
A2: No Infrastructure
IT IS MORE COST EFFECTIVE TO BUILD THE ADDITIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE THAN CONTINUED RELIANCE ON
FOREIGN OIL
from Algae revised August 2004, UNH Biodiesel Group, http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html, The
operating costs (including power consumption, labor, chemicals, and fixed capital costs (taxes, maintenance,
insurance, depreciation, and return on investment) worked out to $12,000 per hectare. That would equate to $46.2
billion per year for all the algae farms, to yield all the oil feedstock necessary for the entire country. Compare that to the $100-
150 billion the US spends each year just on purchasing crude oil from foreign countries, with all of that money leaving the US
economy.
ALGAE COULD POWER EXISTING CARS

Douglass in 8 [Elizabeth Douglass, Times Staff Writer,Los Angeles Times, May 29, 2008 Thursday FUEL; From the
slime emerges 'green crude'; Sapphire Energy says its product from algae makes a low-polluting gaso-line and
diesel.]
A San Diego company said Wednesday that it could turn algae into oil, producing a
green-colored crude yielding ultra-clean versions of gasoline and diesel without the
downsides of biofuel production. The year-old company, called Sapphire Energy, uses algae, sunlight,
carbon dioxide and non-potable water to make "green crude" that it contends is chemically equivalent to the light,
sweet crude oil that has been fetching more than $130 a barrel in New York futures trading. Chief Executive Jason
Pyle said that the company's green crude could be processed in existing oil refineries and
that the resulting fuels could power existing cars and trucks just as today's more
polluting versions of gasoline and di-esel do. "What we're talking about is
something that is radically different," Pyle said. "We really look at this as a
paradigm change."
63
Phil
A2: US Economy not key to global economy

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY IS RELIANT ON THE U.S. ECONOMY.
Buchanan ’03 (Patrick J. Buchanan, January 27, 2003, Presidential Advisor, “Is the Global Economy
About to Crash,” The American Cause, http://www.theamericancause.org)
The U.S. merchandise trade deficit in November shot over $500 billion a year, or 5 percent of Gross Domestic Product. We are
shoveling out dollars at the rate of $1.5 billion a day to satisfy our craving for foreign goods. Foreigners are
using these dollars to buy up U.S. stocks, bonds, property and businesses. Once the world's greatest creditor, we
are now the world's greatest debtor nation, and going in deeper every day.
(continued)
But the Global Economy is something new. It is built on several pillars. The U.S. dollar is the world's currency. The IMF
and World Bank stand ready to rescue bankrupt nations about to default, to protect Western investors. Free-trade America
consumes a lion's share of the world's production to maintain global prosperity.
THE WORLD ECONOMY IS LINKED TO THE U.S. HOUSING MARKET.

World News ’07 (World News, October 4, 2007, Fate of World Economy Lies with US Housing, World
News, http://wnews.us/fate)
The fate of the world economy hinges on what happens to house prices in America and that may not be a good
thing, former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan said on Monday. Speaking at the Reuters headquarters in London, the
former Fed chair delivered a gloomy prognosis on the state of the global economy — U.S. house prices are likely to fall
further and they could drag the rest of the world with them. "A weakened U.S. economy, especially weakened
consumer markets, still has the capacity to impact on our trading partners," Greenspan said. "To date the financial and
economic spill-over is most visible in Europe... But only marginally so in developing Asia." He added that Japan had taken a hit in
the form of sales of its equities as sub-prime investors needed to raise cash. Greenspan maintained the global economy was
just as linked as ever, disagreeing that there had been a decoupling between the fate of the U.S. economy and that of the rest
of the world.
THE U.S. AND GLOBAL ECONOMIES ARE UNDENIABLY LINKED.

Fleckenstein ’08 (Bill Fleckenstein, July 7, 2008, President of Fleckenstein Capital, “Global economy won’t
bail out the US,” Contrarian Chronicles, http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com)
I think that's quite unlikely, as we are the consumer for the world, and the whole world is in the late stages of an
economic up-cycle. Thus, it should come as no shock that the United States economy is hardly alone in
experiencing a slowdown.
64
Phil
AIRLINES SUFFERING FROM SOARING OIL PRICES

Newsweek in ‘08
(Newsweek, June 2, 2008, “Turbulence Ahead”, http://www.newsweek.com/id/139685)
Flying off into the sunset—or anywhere else—isn't what it used to be. That's especially true for America's troubled
domestic airlines [are] Slowed by a bad economy as well as rising oil and jet fuel
prices, the industry thought it could consolidate its way out of trouble. Apparently not. Last week United Airlines and US
Airways, which both sought to create operational efficiencies by joining forces, called off what would have been the biggest
merger in the industry's history. Why?
With oil prices topping $130 a barrel and jet fuel up more
than 82.5 percent since last year, the CEOs of both airlines said that in the current
economic climate the risks of a merger outweighed the benefits.
"The industry is sitting on the edge of a knife," says Roger King, an airline analyst for
the research firm CreditSights. "Will they be able to raise fares high enough to cover the cost of oil? We'll watch to see if they
stabilize before they run out of cash. One or two airlines
are probably going to stop flying." Industry
losses this year are expected to top $7.2 billion, according to a recent JPMorgan Chase report.
While smaller and regional airlines are most at risk, even the country's legacy carriers are in for some rough times. To cut
operating costs American Airlines recently announced a reduction of its domestic flight
capacity (number of seats offered) by 11 to 12 percent for the fourth quarter of 2008, its biggest cuts since the
2001 terror attacks. American is eliminating 75 planes from its fleet of 954 and will probably resort to layoffs in the
near future.
65
Phil
AIRLINE INDUSTRY PLUNGES- INVESTORS AND COMPANIES SLAMMED BY OIL PRICES

CNNMoney.com in ‘08
(CNNMoney.com, July 14, 2008, “Airlines hit another rough spot”,

http://money.cnn.com/2008/07/11/news/companies/airline_index/index.htm?postversion=2008071409)
The already roughed-up airline industry nosedived on Friday as companies and their investors got slammed by high oil prices.
The AMEX Airline Index plunged to the lowest point in its 13-year history, dropping at one point on Friday by more than 7% to
13.7 points. That's 69% below its level in January 1995, when the index (XAL) - a composite of U.S.-based and overseas carriers
- was created. UAL Corp. (UAUA, Fortune 500), owner of United Airlines, lead the downturn with a 15% plunge in its stock
price, after announcing a charge of $2.6 billion to $2.7 billion, partly from the cost of cutting 2,550 jobs. The stock closed on
Friday off its lows at $3.63, down nearly 13%. In the last few days, Northwest Airlines, AirTran Holdings (AAI) and American
Airlines have also announced impending job cuts. Crude turmoil. Oil prices have taken their toll on the industry. Early on Friday,
oil prices hit a record high of $147.27 a barrel, surpassing the July 3 record of $145.85. Prices are rising because of concerns over
oil supply, particularly from tensions with Iran and its missile program, as well as unrest in Nigeria and the
threat of a labor
strike in Brazil.Rising oil prices have been squeezing the airline industry, which
continues to lose money despite raising fares, cutting jobs, discontinuing its least
fuel-efficient flights and adding fees to services that were once free, such as checked
bags and in-flight meals.
OIL PRICES KILLING THE INDUSTRY

CNNMoney.com in ‘08
(CNNMoney.com, July 14, 2008, “Airlines hit another rough spot”,

http://money.cnn.com/2008/07/11/news/companies/airline_index/index.htm?postversion=2008071409)
Southwest Airlines Co. (LUV, Fortune 500) is an exception, because the carrier has managed to be
profitable by successfully hedging fuel prices. Despite that, the stock slipped as much as 3% on Friday,
and closed down less than 2% at $13.20.Cutting capacity. Harlan Platt, a finance professor at
Northeastern University's College of Business Administration in Boston, said he believes that some
carriers won't survive another 18 months if oil prices don't ease. He said airlines should
cut capacity by one-third."If everybody cut capacity by a third now and got rid of all unprofitable flights,
the airlines would dramatically increase their survival time at these oil prices," said Platt.Jim Corridore,
airline equity analyst for Standard & Poor's, also said the airlines should cut capacity dramatically - by
25% to 30%."I know that's very painful for a lot of communities, and it's painful for everyone," said
Corridore. "But the airline industry is in a crisis right now."
66
Phil
ALGAE BIO-DIESEL IS CAPABLE OF SOLVING OUR ENERGY CRISIS AND THE HUGE PRICE OF OIL.
Popular Mechanics 07
(Popular Mechanics March 29, 2007 Magazine http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/4213775.html)
“If we were to replace all of the diesel that we use in the United States" with an
algae derivative, says Solix CEO Douglas Henston, "we could do it on an area of land that’s
about one-half of 1 percent of the current farm land that we use now."
Solix plans to complete its second prototype by the end of April and to begin building a pilot plant this fall. That plant will
take advantage of CO2 generated from the fermentation and boiler processes of New Belgium Brewery,
also in Fort Collins. The company’s initial target is to be competitive with biodiesel, which
historically sells for about $2 per gallon, wholesale. They believe they can reach this
goal within a few years, and are ultimately aiming to compete with petroleum.
John Sheehan, an energy analyst with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colo., believes these goals
are within reach. “There
is no other resource that comes even close in magnitude to the
potential for making oil,” says Sheehan, who worked in the lab’s algae program before it was shut down by
the Department of Energy. One of algae’s great strengths, Sheehan adds, is its ability to grow well in brackish water. In the desert
southwest, where much of the groundwater is saline and unsuitable for other forms of agriculture, algae can proliferate.
67
Phil
ALGAE IS THE MOST CAPABLE BIOFUEL OF SOLVING OUR ENERGY CRISIS.

(Popular Science 7/1/07 Popular Mechanics http://www.popsci.com/node/10164)
The proof is in the numbers. About 140 billion gallons of biodiesel would be needed every year
to replace all petroleum-based transportation fuel in the U.S. It would take nearly three billion
acres of fertile land to produce that amount with soybeans, and more than one billion acres to
produce it with canola. Unfortunately, there are only 434 million acres of cropland in the entire
country, and we probably want to reserve some of that to grow food. But because of its ability to
propagate almost virally in a small space, algae could do the job in just 95 million acres of land.
What´s more, it doesn´t need fertile soil to thrive. It grows in ponds, bags or tanks that can be
just as easily set up in the desert-or next to a carbon-dioxide-spewing power plant-as in the
country´s breadbasket.
68
Phil
OIL LOBBY HATES ALGAE

ENS 08
(Environmental News Service January 20, 2008 International Daily Newswire http://www.ens-
newswire.com/ens/jan2008/2008-01-20-01.asp)
Algae has become increasingly popular among scientists even the oil industry. Keith Cooksey is
one of many U.S. scientists who studied the feasibility of turning algal oil into biodiesel in the
1980s. From 1978 to 1995 a study to investigate algae as a source of fuel and its ability
to consume the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, CO2, was funded by the U.S.
Department of Energy and administered by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Twelve universities participated in the research program, which studied 3,000 strains of algae.
Cooksey specifically searched for thermophilic strains of algae isolated from hot springs.
Cooksey's lab made a number of discoveries that were published in scientific journals. Funding
dried up, however, and the scientists moved on. "Rumor had it that big oil got in the
way," Cooksey said. "They didn't want competition so the project was dropped."
69
Phil
AT: Safflower PIC

SAFFLOWER OIL REDUCES GHG EMISSIONS, AND ACID RAIN
Fakültesi 05 [Ziraat Fakültesi, 2005, The journal of Agricultural Faculty Ege University]
High oleic safflower

oil has promise as a pollutant reducing diesel fuel additive to
reduce smoke and particulate emissions. High oleic safflower oil as a diesel fuel
additive would also reduce acid rain, the greenhouse effect and surface pollution
because safflower oil is virtually free of sulfur, totally lacks fossil carbon dioxide and
is biodegradable (Bergman & Flynn, 2001).
ACID RAIN DESTROY OCEAN SPECIES

Terra Dailey in 7 Acid rain has a disproportionate impact on coastal waters
http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Acid_Rain_Has_a_Disproportionate_Impact_on_Coastal_Waters_999.html
Acid rain isn't just a problem of the land; it's also affecting the ocean," said Scott Doney, lead author of the study and a senior
scientist in the Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). "That
effect is most pronounced near the coasts, which are already some of the most heavily affected and vulnerable parts of the ocean
due to pollution, over-fishing, and climate change."
In addition to acidification, excess nitrogen inputs from the atmosphere promote increased growth of phytoplankton and other
marine plants which, in turn, may cause more frequent harmful algal blooms and eutrophication (the creation of oxygen-depleted
"dead zones") in some parts of the ocean.
EXTINCTION
Craig 2k3 (Robin Kundis, associate professor of law @ Indiana U Law School, McGeorge Law Review, Winter, LN)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they do for terrestrial ecosystems, but these
arguments have thus far rarely been raised in political debates. For example, besides significant tourism values - the most economically valuable
ecosystem service coral reefs provide, worldwide - coral reefs protect against storms and dampen other environmental fluctuations, services
worth more than ten times the reefs' value for food production. 856 Waste treatment is another significant, non-extractive ecosystem function that
intact coral reef ecosystems provide. 857 More generally, "ocean
ecosystems play a major role in the
global geochemical cycling of all the elements that represent the basic
building blocks of living organisms, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus,
and sulfur, as well as other less abundant but necessary elements." In a very real 858
and direct sense, therefore, human degradation of marine ecosystems impairs the
planet's ability to support life.
70
Phil
AT: Canola PIC

CANOLA OIL AND ALGAE CUT GLOBAL WARMING POLLUTION
Union of Concerned Scientists, ‘08 (Union of Concerned Scientists, 6/02/08, Biodiesel Basics,
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/big_rig_cleanup/biodiesel.html)
According to a model developed by the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), neat (100%) biodiesel from soybeans can cut
global warming pollution by more than half relative to conventional petroleum based diesel. The
emissions benefits are
higher for canola oil. In the future, non-conventional sources like algae may have the potential to
provide dramatic (90%) reductions in global warming pollution
CANOLA AS A BIODIESEL GOOD FOR ENVIRONMENT

Times Colonist 08
(Times Colonist, May 17, 2008, “Farmers in northern B.C. aren’t Enjoying ‘Profit Boom’” Nexis Lexis)
One way farmers lower their financial risks is to grow a variety of crops. Berge's rotation includes canola, and this is where
things get really interesting, and controversial. About three
years ago he attended a national
conference on renewable fuels and came away convinced that B.C. grain farmers
could achieve more economic stability, and make a positive contribution to the
environment, by dedicating at least a portion of their canola crop to the
manufacture of biodiesel fuel.
71
Phil
CANOLA WILL SOLVE WARMING

Anderson 08 (Chris Anderson, vice president of crop production of the Canola Council of Canada, February 2008,
Biodiesel Magazine, Count on Canola for Your Biodiesel,
http://biodieselmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=2063&q=&page=3)
Canola seed has more than 43 percent oil content, higher than many other oilseeds including
soybeans, which contain approximately 18 percent oil. This makes canola an extremely efficient North American feedstock for
biodiesel production. The Canadian crop averaged 43 percent to 44 percent oil content over the past three years and is likely to
make even further oil content gains. The new quality standards set for variety registration in western Canada will see oil content
in new varieties increase 1.2 percent over the next five years. This change will ensure canola continues to deliver more oil per
unit seed, improving processing efficiency.
Besides its high oil content, canola delivers several other important advantages to biodiesel makers and users. At 7 percent
saturated fat, canolahas the lowest saturated fat level of all major vegetable oils. The low
saturated fat content of canola oil means improved cold weather performance of the
biodiesel. The truth is, even petroleum diesel will crystallize or gel at extremely cold temperatures. Pure canola biodiesel has
a cloud point—the temperature at which small solid crystals form in the fuel—of 3 degrees Celsius (37 degrees Fahrenheit).
While low saturated fat levels improve cold weather performance, pure
canola biodiesel also contains 10
percent oxygen by weight. It is this oxygen that leads to a reduction in emissions of hydrocarbons,
toxic compounds, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. These benefits also apply to biodiesel blends
burned in diesel engines. This means canola biodiesel is a cleaner-burning fuel than pure petroleum
diesel.
Canola biodiesel produces only about 12 percent of the carbon dioxide of petroleum diesel
fuel. This difference becomes even more pronounced when adding in some of the common canola production practices. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has calculated that biodiesel produces about 0.4 kilograms of carbon dioxide per
liter (3.3 pounds per gallon) and 0.6 kilograms of nitrogen oxides per liter (5 pounds per gallon) of fuel compared to petroleum
diesel which produces 4 kilograms of carbon dioxide per liter (33 pounds per gallon) of fuel.
In “From Grain to Oil,” part of a study titled A Review of Environmental Assessments of Biodiesel Displacing Fossil, Diesel,
University of British Columbia researcher Hadi Dowlatabadi calculated greenhouse gas emissions specifically for canola
biodiesel and related production practices in Canada. In conventional tillage systems, he observed similar levels of carbon
dioxide emissions but much lower levels of NOx emissions as calculated by the IPCC. When Dowlatabadi added “zero-till”
practices, the amount of carbon returned to the soil while producing the crop actually exceeded the amount of carbon dioxide
produced by the biodiesel. Clearly, canola
biodiesel offers a tremendous opportunity to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions relative to petroleum diesel products.
72
Phil
Senator Norm Coleman, March 14, 2007,

http://coleman.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRel
ease_id=c3400863-d542-44a1-b62e-ffbb710f2348&Month=3&Year=2007,
Washington, D.C. - Continuing his efforts to reduce America’s dependence on foreign

oil, Senator Norm Coleman today joined Senator Blanche Lincoln in introducing
legislation to extend the Biodiesel Tax Credit to December 31, 2017. The current tax
credit, which is set to expire on December 31, 2008, provides a $1.00 subsidy for
every gallon of agri-biodiesel—which can be made from substances such as virgin
vegetable oil and animal fat—that is blended with petroleum diesel. Minnesota produces
over 63 million gallons of biodiesel annually.
“Biodiesel is central to our efforts to free America from our dangerous dependence
on foreign oil. By passing the long-term extension of the biodiesel tax credit
contained in this bill, we can help ensure that production of this critical renewable
fuel continues to grow,” said Coleman. “In Minnesota, the only state in the nation with
a two percent biodiesel standard, we know that renewable fuels mean cleaner air and
water, lower prices at the pump, and more jobs. With three biodiesel plants on line in
Minnesota, we need to give biodiesel producers certainty with these tax credits in order
to build upon the progress we are making.”
According to the National Biodiesel Board (NBB), biodiesel is nontoxic, biodegradable,

and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. In addition, it works in any diesel engine
with few or no modifications and offers similar fuel economy, horsepower, and torque,
but with superior lubricity and important emission improvements over petroleum diesel.
U.S. biodiesel production has shown strong growth in recent years, increasing from
under 1 million gallons in 1999 to an estimated 200 million gallons in 2006.
73
Phil
AT Sunflower PIC
SUNFLOWER SEEDS GOOD ALTERNATIVE
Karaosmanoglu in 05
(Filiz Karaosmanoglu, Oct. 2005, Head of Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Energy Sources,
Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects)
Vegetable oils in particular have exceptional importance since they can be used as a fuel oil (heating oil type) alternative. In
this research evaluation, the possibilities of sunflower oil as a heating oil candidate have been investigated. The fuel oil
property tests of sunflower oil were performed according to standard methods. An overall evaluation of data indicates that
sunflower oil can be proposed as a possible substitute for heating oil.
74
Phil
AT Rice PIC
RICE BRAN IS CHEAP AND EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING POLLUTION AND THE RESULTANT ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE.
Journal of Health Science ’05 (Journal of Health Science, July 15, 2005, Utilization of Rice Bran to Prevent
Bulking in the Activated Sludge Process, http://jhs.pharm.or)
Rice bran was evaluated for the prevention of bulking in the activated sludge process. After the addition of
rice bran to the aeration tank of food plant, a decrease in the sludge volume index was observed. Both
biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand showed significant decreases relative to that before the addition of rice
bran. Rice bran accelerated the growth of the effective microorganism and thus inhibited the growth of
filamentous organisms that cause bulking. The results suggest that phytic acid in rice bran is useful in controlling
filamentous bulking in the laboratory-scale investigations.
(Continued)
Rice bran is a waste product in the process of making polished rice from brown rice and is very inexpensive, costing 1/100 of a
commercial synthetic polymer. In addition, the use of rice bran is and effective utilization of waste. Taken together, the findings of
this study suggested that the use of rice bran in the activated sludge process is an efficient and cost-effective method to
prevent bulking.
75
Phil
Rice bran increases global health standards and prevents environmental destruction.
Mamidipally and Liu ’04 (Pavan K. Mamidipally and Sean X. Liu, February 12, 2004, researchers, First
approach on rice bran oil extraction using limonene, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology,
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com)
Edible oil extraction with petroleum derivatives as solvents has caused safety, health, and environmental
concerns everywhere. Thus, finding a safe alternative solvent will have a strong and positive impact on
environments and general health of the world population, considering the scale of oil extraction operations worldwide.
The extraction of oil from rice bran by d-limonene and hexane (for comparison) has been carried out at their respective
boiling points at various solvent-to-meal ratios and for various extraction times. The preliminary data suggested that the
optimum solvent-to-meal ratio and extraction time required for d-limonene extraction of rice bran oil to be 5:1 and 1 h respectively.
The initial quality characteristics (free fatty acid content, oil color, phospholipid content) of crude oil extracted under these
optimum conditions were analyzed using various analytical methods based on the standard methods of AOCS and were found to
be comparable to the oil extracted with hexane. The initial positive result has paved the way for further studies on issues
related to meal qualities as well as to a scale-up of the method in the near future.
76
Phil
AT: Mustard Seed PIC

MUSTARD SEED REDUCES POLLUTION.
Baker ’07 (David R. Baker, October 6, 2007, Staff Writer for San Francisco Times, San Jose Announces
Plan for Green City, Baybiodiesel, http://www.baybiodiesel.com)
After we get the plant up and running, get the process perfect, then we can look at alternative feedstocks, whether it's locally grown
mustard seed or canola," said O'Keefe, who co-owns the company with his wife, Lori.Even many of biodiesel's backers caution
against seeing the fuel as an easy way to replace petroleum."I think there's an appropriate place for biofuels, but it's not a magic
solution," Zimmermann said. "Nothing is."Biodiesel basics-- What is it? A renewable fuel for trucks and cars that have diesel
engines, not for cars that burn gasoline. It can be used on its own or blended with regular diesel.-- What is it made from? It can be
made from vegetable oils, animal fats or used cooking grease. Soybeans are the most common source of biodiesel in the United
States.-- What are the advantages? Biodiesel comes from renewable sources produced in the United States. In
general, it creates less pollution than regular diesel and releases fewer greenhouse gases.
MUSTARD SEED STOPS AIR POLLUTION, AND THE WASTE PRODUCTS CAN BE USED AS ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY PESTICIDES.
Tofield ’03 (Bruce Tofield, October of 2003, PhD, The Environmental Case for Liquid Biofuels, The East of
England Development Agency, http://www.cred-uk.org)
Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel that can bring tail-pipe pollution benefits to heavy-goods vehicles and buses,
especially in urban areas. Used at 20% substitution, and especially at 100% substitution (as demonstrated in Norfolk), it can yield
valuable cuts in CO2 as well as significant tail-pipe pollution gains. 5.75% biodiesel substitution (Directive, 2010) could power about
half of all the UK’s heavy-duty vehicles and buses with a 20% blend - as is increasingly happening in the USA and
Europe in urban areas to minimise air pollution. Innovation will yield lower-cost crops and lower-carbon
processing. Small companies have been especially innovative. As for bioethanol, there should be cooperation between
producers, growers, plant breeders, scientists and engineers. In the USA, mustard seed oil is being investigated as a low
cost input for biodiesel with the ‘waste’ having significant value as an organic pesticide.
MUSTARD SEED REDUCES AIR POLLUTION, THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING, AND U.S. OIL DEPENDENCE.
Energy Services ’04 (Energy Services, April of 2004, Faith in mustard seed fuels Blue Sun’s vision of
biodiesel cartel, Western Area Power Administration, http://www.wapa.gov)
Blue Sun turned its attention to a mustard family plant similar to a biodiesel feedstock used in Europe, which offered many
performance advantages over soybeans. Pound for pound, the oil content of mustard seed is 40 percent,
compared to the 18 percent content of soybeans. Mustard seed has a higher cetane rating, the measurement of fuel’s
ignition quality, and it retains flow properties in freezing temperatures better than soy-derived oil. And, of course, Blue Sun
continues to believe that the humble mustard seed can reduce air pollution and dependence on foreign oil, save the
family farm and build a multi-million dollar industry. All it takes is a good idea and a little faith.
77

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SDI 2K8 Algae Biodiesel Affirmative

Advantage : Global Warming

TO BEGIN--100 PERCENT OF SCIENTIFIC PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS AGREE THAT ANTHROPOGENIC WARMING

Hendricks and Inslee 7

AND, MULTIPLE INDICATORS PROVE—

LASTLY, RUNAWAY WARMING LEADS TO EXTINCTION – QUICK TIME FRAME

RISING FUEL COSTS WILL CRIPPLE THE COMMERCIAL AIRLINE INDUSTRY

A COLLAPSE OF THE INDUSTRY WOULD CRIPPLE THE US ECONOMY

ECONOMIC COLLAPSE LEADS TO GLOBAL CONFLICT

FURTHERMORE, COMMERCIAL AIRLINE INDUSTRY KEY TO POWER PROJECTION AND HEGEMONY

AND, COLLAPSE OF US HEGEMONY ENSURES A NUCLEAR CONFLICT

Advantage : Splash and Dash

European industry will be out of business."

Miller and Elwood 88 (Vincent and James, http://www.isil.org/resources/lit/free-trade-protectionism.html)

The #1 Danger To World Peace

ETHANOL IS THE MOST WIDELY USED BIOFUEL

HOWEVER, IT WILL INEVITABLY FAIL—ITS TAKES UP TOO MUCH LAND

MOREOVER, IT CREATES MASSIVE FOOD PRICE BLIPS IN THE ECONOMY

However the problems of increase of corn don’t end there—it

GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES EFFECTIVELY SPUR TRANSITION TO ALGAE BASED FUELS

An increasing number of second generation biodiesel projects are now emerging in

"Many governments are now revising their biofuels policies in a reactive or a

KEY TO THE AVIATION INDUSTRY

PRODUCTION OF ALGAE BIODIESEL CAN BEGIN AS EARLY AS NEXT YEAR

Recent announcements about Algae-to-Biodiesel are looking very interesting, and

"If governments continue to pro-actively support research & development in second

BIODIESEL WILL SQUEEZE OUT THE ETHANOL INDUSTRY

MICROSCOPIC algae organisms could be an alternative source of diesel fuel

NO LARGE SCALE FACILITIES ARE WORKING ON ALGAE YET

GLOBAL WARMING ALGAE EATS THE CARBON DIOXIDE

ALGAE DECREASES CO2—IT SUCKS IT UP AND PRODUCES OXYGEN

ALGAE SOLVES GLOBAL WARMING

Algae Trades off with Ethanol

One of the important concerns about wide-scale development of biodiesel is if it

THE DOD NEEDS INCETIVES TO INCREASE RESEARCH FOR BIO-JET FUEL

DARPA WANTS TO USE ALGAE TO POWER PLANES

COLLAPSE OF THE INDUSTRY WOULD LEAD TO MULTIPLE DEVASTATING IMPACTS

KEY TO THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY

BIOFUELS ARE KEY TO CONTINUED READINESS OF THE ARMED FORCES

Splash and Dash

SPLASH AND DASH WILL COST AMERICANS MILLIONS EVERY YEAR

SPLASH AND DASH WILL LEAD TO A TRADE WAR WITH EU

SECTION 123 OF HR 6049 CLOSES THE LOOPHOLE

TRADE WAR LEADS TO PROTECTIONISM

ALGAE SOLVES BEST

With petroleum reserves dwindling, the search is on to replace gasoline with a

TAX CREDITS SOLVE—THEY MAKE ALGAE COMPETITIVE WITH FOSSIL FUELS

[Matthew, Renewable Energy Today, 2008, renewableenergy-today.com/Renewable-Energy/Renewable-Energy-Tax-

INCENTIVES FOR ALGAE SPUR COMPANIES TO INVEST IN BIOFUELS

TAX INCENTIVES ARE NECESSARY TO THE SUCCESS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIESEL

INCENTIVES KEY TO THE INDUSTRY

Much of the success of corn ethanol can be attributed to government incentive

LACK OF TAX CREDITS WILL KILL THE INDUSTRY—WIND PROVES

Food Prices XT’s

A recent study by Nexant (White Plains, NY) concludes that biodiesel

CORN ETHANOL IS NOT A VIABLE OPTION—TOO LITTLE LAND

MUST HAVE LEGISLATIVE PREDICTABILITY

NOT ECONOMICALLY VIABLE—NEED FUELS FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES LIKE BRAZIL

Modern agriculture is an industrial system, and as such, it is not sustainable.

HIGH FOOD PRICES DESTABILIZE PAKISTAN

HIGH FOOD PRICES DESTABILIZE PAKISTAN

BEING POOR IS SPIRITUAL AND INTELLECTUAL TORTURE, WASTING HUMAN POTENTIAL

COLLAPSE OF THE DOHA COLLAPSES THE WTO AND NEOLIBERALISM

the WTO framework subordinates development