IBFT is a facility available on Standard Chartered Online Banking which allows you to transfer funds from your Standard

Chartered Bank savings or current account to anybody else's account in any other bank. MNET Services Private Limited is a Pakistani operator of inter-bank connectivity platform for online financial transaction processing and offers a managed services portfolio that includes card personalization & management, mobile payment services and ATM & POS controller hosting.

1LINK (Guarantee) Limited is a consortium of major banks that own and operate the largest representative shared financial services network in Pakistan.1LINK (Guarantee) Limited is a registered company, incorporated under the company law by Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP).
Collaborative software (also referred to as groupware) is computer software designed to help people involved in a common task achieve goals. One of the earliest definitions of collaborative software is, "intentional group processes plus software to support them." Voice over IP (VoIP, or Voice over Internet Protocol) commonly refers to the communication protocols, technologies, methodologies, and transmission techniques involved in the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, and broadband phone.
NIFT- National Institutional Facilitation Technologies (Pvt.) Limited:

NIFT is a joint venture between a consortium of six major banks and private sector. It is responsible for the establishment and management of automated clearinghouse facilities in Pakistan. NIFT is proactively involved in the modernization of payment systems in Pakistan. Real Time Gross Settlement Systems (RTGS) are mechanisms that enable banks to make large-value payments to one another in real-time using online telecommunication facilities as well as state-of-theart computer systems. The payments are settled on gross basis in real time thus minimizing the systemic risks that are inherent in large-value net settlement systems. The RTGS in Pakistan has been named as Pakistan Real-time Interbank Settlement Mechanism (PRISM). Using this system, the banks holding accounts at SBP are able to operate their accounts in real time from their own premises via computerized network between SBP and the participating Banks. With RTGS, Banks are able to settle with finality their large value transactions affecting their accounts at SBP (e.g. inter-bank lending/borrowing) immediately, provided sufficient balance is available in their account. At times, banks may face temporary shortage of funds in their accounts during the day. This shortage would be catered for in RTGS through the availability of intraday repos (a form of collateralized lending). Alternatively, the transaction can also be queued in the system until the required liquidity becomes available. The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) provides a network that enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions in a secure, standardised and reliable environment. SWIFT also markets software and services to financial institutions, much of it for use on the SWIFTNet Network, and ISO 9362 bank identifier codes (BICs) are popularly known as "SWIFT codes"

A network topology describes the arrangement of systems on a computer network. It defines how the computers, or nodes, within the network are arranged and connected to each other. Some common network topologies include star, ring, line, bus, and tree configurations. These topologies are defined below: 1. Star - One central note is connected to each of the other nodes on a network. Similar to a hub connected to the spokes in a wheel. 2. Ring - Each node is connected to exactly two other nodes, forming a ring. Can be visualized as a circular configuration. Requires at least three nodes. 3. Line - Nodes are arranged in a line, where most nodes are connected to two other nodes. However, the first and last node are not connected like they are in a ring. 4. Bus - Each node is connected to a central bus that runs along the entire network. All information transmitted across the bus can be received by any system in the network. 5. Tree - One "root" node connects to other nodes, which in turn connect to other nodes, forming a tree structure. Information from the root node may have to pass through other nodes to reach the end nodes. It is helpful for a network administrator to know the pros and cons of different network topologies when putting together a network. By weighing the benefits of each type, the administrator can choose the configuration that is most efficient for the network's intended purpose.

Network media (sometimes referred to as networked media) refers to media mainly used in computer networks such as the Internet. Network media is essentially driven by technological development, emerging from the internet as a non-centralized medium in the late nineties, the term has more recently begun to be applied to both the arts and industry. The following features distinguish Network Media from classical media, such as broadcast media and the printed press:

Network Media is typically democratic and decentralized. The audience can also be the contributors. Network Media often requires the involvement of computers as an input/output device. Network media requires a community to participate and consume

With the rapidly increasing digital era, new aspects of digital networking are becoming more important. Essentially, network media is about co-operative/collaborative practice in which many can contribute to the production of "media". The benefits of the development of inter-networking ultimately has allowed for greater political, social comment and discussion but is also widely thought of in a much broader context of globalization and the fragmentation of the world.

Contactless payment systems are credit cards and debit cards, key fobs, smartcards or other devices which use RFID for making secure payments. The embedded chip and antenna enable consumers to wave their card or fob over a reader at the point of sale. Some suppliers claim that transactions can be almost twice as fast as a conventional cash, credit, or debit card purchase. Because no signature or PIN entry is typically required for purchases under US$25 in the US and under 15 in the UK, some research indicates that consumers are likely to spend more money due to the ease of small transactions. MasterCard Canada says it has seen "about 25 percent" higher spending by users of its PayPass-brand RFID credit cards.[1]

Mobil was one of the most notable early adopters of this technology, and offered their "Speedpass" contactless payment system for participating Mobil gas stations as early as 1997. Although Mobil has since merged with Exxon, the service is still offered at many of ExxonMobil's stations. McDonald's, The Co-operative Group, Boots, EAT., Pret a Manger, Stagecoach Group, Subway (restaurant) and AMT Coffee are among the retailers offering contactless payments to their customers in the UK. In March 2008 EAT became the first restaurant chain to adopt contactless. Major financial entities now offering contactless payment systems include MasterCard, Citibank, JPMorgan Chase, American Express, KeyBank, The Royal Bank of Scotland Group, Barclays, Barclaycard, HSBC and Lloyds Banking Group. Visa PayWave, American Express ExpressPay, and Mastercard PayPass are examples of contactless credit cards which have become widespread in US and UK. The UK (and the rest of the world) version of the contactless applications differ from the US one. The UK version has the capability of transacting offline, based on the limit stored in the application. The first contactless cards in the UK were issued by Barclaycard in 2008. As of June 2010 there are approximately 9.6 million contactless-enabled cards, representing 7% of all cards, in circulation in the UK, with Barclaycard and Barclays leading the roll-out with eight million contactless-enabled cards in circulation and 25,000 terminals in use as of July 2010.[2] With the olympics coming up HSBC and Lloyds TSB have now started rolling out contactless debit cards Telecom operators are starting to get involved in contactless payments via the use of near field communication phones. Belgacom's Pingping - Belgium, for example, has a stored value account and via a partnership with Alcatel-Lucent's touchatag provides contactless payment functionalities. In January 2010, Barclaycard partnered with mobile phone firm Orange, to launch a contactless credit card in the UK. Orange and Barclaycard also announced in 2009 that they will be launching a mobile phone with contactless technology.[3]
Authentication verifies who you are. For example, you can login into your Unix server using the ssh client, or access your email server using the POP3 and SMTP client. Usually, PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) are used as low-level authentication schemes into a high-level application programming interface (API), which allows programs that rely on authentication to be written independently of the underlying authentication scheme.

Authorization verifies what you are authorized to do. For example, you are allowed to login into your Unix server via ssh client, but you are not authorized to browser /data2 or any other file system. Authorization occurs after successful authentication. Authorization can be controlled at file system level or using various application level configuration options such as chroot(2). Usually, the connection attempt must be both authenticated and authorized by the system. You can easily find out why connection attempts are either accepted or denied with the help of these two factors.
An electronic signature, or e-signature, is any electronic means that indicates either that a person adopts the contents of an electronic message, or more broadly that the person who claims to have written a message is the one who wrote it (and that the message received is the one that was sent). By comparison, a signature is a stylized script associated with a person. In commerce and the law, a signature on a document is an indication that the person adopts the intentions recorded in the document. Both are comparable to a seal.Increasingly, encrypted digital signatures are used in e-commerce and in regulatory filings as digital signatures are more secure than a simple generic electronic [1][2][3] signature. The concept itself is not new, with common law jurisdictions having recognized telegraph signatures as far back as the mid-19th century and faxed signatures since the 1980s.

Functions for Marketing

1. To create a public identity or image of a company or brand- This may include a company logo, slogan or style of customer service. It is this image that members of the public will think of when thinking of the company. In the same way, if the marketing campaign is successful enough, just seeing a logo or slogan will make a consumer think of the company or brand in question. 2. To monitor current market trends- a successful marketing campaign will continue to look at consumer buying habits, will conduct market research campaigns and constantly strive to improve the service or products on offer to the public. This is the only way the company will know what their targeted consumer base is interested in buying. 3. Identify a key consumer market- When opening a business or launching a new marketing strategy, a company needs to be sure they are targeting the most suitable clientele for their product and services. This ensures the marketing campaign is as successful as it possibly could be as it is only targeting the most likely people it will appeal to. Taking these actions and taking the time to target a particular group of people will help keep marketing costs down and will consequently make the strategy more effective in the long run. 4. Maintain and build customer relationships- Marketing campaigns are the most effective way of communicating important messages or attracting the attention of your consumer base. This will keep a customer informed of what is happening in the company in regards to any new products or services that are soon to be launched.