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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Use of Exchangers Types of Exchangers Types of Shell and Tube Exchangers Layout of Shell and Tube Exchangers in Banks Alterations That Can Be Made to Shell and Tube Exchangers Establishing Elevations of Exchangers Piping Layout of Exchangers Other Than in Banks Types of Air Fins
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10. Layout of Air Fins 11. Piping 12. Fin Tube Exchangers 13. Chillers
1. Use of Exchangers
Heat exchangers transfer heat from one media to another. In the petrochemical industry, they can be generally classified under the following headings : Exchanger: Heats one stream and cools the other. There is no heat loss and physical change in either flowing media. Cooler: Cools liquid or gases without condensation; applies also to intercooler and aftercooler. Condenser: Condenses vapour or vapour mixture. Can be water - cooled or by sufficiently cold process stream which requires heating. Chiller: Uses refrigerant for cooling process stream below freezing point or bellow prevailing cooling water temperature. Heater (non fired) Heats process stream generally up to its boiling point without appreciable vaporization. Heating medium is usually steam; applies also to preheaters. Reboiler: Reboils the bottom stream of tower for the fractionation process. Heating medium can be steam or hot process stream. When large quantities of vapor have to be produced the kettle type reboiler is used. Waste heat boiler: Uses waste heat, such as internal combustion exhaust from gas turbines or similar drivers for steam generation. Steam generator: Uses heat of process liquid or gas for producing steam. Vapourizer: Vapourizes part of a process liquid stream as does an evaporator.
2. Types of Exchangers
Briefly, exchangers, etc. , can be divided into the following three groups : Shell and tube: Which can be vertical or horizontal with the horizontal ones single or stacked in multi-units. As the name suggests, they consist of a cylindrical shell with a nest of tubes inside. Fin tube:This consist of a finned tube through which passes one media jacketed by another tube through which passes the other media. They can be used as single or multi - units. Air fins: Come in two shapes ; flat box units and a frame units. Both consist of banks of finned tubes through which passes the media to be cooled. Large fans blow air from atmosphere through the banks, thus cooling the flowing media. There are other types, such as plate exchangers, carbon block exchanger, etc., but these are used infrequently.
that generally the heated media should flow upward, and the cooled media flow downward. This is particularly important if there is a physical change taking place within the exchanger, such as vaporization or condensation. Typical example of this are: Reboilers where the process stream enters the shell at the bottoms as a liquid and leaves at the top as a vapour after flowing through the tubes, and stream enters the shell near the top of the tubes and leaves at the bottom on the shell as condensate. Condensers where the process stream enters the shell at the top as a vapour and leaves the bottom as a liquid, whilst cooling water enters the tubes side at the bottom and leaves at the top.
It is preferable if this foundation height can be made common for all the exchangers in the bank. If this is impracticable due to extremes of shell and/or connection pipe sizes, then perhaps two heights can be decided upon. When stacking exchangers, two or three high, it is desirable that overall height does not exceed 12 0 (3650 mm ) due to the problem of maintenance, bundle pulling, etc.
7. Piping
Plan-wise the exchanger bank should be laid out spaced as noted previously, and all the channel nozzles on a common center line. This is particularly important if the cooling water headers are underground, as the CW inlets can rise into the lower channel nozzles. The end of the exchanger adjacent to the rack will normally be the fixed end, if the CW headers are underground the fixed end will become the channel end. All changes proposed must be discussed fully with Process Engineer and Client Engineer or Vessel Department. Lines turning right in the yard should be right from the exchanger center line and those turning left should approach the yard on the left-hand side of exchanger center line. Lines from bottom connections should also turn up on the right or the left side of exchangers depending upon which way the line turns in the yard. Lines with valves should turn towards the access aisle with valves and control valves arranged close to exchanger. Utility lines connecting to a header in the yard can be arranged on any side of exchanger center line without increasing pipe length. Access to valve handwheels and instruments will influence piping arrangement around heat exchangers. Valve handwheels should be accessible from grade and from a convenient access way. These access ways should be utilized for arranging manifolds, control valves and instruments. In the piping arrangement, provision for tube removal access should be provided. This means a spool piece of flanged elbow in the pipe line connecting to the channel nozzle. The requirements of good piping layout generally apply to the design of heat exchanger piping. The shortest lines and least number of fittings - temperature permitting - will obviously provide the most economical piping arrangement. The designer should avoid loops, pockets and crossovers, and he should investigate, nozzle to nozzle, the whole length of piping routed from the exchanger to some other equipment, aiming to provide not more than one high point and one low point, no matter how long the line. Very often a flat turn in the yard, an alternative position for control valves or manifold, changed nozzle location on the exchanger, etc. , can accomplish this requirement. Avoid excessive piping strains on exchanger nozzles from actual weight of pipe and fittings and from forces of thermal expansion. For valves and blindes the best location is directly at the exchanger nozzle. In the case of an elbow nozzle on an exchanger it should be checked that sufficient clearances are provided between valve handwheel and outside of exchanger. Elevated valves may require a chain operation. The chain should hang freely at accessible spot near the exchanger. Below figure shows sketches highlighting exchanger piping details. Orifice flanges in exchanger piping are usually in horizontal pipe runs. These lines should be just above headroom, and the orifice itself accessible with mobile ladder. Orifices in a liquid line and mercury type measuring element require more height. At gas lines the U-tube can be above the line with orifice, consequently the height is not critical. Lines with orifice flanges should
have the necessary straight runs before and after the orifice flanges required in specification or standards. Locally mounted pressure - and temperature indicators on exchanger nozzles, on the shell or process lines, should be visible from the access aisles. Similarly gauge glasses and level controllers on exchangers should be visible and associated valves accessible from this aisles. When arranging instrument connections on exchangers sufficient clearances should be left between flanges and exchanger support between instruments and adjacent piping. Insulation of piping and exchangers should also be taken into account.
A frame type air fins less common than the box type. They offer the advantage of requiring less plot area than box type air fins of the same capacity. They do, however, present a few problems. Due to physical shape of them, i.e. triangular section with the apex uppermost, the inlet header is located at the apex, with the collecting headers at both bottom corners. This means that cooled product lines are coming off both sides of the rack which can present piping problems. Also, with 60o sides containing the product, it is possible to get uneven cooling due to the sun being on one side, or the prevailing wind tending to blow into the tube bank against the fan.
11. Piping
There are four major problems when piping-up airfins : 1. 2. 3. 4. Correct configurations of piping to give equal or as near equal distribution as possible of the product through each unit of multi-unit air fins. Make piping from tower overhead as short as possible to minimize pressure drop. Obtaining a piping system that is sufficiently flexible to avoid overloading the unit nozzles. Providing sufficiently suitable pipe supports and anchors.
1. 2. 3.
When designing the piping for air fin exchangers, the basic rules of piping still apply, that the piping runs should be as short and direct as possible, but at the same time be sufficiently flexible to avoid overloading the air fin nozzles. The below figure shows two methods of running product headers to air fins : By running the inlet header down the center of the units, the off-takes to the unit drop out of the bottom of the header, run across the units and drop into the nozzles. Thus, we have a series of off-takes sufficiently long to absorb expansion, at the same time having the minimum of elbows resulting in minimum pressure drop. Supports can usually be attached to the steel members that run between units and are thus short and minimal. The header must be flanged at intervals along its length to facilitate the removal of units by crane for maintenance. The preferred position for the header is directly above the inlet nozzles, keeping the branches as short as possible. Make sure that the air fin is capable of excepting the movement imposed on the header. Support from the rack steel is between the header boxes. Outlet headers are less of a problem because the temperature is lower and the pipe size usually much smaller. They can usually be supported off the air fin legs beneath the header box platform. Any valves required to isolate units are the best located on the unit nozzles. Sometimes air fins handling light hydrocarbons may require snuffing steam supply. These should be treated in the same way as snuffing steam to heaters, insomuch as the valves should be located at least 15 meters radius planwise from the perimeter of the air fin. Piping runs that place loads of any sort on the air fin structures should be avoided if possible, or communicated to the vendor as soon as possible.
13. Chillers
Chillers are used where the process stream requires cooling to lower temperature than possible with cooling water, and for this purpose it is necessary to use a refrigerant. Depending upon the size of the chillers installation, the refrigerant can either be supplied by a proprietary package unit, or a custom-built job using LPG. The construction is similar to fin tube, insomuch as the tube within a tube feature is common. Chillers usually consist of a multi-unit bank with the process stream passing through the inner tube and the refrigerant passing through the jackets. Once again space must be allowed at the rear for tube withdrawal. An important thing to remember when laying out these exchangers, is the considerable thickness of insulation required on all the pipe-work, necessitating larger than normal pipe spacing.
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