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CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS
2.1. DEFINATIONS
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) The sum of number of protons OR electrons present in an atom are called Atomic Number. EXAMPLE The atomic number of: Hydrogen is 1 because it has one electron. The atomic number of Carbon is 12 because it has twelve electrons. ATOMIC MASS (A) The sum of number of protons and neutrons present in an atom is called Atomic Mass. EXAMPLE The atomic mass of Hydrogen is one because it has one proton and there is no neutron in neutral hydrogen. FORMULA MASS The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a substance is called Formula Mass. EXAMPLE Na = 23x1 = 23 a.m.u. Cl = 35.5 x 1 a.m.u. Formula mass of NaCl = 58.5 a.m.u. MOLAR MASS Molar mass of a substance is its relative molecular mass / atomic mass expressed in grams is called Molar Mass. EXAMPLE N = 14 x 1 = 14gm. H = 1 x 3 = 3gm. Molar mass of NH3 = 17gm. CHEMICAL FORMULAE The symbolic representation of molecules / atoms of a compound is called Chemical Formulae of the compounds. SOME CHEMICAL FORMULAE The chemical formulae of some compounds are as under: Sodium Chloride Sodium Nitrate : : NaCl NaNO3

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Silver Nitrate Silver Chloride Nitric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Water Hydrogen Peroxide

: : : : : :

AgNO3 AgCl HNO3 HCl H2O H2O2

TYPES OF CHEMICAL FORMULAE There are two main types of Chemical Formulae. Molecular Formulae. Empirical Formulae. MOLECULAR FORMULA (M.F) The formula which indicates the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule is called Molecular Formula. FORMULA Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula. EXAMPLES The molecular formula of Glucose is C6H12O6. The molecular formula of Benzene is C6H6. EMPIRICAL FORMULA (E.F): (SIMPLEST FORMULA) The formula which indicates the minimum number of atoms of each element present in a molecule is called EMPIRICAL FORMULA. FORMULA Empirical formula=Molecular formula / n. EXAMPLES The empirical formula of Glucose is CH2O. The empirical formula of Benzene is CH. MOLECULAR MASS The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms present in the molecular formula is called Molecular Mass. FORMULA Molecular mass= n x Empirical mass. EXAMPLES The molecular mass of Glucose is 180 a.m.u. The molecular mass of Benzene is 78 a.m.u.

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EMPIRICAL MASS The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms present in the empirical formula is called Empirical Mass. EXAMPLES The empirical mass of Glucose (CH2O) is 30 a.m.u. The empirical mass of Benzene (CH) is 18 a.m.u. FORMULA Empirical mass= Molecular mass / n. AVAGADROS NUMBER (NA) The number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions, formula unit) present in one mole of a substance is known as Avogadros number (NA). SYMBOL Avogadros number is represented by NA or L. VALUE OF NA The value of Avogadros number is 6.02x1023. EXAMPLES 1 mole of hydrogen atom -1gm- 6.02x1023 atoms. 1 mole of oxygen molecule -32gm- 6.02x1023 molecules. 1 mole of carbon atom -12gm- 6.02x1023 atoms. 1 mole of water -18gm- 6.02x1023 molecules.

2.2. CHEMICAL REACTION

OR

CHEMICAL CHANGE
Any change, which alters the composition of a substance, is a Chemical Change / Chemical Reaction. OR When one or more substances / reactants chemically react together and formed new product (substance) is called Chemical Change / Chemical Reaction. EXAPMLE 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS There are five different types of chemical reaction. Decomposition reaction. Addition reaction. Single replacement reaction.

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Double displacement reaction. Combustion reaction. DECOMPOSITION REACTION A reaction in which a chemical substance breaks down to form two or more simpler substances is called Decomposition Reaction. EXAPMLES CaCO3 CaO + CO2 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 ADDITION REACTION OR COMBINATION REACTION A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single substance is called Addition Reaction. EXAPMLES CaO + CO2 CaCO3 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl SINGLE REPLACEMENT (DISPLACEMENT) REACTION A reaction in which one atom or group of atoms of a compound is replaced by another atom or group of atoms is defined as Single Replacement / Displacement Reaction. EXAPMLES Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + 2H2 Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT (REPLACEMENT) REACTION A reaction in which two compounds exchange their partners, so that two new compounds are formed is known as Double Displacement / Replacement Reaction. EXAPMLES NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl CaCl2 + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CaCO3 COMBUSTION REACTION A reaction in which substances react with either free oxygen or oxygen of the air, with the rapid release of heat and flame, is called Combustion Reaction. EXAPMLES CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + H (Heat) C + O2 CO2 + H (Heat)

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2.3. CHEMICAL_COMBINATION
When two or more chemicals combine together and formed new product is known as Chemical combination. EXAPMLE NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS The chemical changes are governed by some empirical laws known as chemical combinations. Law of conservation of mass. Law of constant composition OR Law of definite (fixed) proportion. Law of multiple proportion. Law of reciprocal proportion.

2.3.1. LAW_OF_CONSERVATION_OF_MASS
INTRODUCTION In 1785, a French Chemist Lavosier introduce a law is known as Law of Conservation of Mass. STATEMENT Mass is neither created nor destroyed during chemical reaction. EQUATION 2H2 + O2 2H2O DIGRAMATICALLY

EXPLANATION The law of conservation of mass may be demonstrated by the union of hydrogen (H2) and

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oxygen (O2) to form water. If the hydrogen and oxygen are weighed before they unite, it will be found that there combined weight is equal to the weight of water (H2O).

2.3.2. LANDOLT EXPERIMENT

INTRODUCTION The practical verification of law of conservation was performed by German Chemist H. Landolt. STATEMENT The total mass of the substance before the reaction is equal to the total mass of the substances after the reaction. EQUATION AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 DIAGRAMATICALLY

EXPLANATION Landolt took H-shaped tube and filled two limbs A and B. The tube was sealed so that the material could not escape outside. The tube was weighed initially in a vertical position so that the solutions should not intermix with each other. The reactants were mixed by inverting and shaking the tube. The tube was weighed after mixing. He observed that weight remain same. MASS ENERGY RELATIONSHIP INTRODUCTION The relationship between mass and energy was first proposed by Albert Einstein in1906. STATEMENT There is no detectable gain or loss of mass in a chemical reaction. EQUATION The relationship between mass that is lost and the energy that is released is given by the equation. E=mc2 EXPLANATION

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In every chemical reaction, there will be a mass change. But this mass change is too small that no one has yet been able to detect through weighing techniques.

2.3.3. LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION

OR

LAW OF DEFINITE (FIXED) PROPORTION

INTRODUCTION In 1799, a French chemist Louis Proust introduce a law is called Law of Constant Composition. STATEMENT Different samples of the same compound always contain the same elements combine together in the same proportion by mass. EQUATION Pb + 2S PbS2 2Pb + 2S PbS2 + Pb DIAGRAMATICALLY

EXPLANATION When 10gm of Lead reacts with 1.56gm of Sulphur it forms 11.56gm of Lead sulphide Similarly, When 18gm of Lead reacts with 1.56gm of Sulphur it forms 11.56gm of Lead sulphide and 8gm of Lead is left it means every sample of same compound, through prepared in the laboratory or obtained from any other way it always contains same ratio parts by mass.

2.3.4. LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTION

INTRODUCTION In 1803, English school teacher and Chemist John Dalton introduce a law is known as Law of Multiple Proportion. STATEMENT If two elements combine to form more than one compound .The masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers or simple

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multiple ratios. EQUATION 2C + O2 C + O2

2CO CO2

EXPLANATION The different masses of oxygen 16 and 32 which combine with fixed mass of C (12g) are in ratio of [16:32], that is [1:2], which is simple whole number ratio, and obeys the law of multiple proportion.

2.3.5. LAW OF RECIPROCAL PROPORTION

INTRODUCTION In 1794, a chemist Ritcher enunciated a law is known as Law of Reciprocal Proportion. STATEMENT When two different elements separately combine with the fixed mass of third element, the proportion in which combine with the fixed mass of third element, the proportion in which they combine with one another shall be either in the same ratio or some simple multiple of it. EQUATION C + O2 CO2 C + 2H2 CH4 2H2 + O2 2H2O DIGRAMATICALLY

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EXPLANATION When two elements carbon (C) and oxygen (O2) separately combine with hydrogen (H2) to form methane (CH4) and water respectively it is very clear, that in methane (CH4) 3gm of carbon (C) combine with 1gm of hydrogen (H2) and in water (H2O) 8gm of oxygen (O2) combine with the same fixed mass i.e. 1gm of hydrogen (H2), now C and O combine with each other to form carbon dioxide, they do so in the same proportion i.e. 12:32 = 3:8 parts by mass. Similarly, It is very clear that in the formation carbon disulphide (CS2) ,carbon (C) and sulphur(S) combine in the ratio of (12:64) i.e. (3:16) which is simple multiple (3:8).

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SOME CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND THEIR NAMES CHEMICAL NAME Sodium carbonate Sodium bicarbonate Glucose Benzene Ammonium chloride Acetic acid Sodium hydroxide Ammonia Sulphuric acid Aluminum oxide Silver nitrate Hydrochloric acid Potassium nitrate Sodium carbonate decahydrated Ethyl alcohol Nitrous oxide Magnesium Sulphate Calcium sulphate dihydrated Calcium sulphate hemihydrated Methane Nitric acid Sodium chloride Zinc chloride Deuterium oxide Calcium oxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulphide Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium carbonate CHEMICAL FORMULAE Na2CO3 NaHCO3 C6H12O6 C6H6 NH4Cl CH3COOH NaOH NH3 H2SO4 Al2O3 AgNO3 HCl KNO3 Na2CO3.10H2O C2H5-OH N2O MgSO4 CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.1/2H2O CH4 HNO3 NaCl ZnCl2 D2O CaO CO2 CS2 NH4OH NH4CO3 COMMON NAME Soda Ash / Salt soda Baking soda Dextrose Benzol Salt ammoniac Vinegar Caustic soda Windex Spirit of Hartshorne Oil of vitriol / Battery acid Alumina Lunar caustic Spirit of salt Salt peter Washing soda Spirit of wine / Grain alcohol Laughing gas Epsom salt / Bitter salt Gypsum Plaster of paris Marsh gas / Natural gas Aqua fortis Rock salt / common salt Killed spirits / Butter of zinc Heavy water Quick lime / Burnt lime / Unslaked lime Carbonic acid gas Alcohol sulphuris Alkali volatile Smelling salts

Balance the Chemical Equations.

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H2 + O2 AgNO3 + HCl CaCO3 KClO3 H, MnO2 CaO +CO2 Na +Cl2 Zn + HCl Na + H2O Cl2 + KBr NaCl + AgNO3 CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CH4 + O2 C + O2 SO2 + O2 H, Pt Zn + H2SO4 C + O2 MgCO3 C2H2 + H2 NO2 Na +O2 CO + O2 Si + Cl2 C6H12O6 Fermentation KNO3 NaHCO3 CaCO3 + HCl NH3 + O2 C2H4 + H2 BaCO3 N2 + H2 Ca + H2O C2H5-OH + Na H2 + Cl2 Bright sun light (hv) CH4 + Cl2 Sun light (hv) H2O2 C + 2H2

H2O AgCl + HNO3 CaO + CO2 KCl +O2 CaCO3 NaCl ZnCl2 + H2 NaOH + H2 KCl + Br2 NaNO3 +AgCl NaCl + CaCO3 CO2 + H2O CO2 + H (Heat) SO3 ZnSO4 + H2 CO2 + H (Heat) MgO + CO2 C4H8 NO + O2 Na2O CO2 SiCl4 C2H5-OH + CO2 KNO2 + O2 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 NO +H2O C2H6 BaO + CO2 NH3 Ca(OH)2 + H2 C2H5ONa + H2 2HCl CH3Cl + HCl H2O + O2 CH4

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PRACTICE NUMERICALS NUMBER OF MOLES i. Calculate the number of moles in 25 gram of Carbon. ii. Calculate the number of moles in 50 gram of Water. iii. Calculate the number of moles in 34 gram of Ammonia. iv. Calculate the number of moles in 46 gram of Sodium. v. Calculate the number of moles in 168 gram of Sodium carbonate. vi. Calculate the number of moles in 36gram of Water. vii. Calculate the number of moles in 15 gram of Oxygen molecule. viii. Calculate the number of moles in 360 gram of Glucose. MASS / WEIGHT BY MOLES i. Calculate the mass of 3 moles of Aluminum. ii. Calculate the mass of 4 moles of Water. iii. Calculate the mass of 2 moles of nitrogen gas. iv. Calculate the mass of 1 mole of Potash Alum. v. Calculate the mass of 4 moles of Carbon dioxide. MOLECULAR MASS i. Calculate the molecular mass (a.m.u) of Water (H2O). ii. Calculate the molecular mass (a.m.u) of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). iii. Calculate the molecular mass (a.m.u) of Benzene (C6H6). iv. Calculate the molecular mass (a.m.u) of Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) v. Calculate the molecular mass (a.m.u) of Water (H2O). FORMULA MASS Calculate the formula mass (a.m.u) of KNO3. i. ii. Calculate the formula mass (a.m.u) of Al2O3. iii. Calculate the formula mass (a.m.u) of NaCl. iv. Calculate the formula mass (a.m.u) of KCl. v. Calculate the formula mass (a.m.u) of MgCl2. NUMBER OF ATOMS/MOLECULES i. Calculate the number of atoms in 9 gram of Carbon. ii. Calculate the number of atoms in 26 gram of Sulphur. iii. Calculate the number of atoms in 96 gram of Sodium. iv. Calculate the number of molecules in 26 gram of sodium bicarbonate. v. Calculate the number of molecules in 400 gram of sodium bicarbonate. vi. Calculate the number of atoms in 34 gram of Ammonia.

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MASS OF ONE ATOM / ONE MOLECULE i. Calculate the mass of one atom of Carbon. ii. Calculate the mass of one atom of Chlorine. iii. Calculate the mass of one molecule of Chlorine. iv. Calculate the mass of one molecule of Methane. v. Calculate the mass of one molecule of Oxygen. MOLAR MASS i. Calculate the molar mass of S8. ii. Calculate the molar mass of NH3. iii. Calculate the molar mass of CS2. iv. Calculate the molar mass of CH3COOH. v. Calculate the molar mass of CHCl3.

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Q. Fill in the blanks. 1. The fundamental particle of an element is called______________. 2. The sum of Electron OR Proton is called ______________. 3. The sum of Proton + Neutron is called ______________. 4. Electron, Proton and Neutron are in ______________. 5. The formula which indicates actual no. of atom is called ______________. 6. The formula which indicates simple atomic ratio is called ______________. 7. The molar mass of water is ____ gm. 8. The formula mass of Potassium Nitrate is______________. 9. The value of Avogadros no. (NA) is ______________. 10. The molecular formula of Glucose is______________. 11. The molecular formula of Benzene is______________. 12. The molecular mass of Glucose is______________. 13. The molecular mass of Benzene is______________. 14. When one or more chemical combine together and form new product is called______________. 15. Combination of one or more chemicals is called______________. 16. In 1785, French chemist______________ introduced Law of conservation of mass. 17. Lavosier introduced a law called ______________. 18. Mass is neither created nor destroyed is the statement of______________ chemist. 19. 18 a.m.u is the molecular weight / mass of______________. 20. The increase in weight of Iron (Fe) on rusting because of its combination with______________. 21. When Red Oxide decomposes it form______________ and______________. 22. German chemist ______________verify Law of conservation of mass. 23. ______________Chemist studied about fifteen different chemical reactions. 24. In H-shaped tube Landolt filled Hydrochloric acid and______________. 25. Landolt weighed H-shaped tube initially in a______________ position. 26. In Landolt experiment reactants Silver Nitrate and Hydrochloric changed in to ______________and______________ product. 27. In 1906, ______________proposed relationship between mass and energy. 28. Mass energy equation is______________. 29. In mass energy equation (E) represents______________ in ergs. 30. In mass energy equation (m) represents______________ in grams. 31. In mass energy equation (C) is the velocity of light in ______________per second. 32. The velocity of light is______________ cm/sec. 33. There is no detectable gain or loss of mass in a chemical reaction is the statement of ______________. 34. In the end of 18th century, chemists showed any compound has______________ composition.

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35. In 1799, French chemist Louis Proust introduced a law called______________. 36. Different samples of the same compound always contain the same elements combined together in the same proportion by mass is the statement of______________. 37. Swedish chemist J.J Berzelius introduced earliest illustrations of Law of______________ proportion. 38. When 10gm Lead react with 1.56gm of Sulphur it produces_____ gm Lead sulphide. 39. When 18gm Lead react with 1.56gm of Sulphur it produces_____ gm Lead sulphide. 40. In 1803, John Dalton introduced Law of______________ proportion. 41. The same element can combine in more than one ratio to form different compounds is the statement of______________. 42. The chemical name of H2O2 is ______________. 43. In 1793, Ritcher introduce a law enunciated a law called______________. 44. 18grams of H2O contains ______________ molecules. 45. A change which alters the composition of a substance is called ______________. 46. A reaction, in which a chemical substance breaks down to form two or more simpler substances, is called______________. 47. The reaction of NaCl with AgNO3 is given as NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 is the reaction of the______________ type. 48. ______________is the reaction in which two or more substances combines to form a single substance. 49. ______________is the short hand method to describing a chemical reaction. 50. The reaction Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 is the______________ reaction.

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