A compendium of standards for

wastewater
reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

World Health Organization Regional Ofce for the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities CEHA

WHO-EM/CEH/142/E

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities CEHA 2006

 World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Distribution and Sales, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, PO Box 7608, Nasr City, Cairo 11371, Egypt (tel: +202 670 2535, fax: +202 670 2492; email: DSA@emro.who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce WHO EMRO publications, in part or in whole, or to translate them whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution should be addressed to the Regional Adviser, Health and Biomedical Information, at the above address (fax: +202 276 5400; email HBI@emro.who.int). Document WHO-EM/CEH/142/E

Contents
Introduction AvailablestandardsforwaterreuseintheRegion WastewaterreusestandardsinsomecountriesoftheRegion Listoftables AsummaryofavailablestandardsforwaterreuseintheRegion WHOmicrobiologicalqualityguidelinesforwastewaterusein agriculture FAOguidelinesfortracemetalsinirrigationwater FAOguidelinesforinterpretationofwaterqualityforirrigation Recommendedguidelinesfortreatedwastewaterinagriculture Thepermittedlimitforgreywaterreuseaccordingtotheusetype Riskanalysisofreuse JordanianStandard(JS:893/2002)fordischargetostreams,storageand groundwaterrecharge JordanianStandard(JS:893/2002)foreffluentreuseforagricultural irrigation,1 JordanianStandard(JS:893/2002)foreffluentreuseforagricultural irrigation,2 TreatedwastewatercriteriaforreuseinKuwait Regulationsforwastewaterreuseanddischarge(145/193,1993),Oman Sludgestandardsforlandapplication(145/193,1993),Oman ReusegroupsspecifiedforTable12 ReclaimedwaterstandardsforunrestrictedirrigationinSaudiArabia ReclaimedwaterstandardsforrestrictedirrigationinSaudiArabia TunisianStandards,NT10603(1989) 4 6 7 8 9 10 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 1 3 11

Acronyms and abbreviations

AFESD BOD5 CEHA COD DO ECw FAO FOG JS MBAS mg/L MPN SAR TDS TSS T-N TC TTCC ArabFundforEconomicandSocialDevelopment Biochemicaloxygendemand CentreforEnvironmentalHealthActivities Chemicaloxygendemand Dissolvedoxygen Electricalconductivity(ofwater) FoodandAgricultureOrganization Fat,oilandgrease JordanianStandard Methyleneblueactivesubstances Milligramperlitre Mostprobablenumber Sodiumadsorptionratio Totaldissolvedsolids Totalsuspendedsolids Total nitrogen Thermotolerantcoliforms Totalthermotolerantcoliformcount

Namesandsymbolsforchemicalcompoundsandelements
Al NH4 NH3-N Sb As Ba Be HCO3 B Cd Cl Cr Co Cu CN F Fe Pb Li Aluminium Ammonium Ammonia Nitrogen Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bicarbonate Boron Cadmium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Cyanide Flouride Iron Lead Lithium Mg Mn Hg Mo Ni NO3 N PO4 P Se Ag Na SO4 S Sn Ti W V Zn Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Nitrate Nitrogen Phosphate Phosphoros Selenium Silver Sodium Sulfate Sulfur Tin Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Zinc

Introduction

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Thiscompendiumprovidesanoverviewofthequalitystandardsforthereuse of treated wastewater in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Information was collected through surveys and from the Centre for EnvironmentalHealthActivities(CEHA),whocontactedcountriesrequesting that ministries of health provide pertinent standards and regulations for wastewaterreusequalitystandardsintheircountries.Availablestandardsare summarized for Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen. A summary of this information is shown in Table 1. Available wastewater reuse standards are listed in Tables 817 for Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia. No specific standards are promulgated for wastewater reuse in Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon,PakistanorPalestine. Tables 24 show the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) reuse guidelines. Tables 57 show the recommendedguidelinesforwaterandgreywaterreuseassetbytheregional consultation in Amman, Jordan in October 2003 which was held to review national priorities and action plans for wastewater reuse and management, organizedbyWHOandtheArabFundforEconomicandSocialDevelopment (AFESD). Generally, wastewater reuse standards in countries of the Region are either adopted from WHO standards or other international standards without adaptingthemtosuitlocalconditions.Itisvitallyessentialthatsuchadopted guidelines be adapted to prevailing epidemiological, sociocultural and environmentallocalconditions.Localstudiesareessentialastheymayresult inarelaxationoftheguidelinesandthusaugmentthequantitiesofreclaimed water without compromising public health, or may result in the need for morestringentstandardstoprotectpublichealth.Ineithercase,suchstudies are deemed necessary to ensure effective and safe implementation of wastewater reuse guidelines, as this will increase confidence in reclaimed waterasavaluableresource.

Availablestandardsforwastewater reuseintheRegion

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Table1.AsummaryofavailablestandardsforwaterreuseintheRegion
No Country 1 Bahrain Nameofnationalregulation Issuingagency Yearof issuance Qualitystandardsfor Remarks WHOandFAOadopted guidelines (SeeTables2,3and4). Nospecificstandards existforwastewater reuse. Nospecificstandards existforwastewater reuse. SeeTables8,9and 10. SeeTable11. Nospecificstandards existforwastewater reuse. SeeTables12,13and14 (Unofficialtranslation). Nospecificstandards existforwastewater reuse.

Egypt

DecreeNo.(44)/2000Amendment toExecutiveBulletinofLawNo. 93/1962concerningdischargeof liquidwastes. Environmentallegislation.

MinistryofHousing, UtilitiesandBuilding Societies MinistryofHealth

2000

Liquidwastes

Iraq

1998

Environment

4 5 6

Jordan Kuwait Lebanon

Treateddomesticwastewater; JS893:1995. AnnexNo.(15),DecreeNo.(210), 2001. MinistryofEnvironmentDecreeNo. 52/1Standardsfortheminimization ofpollutiontoair,waterandsoil. MinisterialDecision145/93,dated13 June1993.Regulationforwastewater reuseanddischarge.

Standardsand MeteorologyCorporation EnvironmentPublic Authority MinistryofEnvironment

2002 2001 1996

Treateddomestic wastewater Treatedwastewaterreuse forirrigation Standardsforurban wastewaterminimumlevels fortreateddomestic wastewater Wastewaterreuseand discharge

Oman

MinistryofRegional Municipalitiesand Environment

1993

Pakistan

Table1(cont.)AsummaryofavailablestandardsforwaterreuseintheRegion
No Country 9 Palestine Nameofnationalregulation Issuingagency Yearof issuance Qualitystandardsfor Remarks A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Nospecificstandards existforwastewater reuse. SeeTables15and16. SeeTable17. Theproposedstandards areanadoptionof JordanianStandards JS:893/1995.

10 11 12

Saudi Arabia Tunisia Yemen

TreatedWastewaterandReuse BylawNo.42,2000. Treatedwastewaterusefor agriculturalpurposes. Proposedstandardsfortreated wastewaterinYemen.

CouncilofMinisters MinistryofAgriculture YemeniAssociationfor StandardsMeteorology andQualityControl

2000 1997 2002

Treatedwastewaterand reuse Treatedwastewater Treatedwastewater

5 5

Table2.WHOmicrobiologicalqualityguidelinesforwastewateruseinagriculturea 6
Category A B C Reuseconditions Irrigation of crops likely to be eaten uncooked, sportsfields,publicparksd Irrigationofcerealcrops,industrialcrops,fodder crops,pastureandtreese Localized irrigation of crops in category B if exposure of workers and the public does not occur Exposedgroup Workers, consumers,public Workers None Intestinalnematodesb(arithmetic meannoofeggsperlitrec) 1 1 Notapplicable Faecalcoliforms(geometric meannoper100mLc) 1000d

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Nostandardrecommended Notapplicable

Inspecificcases,localepidemiological,socioculturalandenvironmentalfactorsshouldbetakenintoaccount,andtheguidelinesmodifiedaccordingly. AscarisandTrichurisspeciesandhookworms. cDuringtheirrigationperiod. dAmorestringentguideline(200faecalcoliformsper100mL)isappropriateforpubliclawns,suchashotellawns,withwhichthepublicmaycomeintodirectcontact. eInthecaseoffruittrees,irrigationshouldceasetwoweeksbeforefruitispicked,andnofruitshouldbepickedofftheground.Sprinklerirrigationshouldnotbeused.

a b

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Table3.FAOguidelinesfortracemetalsinirrigationwatera
Element Recommended Remarks maximum concentrationb (mg/L) Al 5.0 Cancausenonproductivityinacidsoils(pH<5.5),butmore alkalinesoilsatpH>7.0willprecipitatetheionandeliminate anytoxicity. As 0.10 Toxicitytoplantsvarieswidely,rangingfrom12mg/Lfor Sudangrassto>0.05mg/Lforrice. Be 0.10 Toxicitytoplantsvarieswidely,rangingfrom5mg/Lforkaleto 0.5mg/Lforbushbeans. Cd 0.10 Toxictobeans,beetsandturnipsatconcentrationsaslowas0.1 mg/Linnutrientsolutions.Conservativelimitsrecommended duetoitspotentialforaccumulationinplantsandsoilsto concentrationsthatmaybeharmfultohumans. Co 0.05 Toxictotomatoplantsat0.1mg/Linnutrientsolution.Tendsto beinactivatedbyneutralandalkalinesoils. Cr 0.10 Notgenerallyrecognizedasanessentialgrowthelement. Conservativelimitsrecommendedduetolackofknowledgeon itstoxicitytoplants. Cu 0.20 Toxictoanumberofplantsat0.1to1.0mg/Linnutrient solutions. F 1.0 Inactivatedbyneutralandalkalinesoils. Fe 5.0 Nottoxictoplantsinaeratedsoils,butcancontributetosoil acidificationandlossofavailabilityofessentialphosphorusand molybdenum.Overheadsprinklingmayresultinunsightly depositsonplants,equipmentandbuildings. Li 2.5 Toleratedbymostcropsupto5mg/L;mobileinsoil.Toxicto citrusatlowconcentrations(<0.075mg/L).Actssimilarlyto boron. Mn 0.20 Toxictoanumberofcropsatafewtenthstoafewmg/L,but usuallyonlyinacidsoils. Mo 0.01 Nottoxictoplantsatnormalconcentrationsinsoilandwater. Canbetoxictolivestockifforageisgrowninsoilswithhigh concentrationsofavailablemolybdenum. Ni 0.20 Toxictoanumberofplantsat0.5mg/Lto1.0mg/L;reduced toxicityatneutraloralkalinepH. Pb 5.0 Caninhibitplantcellgrowthatveryhighconcentrations. Se 0.02 Toxictoplantsatconcentrationsaslowas0.025mg/Landtoxic tolivestockifforageisgrowninsoilswithrelativelyhighlevels ofaddedselenium.Anessentialelementtoanimalsbutinvery lowconcentrations. Sn Effectivelyexcludedbyplants;specifictoleranceunknown. Ti Effectivelyexcludedbyplants;specifictoleranceunknown. W Effectivelyexcludedbyplants;specifictoleranceunknown. V 0.10 Toxictomanyplantsatrelativelylowconcentrations. Zn 2.0 Toxictomanyplantsatwidelyvaryingconcentrations;reduced toxicityatpH>6.0andinfinetexturedororganicsoils.
Sources:FoodandAgricultureOrganization.Waterqualityforagriculture.IrrigationandDrainagePaper29Rev.1,1985. aAdaptedfromNationalAcademyofSciences(1972)andPratt(1972). bThemaximumconcentrationisbasedonawaterapplicationratewhichisconsistentwithgoodirrigationpractices (10000m3perhectareperyear).Ifthewaterapplicationrategreatlyexceedsthis,themaximumconcentrations shouldbeadjusteddownwardaccordingly.Noadjustmentshouldbemadeforapplicationrateslessthan10000m3 perhectareperyear.Thevaluesgivenareforwaterusedonacontinuousbasisatonesite.

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Table4.FAOguidelinesforinterpretationofwaterqualityforirrigationa
Potentialirrigationproblem Units Degreeofrestrictiononuse None Slightto Severe moderate <0.7 0.73.0 4502000 >3.0 >2000

Salinity(affectscropwateravailability)b ECw (or) TDS Infiltration(affectsinfiltrationrateofwater intothesoil.EvaluateusingECwandSAR together)c SAR=03andECw= =36= =612= =1220= =2040= Specificiontoxicity(affectssensitivecrops) Nad Surfaceirrigation Sprinklerirrigation Cld Surfaceirrigation Sprinklerirrigation Be Traceelement(SeeTable) Miscellaneouseffects(affectssusceptible crops) NO3Nf HCO3(overheadsprinklingonly) pH

dS/m

mg/L <450

SAR

>0.7 >1.2 >1.9 >2.9 >5.0 <3.0

0.70.2 1.20.3 1.90.5 2.91.3 5.02.9 3.09.0 >69.0 142.0355.0 >106.5 0.73.0 5.030.0 91.5518.5

<0.2 <0.3 <0.5 <1.3 <2.9 >9.0 >355.0 >3.0 >30.0 >518.5

mg/L <69.0

mg/L <142.0 mg/L <106.5 mg/L mg/L mg/L <0.7 <5.0 <9.5

Normalrange6.58.4

Sources:FoodandAgricultureOrganization.Waterqualityforagriculture.IrrigationandDrainagePaper29Rev.1,1985. aAdaptedfromUniversityofCaliforniaCommitteeofConsultants1974. bECwmeanselectricalconductivity,ameasureofthewatersalinity,reportedindeciSiemenspermetreat25C(dS/m) orinunitsmillimohspercentimetre(mmho/cm).Bothareequivalent.TDSmeanstotaldissolvedsolids,reportedin milligramsperlitre(mg/L). cSARmeanssodiumadsorptionratio.SARissometimesreportedbythesymbolRNa.SeeFigure1fortheSAR calculationprocedure.AtagivenSAR,infiltrationrateincreasesaswatersalinityincreases.Evaluatethepotential infiltrationproblembySARasmodifiedbyECw.AdaptedfromRhoades1977,andOsterandSchroer1979. dForsurfaceirrigation,mosttreecropsandwoodyplantsaresensitivetosodiumandchloride;usethevaluesshown. Mostannualcropsarenotsensitive;usethesalinitytolerancetables(Tables4and5).Forchloridetoleranceofselected fruitcrops,seeTable14in(http://www.fao.org/ag).Withoverheadsprinklerirrigationandlowhumidity(<30%), sodiumandchloridemaybeabsorbedthroughtheleavesofsensitivecrops.Forcropsensitivitytoabsorption,see Tables18,19and20in(http://www.fao.org/ag). eForborontolerances,seeTables16and17in(http://www.fao.org/ag). fNO3Nmeansnitratenitrogenreportedintermsofelementalnitrogen(NH4NandOrganicNshouldbeincluded whenwastewaterisbeingtested).

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Table5.Recommendedguidelinesfortreatedwastewaterinagriculturea
Category Reuse conditions Exposed group Irrigation technique Intestinal Thermotolerant Wastewater nematodesb coliformsd treatment andlarvaeof (geometric expectedto Strongyloides meannoper achieve stercoralis 100mLc) required (larvae/eggs microbiological perlitrec) quality <detection 103 Waste stabilization pondswitha retentiontime of21daysor secondary treatment followedby equivalent storageorslow sandfiltration orequivalent Asforcategory <detection 105 A

Unrestrictedirrigation For Workers, vegetable consumers, public andsalad cropseaten uncooked, sportsfields, public parkse

Any

Restrictedirrigation Cerealcrops, Workers, industrial nearby communities crops, fodder crops, pastureand treesf Workers, nearby communities Localized None irrigationof cropsin categoryBif exposureof workersand thepublic doesnot occur

Sprayor sprinkler

Flood/furrow <detection Trickle,drip orbubbler Not applicable

103g

Asforcategory A Pretreatmentas requiredbythe irrigation technology,but notlessthan primary sedimentation

Notapplicable

Source:ReportoftheWHO/AFESDRegionalconsultationtoreviewnationalprioritiesandactionplansforwastewaterreuseand management(WHOEM/CEH/106/E). aInspecificcases,localepidemiological,socioculturalandenvironmentalfactorsshouldbetakenintoaccountandtheguidelines modifiedaccordingly. bAscarisandTrichurisspeciesandhookworms;theguidelinelimitisalsointendedtoprotectagainstrisksfromparasiticprotozoa. cGuidelinevaluesaregivenfordesignpurposes.Theyshouldbeachievedduringtheplanninganddesignstagesforeffluent reuseprojects,andnotusedasastandardspecificationformonitoringeffluentqualityandsamplescollection. dScientificstudiessuggestedthatEscherichiacoli(E.coli)isthepreferredindicatoroffaecalcontamination.E.coliisapproximately equivalentto90%ofthefaecalcoliforms.(TTA/CEHA). eAmorestringentguidelinelimit(<200thermotolerantcoliforms/100mL)isappropriateforpubliclawns,suchashotellawns, withwhichthepublicmaycomeintodirectcontact. fInthecaseoffruittrees,irrigationshouldstoptwoweeksbeforefruitispicked,andnofruitshouldbepickedofftheground. Spray/sprinklerirrigationshouldnotbeused. gIncaseswherethetreatmentmethodfailstoachievetheguidelinelimit,usethermotolerantcoliforms<105,providedthatprecautions aretakensuchasprotectiveclothes,croprestrictionandprovidingabufferzonebetweentheirrigatedareaandnearbycommunities.

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Table6.Thepermittedlimitforgreywaterreuseaccordingtotheusetype
Test (A)Irrigationof ornamentalfruittrees andfoddercrops BOD5(mg/L) Samplenumber TSS(mg/L) Samplenumber Thermotolerant coliforms(cfu/100mL) Samplenumber 240 Sample/month 140 Sample/month 1000 Twosamples/month Permittedlimit (B)Irrigationof vegetableslikelytobe eatenuncooked 20 Twosamples/month 20 Twosamples/month 200 Sample/twoweeks (C)Toilet flushing 10 Sample/week 10 Sample/week 10 Sample/week

Source:ReportontheWHO/AFESDregionalconsultationtoreviewnationalprioritiesandactionplansfor wastewaterreuseandmanagement(WHOEM/CEH/106/E).

Table7.Riskanalysisofreuse
Variable Population Low Small population (single family) Risk Intermediate High Large population (multiple occupancy) Ingestion (drinking) > 1 virus per sample > 106 bacteria persample Reuse after 2 days

Exposure Doseresponse

Nobodycontact (subsurfaceirrigation) <1viruspersample <1viruspersample

Somecontact(toilet flushing,bathing

Delaybeforereuse

Immediatereuse

Reusewithin48hours

Source:ReportoftheWHO/AFESDRegionalconsultationtoreviewnationalprioritiesandactionplansforwastewaterreuse andmanagement(WHOEM/CEH/106/E).

10

Wastewaterreusestandardsinsome countriesoftheRegion

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Jordan Table8.JordanianStandard(JS:893/2002)fordischargetostreams,storage
Parameter GroupA BOD5 COD DO TSS pH Turbidity NO3 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L unit NTU mg/L Unit Dischargetostreams,wadisand Groundwater waterstorageareas recharge 60.0a 15.0 150.0b 50.0 >1.0 >2.0 50.0 60.0b 6.09.0 6.09.0 2.0 45.0 30.0 70.0 1000.0 1.0 8.0 <0.002 25.0 1500.0 15.0 350.0 300.0 400.0 200.0 60.0 200.0 6.0 2.0 0.05 0.1 0.2 1.5 5.0 2.5 0.2 0.01 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.01 5.0 0.02 0.002 0.1 0.05 1.0 5.0 45.0 <2.2 1.0 <0.002 25.0 1500.0 15.0 350.0 300.0 400.0 200.0 60.0 200.0 6.0 2.0 0.05 0.1 0.2 1.5 5.0 2.5 0.2 0.01 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.01 5.0 0.02 0.002 0.1 0.05 1.0

NH4 mg/L TN mg/L E.coli MPN/100mL Intestinalhelmintheggs egg/L FOG mg/L GroupB Phenol mg/L MBAS mg/L TDS mg/L TotalPO4 mg/L Cl SO4 HCO3 Na Mg Ca SAR Al As Be Cu F Fe Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Se Cd Zn Cr Hg V Co B mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

a:BOD5measuredassolubleforwastestabilizationpondseffluentsandthosewithpolishingpondsandastotalfor allothers. b:Twicethisvaluemaybeallowedforeffluentsofwastestabilizationpondsandthosewithpolishingponds.

12

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Table9.JordanianStandard(JS:893/2002)foreffluentreuse foragriculturalirrigation,1
Parameter Unit Cookedvegetables, Plenteoustrees Fieldcrops, parkingareas, andgreenareas, industrial playgroundsandside sideofroads cropsand ofroadsinsidecities outsidecities forestry A B C 30.0 100 >2.0 50.0 6.09.0 10.0 30.0 45.0 100 1.0 200 500 150 6.09.0 45.0 70.0 1000 1.0 300 500 150 6.09.0 45.0 70.0 1.0

Group BOD5 COD DO TSS pH Turbidity NO3 TN E.coli

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L unit NTU mg/L mg/L MPN/100mL egg/L

Intestinalhelmintheggs

13

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Table10.JordanianStandard(JS:893/2002)foreffluent reuseforagriculturalirrigation,2
Parameter(mg/L) FOG Phenol MBAS TDS TotalPO4 Cl SO4 HCO3 Na Mg Ca SAR Al As Be Cu F Fe Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Se Cd Zn Cr Hg V Co B Guidelinevalues (maximumpermissible) 8.0 <0.002 100.0 1500.0 30.0 400.0 500.0 400.0 230.0 100.0 230.0 9.0 5.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.5 5.0 2.5(0.075forcitruscrop) 0.2 0.01 0.2 5.0 0.05 0.01 5.0 0.1 0.002 0.1 0.05 1.0

14

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Kuwait Table11.TreatedwastewatercriteriaforreuseinKuwait
Parameter pH BOD5(5days,20C) COD(dichromate) FOG TSS TDS PO4 NH3N TotalKjeldahlnitrogen Totalrecoverablephenol F S Cl2 DO Hydrocarbons Floatables Al As Ba B Cd Cr Ni Hg Co Fe Sb Cu Mn Zn Pb Mostprobablenumberoftotalcoliforms Mostprobablenumberoffaecalcoliforms(MPN/100mL) Eggparasites(no/litre) Wormparasites
Source:AnnexNo.(15),DecreeNo.(210),2001. Allunitsareinmg/Lexceptwherenotedotherwise.

Maximumallowable 6.58.5 20.0 100.0 5.0 15.0 1500.0 30.0 15.0 35.0 1.0 25.0 0.1 0.51.0 >2.0 5.0 Nil 5.0 0.1 2.0 2.0 0.01 0.15 0.2 0.002 0.2 5.0 0.2 0.2 2.0 0.5 400.0 20.0 <1.0 Absent

15

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Oman Table12.Regulationsforwastewaterreuseanddischarge(145/193,1993), Oman

Parameter BOD(5daysat20C) COD TSS TDS EC(microS/cm) SARa pH(withinrange) Al As Ba Be B Cd Cl Cr Co Cu CN F Fe Pb Li Mg Mn Hg Mo Ni Ammoniacal(asN) Nitrate(asNO3) Organic(Kjeldahl)(asN) FOG(totalextractable) Phenols(total) P Se Ag Na SO4 S V Zn Faecalcoliformbacteria(per100mL) Viablenematodeova(perlitre)
a:Theeffectofsodiumassoilabsorption. Allunitsareinmg/Lexceptedwherenotedotherwise.

Standards(seeTable14) A 15.0 150.0 15.0 1500.0 2000.0 10.0 6.09.0 5.0 0.1 1.0 0.100 0.500 0.010 650.0 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.05 1.0 1.0 0.100 0.070 150.0 0.100 0.001 0.01 0.100 5.0 50.0 5.0 0.500 0.001 30.0 0.02 0.010 200.0 400.0 0.0100 0.100 5.0 200.0 <1.0 B 20.0 200.0 30.0 2000.0 2700.0 10.0 6.09.0 5.0 0.1 2.0 0.300 1.0 0.010 650.0 0.050 0.050 1.0 0.100 2.0 5.0 0.200 0.070 150.0 0.500 0.001 0.05 0.100 10.0 50.0 10.0 0.500 0.002 30.0 0.02 0.010 300.0 400.0 0.010 0.100 5.0 1000.0 <1.0

16

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Table13.Sludgestandardsforlandapplication(145/193,1993),Oman
Metal Maximumconcentration Maximumapplicationrate (mg/kgofdrysolids) (kg/haperyear)a Cd Cr Cu Pb Hg Mo Ni Se Zn 20.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 20.0 20.0 300.0 50.0 3000.0 0.15 10.0 10.0 15.0 0.100 0.100 3.0 0.15 15.0 Maximumconcentration (mg/kgofdrysolids) 3.0 400.0 150.0 30.0 1.0 3.0 75.0 5.0 300.0

Afterthespreadingofsludgetheremustbeaminimumperiodof3weeksbeforegrazingorharvestingofforage crops. Sludgeuseisprohibited: onsoilswhilefruitorvegetablecrops,otherthanfruittrees,aregrowingorbeingharvested. for6monthsprecedingtheharvestingoffruitorvegetableswhichgrowincontactwiththesoilandwhichare normallyeatenraw. onsoilswithapH<7.0. aBasedona10yearaverageandasoilpH>7.0.

Table14.ReusegroupsspecifiedforTable12
Group Crops A (SeeTable12) Vegetableslikelytobeeatenraw Fruitlikelytobeeatenrawandwithin2 weeksofanyirrigation Vegetablestobecooked orprocessed Fruitifnoirrigation within2weeksof cropping Fodder,cerealandseed crops Pasture Areaswithnopublic access B

Grassand ornamental areas

Publicparks,hotellawnsandrecreational areas Areaswithpublicaccess Lakeswithpubliccontact(exceptplaces whichmaybeusedforprayingandhand washing) Allcontrolledaquiferrecharge

Aquifer recharge Methodof irrigation Anyother reuse applications

Sprayoranyothermethodofaerialirrigationnotpermittedinareaswith publicaccessunlesswithtimingcontrol SubjecttotheapprovaloftheMinistry

17

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

SaudiArabia Table15.ReclaimedwaterstandardsforunrestrictedirrigationinSaudi Arabia

Parameter Physicalcharacteristics Floatingmaterial TSS pH(SU) Chemicalcharacteristicsorganic BOD5 Turbidity(NTU) FOG Phenol Chemicalcharacteristics Al As Be B Ba Cd Cl2 Cr Co Cu CN F Fe Pb Ag Li Mn Hg Mo Ni Se Va Zn NO3 Cl SO4 NH3 Microbiologicalcharacteristics TTCC(MPN/100mL) Livingintestinalnematodes(no/litre)
Source:TreatedWastewaterandReuseBylawNo.42,2000. Allunitsareinmg/Lunlessindicatedotherwise.

Maximumconcentration Nil 10.0 6.08.5 10.0 5.0 Nil 0.002 5.00 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 0.01 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.4 0.05 1.0 2.0 0.1 0.5 0.07 0.2 0.001 0.01 0.2 0.02 0.1 2.0 10.0 100.0 600.0 5.0 2.2 1.0

18

A compendium of standards for wastewater reuse in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Table16:ReclaimedwaterstandardsforrestrictedirrigationinSaudi Arabia
Parameter BOD5 TSS TDS TTCC(MPN/100mL) Livingintestinalnematodes(no/litre) Maximumconcentration 40.0 40.0 2000 1000 1.0

Tunisia Table17.TunisianStandards,NT10603(1989)
Parameters PH Conductivity COD BOD5 TSS Cl Fluorides Organicchlorine As B Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mg Hg Ni Pb Se Zn Arithmeticaverageofintestinalnematodeeggs
Source:TunisianStandardNT106.03(1989). a:24hourcompositesample. Allunitsareinmg/Lunlessindicatedotherwise.

Maximumallowable 6.5to8.5 7000(s/cm) 90.0a 30.0a 30.0 2000 3.0 0.001 0.1 3.0 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.001 0.2 1.0 0.05 5.0 <1(per1000mL)

19