Quadrilateral

Parallelogram

Trapezoid

Rectangle

Rhombus

Isosceles Trapezoid

Square

Definitions:

Parallelogram -a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. Rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides. Rectangle is a parallelogram with four congruent sides. Square a rectangle with four congruent sides Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. Trapezium a quadrilateral that has no parallel sides.

Properties of Parallelogram

Base

Any side can be considered a base. Choose any one you like. If used to calculate the area (see below) the corresponding altitude must be used. In the figure above, one of the four possible bases and its corresponding altitude has been chosen. The altitude (or height) of a parallelogram is the perpendiculardistance from the base to the opposite side (which may have to be extended). In the figure above, the altitude corresponding to the base CD is shown. The area of a parallelogram can be found by multiplying a base by the corresponding altitude. See also Area of a Parallelogram The distance around the parallelogram. The sum of its sides. See also Perimeter of a Parallelogram Opposite sides are congruent (equal in length). As you reshape the parallelogram at the top of the page, note how the opposite sides are always the same length. Each diagonal cuts the other diagonal into two equal parts, as in the diagram below. See Diagonals of a parallelogram for an interactive demonstration of this.

Altitude (height)

Area

Perimeter

Opposite sides

Diagonals

Interior angles

1. Opposite angles are equal as can be seen below. 2. Consecutive angles are always supplementary (add to 180)

Properties of a Rectangle, Square and Rhombus

Opposite sides are parallel and congruent Adjust the rectangle above and satisfy yourself that this is so. The diagonals bisect each other The diagonals are congruent The vertex (plural: vertices) is a corner of the square. Every square has four vertices. The distance around the square. All four sides are by definition the same length, so the perimeter is four times the length of one side, or:

Vertex

Perimeter

perimeter = 4s
where s is the length of one side. Area Like most quadrilaterals, the area is the length of one side times the perpendicular height. So in a square this is simply:

area = s2
where s is the length of one side.. Diagonals Each diagonal of a square is the perpendicular bisector of the other. That is, each cuts the other into two equal parts, and they cross and right angles (90). The length of each diagonal is

s2
where s is the length of any one side.

Properties of trapezoid The line joining the mid-points of the parallel sides bisects the area.

If the trapezoid is divided into 4 triangles by its diagonals AC and BD (as shown on the right), intersecting at O, then the area of AOD is equal to that of BOC, and the product of the areas of AOD and BOC is equal to that of AOB and COD. The ratio of the areas of each pair of adjacent triangles is the same as that between the lengths of the parallel sides. Therefore the diagonal length is

Let the trapezoid have vertices A, B, C, and D in sequence and have parallel sides AB and DC. Let E be the intersection of the diagonals, and let F be on side DA and G be on side BC such that FEG is parallel to AB and CD. Then FG is the harmonic mean of AB and DC:

If M and N are the midpoints of the diagonals, then

where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides. If the angle bisectors to angles A and B intersect at P, and the angle bisectors to angles C and D intersect at Q, then

The line joining the point where the nonparallel sides intersect and the intersection point of the diagonals bisect each base.

Geometry Project

Januray 6, 2012

Submitted by: Dwight Seth Lumanta Submitted to: Mrs. Jasmin Andang