BHEL

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

TYPICAL CANTEEN BUILDING FOR 500 MW THERMAL POWER PLANT

PROJECT REPORT

ANSHUL GOYAL IIT Guwahati

CONTENTS
About BHEL Vizag 2x520 MW Super Thermal Power Plant Learning Staad Pro Slab Design Wind Load Seismic Load Load Combinations

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED (BHEL)

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is one of the oldest and largest state-owned engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India in the energyrelated and infrastructure sector which includes Power, Railways, Transmission and Distribution, Oil and Gas sectors and many more. It is the 12th largest power equipment manufacturer in the world. In the year 2011, it ranked ninth most innovative company in the world by US business magazine Forbes. BHEL is the only Indian Engineering company on the list, which contains online retail firm Amazon at the second position with Apple and Google at fifth and seventh positions, respectively. It is also placed at 4th place in Forbes Asia's Fabulous 50 List of 2010 . BHEL was established more than 50 years ago, ushering in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment industry in India. The company has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72 and paying dividends since 1976-77. 74% of the total power generated in India is produced by equipment manufactured by BHEL. It is one of India's nine largest Public Sector Undertakings or PSUs, known as the Navratnas or 'the nine jewels.' The company is engaged in the design, engineering, manufacture, construction, testing, commissioning and servicing of a wide range of products and services for the core sectors of the economy, viz. Power, Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Renewable Energy, Oil & Gas and Defence. The company has 15 manufacturing divisions, 2 repair units, 4 regional offices, 8 service centres, eight overseas offices and 15 regional centres and currently operates at more than 150 project sites across India and abroad.

The company has a share of around 59% in India's total installed generating capacity contributing 69% (approx.) to the total power generated from utility sets (excluding non-conventional capacity) as of March 31, 2012. The civil engineering design office of the company is loacated at sector 16, Noida. The civil design work of thermal power plants is done in the office. I worked in the office as Summer Trainee for a period of 6 weeks. My training started with the introduction to STAAD PRO, design software. After learning STAAD, I was given the work to design a Canteen building for the Vizag (520x2MW) Thermal Power Plant. I completed my project under the guidance of En. Sabyasachi Sir, Jaypraprakash Sir and Sachin Pandit Sir.

VIZAG 2x 520 SUPER THERMAL POWER PLANT

Hinduja National Power Corporation Limited (HNPCL) is a Hinduja Group company to realize the ambitions of the Group in Power Sector. HNPCL is planning to create a power generation capacity of 10,000 MW over the next ten years at an expected investment of $10 billion across India. The total projected capacity will be a mix of thermal, hydro, nuclear and renewable energy. As a first step in power sector, HNPCL is setting up a 1,040 MW coal based merchant power plant at Vizag in the district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Government of India and the Government of Andhra Pradesh are fully supporting the development of the power plant. The need for this project comprising the building of 2x520 MW coal-fired units has been identified by Andhra Pradesh State electricity Board (APSEB). This is based on the continually rising demand for electricity in Andhra Pradesh and, more specifically, rising industrial demand in and around the city of Visakhapatnam. Apart from the host State, the project will primarily cater to the growing power needs of the Southern Region, which includes some of the fastest growing economies in the country. HNPCL would also like to expand its capacity in future. The site is located on the coast of the Bay of Bengal at Pavalavasa, Parawada Mandal, Visakhapatnam District in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The project has achieved certain key milestones and is moving at a fast pace. BHELs scope of work in the contract envisages design, engineering, manufacture, supply and erection & commissioning of Steam Generator and

Steam Turbine Generator along with associated Auxiliaries and state-of-theart Controls & Instrumentation. The equipment for the project will be manufactured at BHELs Trichy, Ranipet, Haridwar, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Bhopal Plants, while the companys Power Sector Western Region will be responsible for erection and commissioning of the equipment.

LEARNING STAAD PRO

STAAD stands for Structural Analysis And Design. It is one of the first software applications in the world made for the purpose of helping the structural engineers to automate their work, to eliminate the tedious and lengthy procedures of the manual methods. The evolutionary steps of the software are: STAAD III DOS STAAD III WINDOWS STAAD PRO The key features of the STAAD PRO are: STAAD Pro introduced a really good-looking interface which actually utilized all the exceptional features of Windows 95/98/2000/ME/XP (Each STAAD Pro was working respectively under the Windows available at the time of releasing the software to the markets). This new interface empower the user of STAAD Pro to accomplish the most complicated structural problems in short time, without scarifying the accuracy and the comprehensive nature of the results. STAAD Pro can generate handsome reports of the inputs and the outputs with the usage of graphical results embedded within, which can be considered as final document presented to the client. Another important feature is the concrete and the steel design. This made the beam and column design a matter of few seconds.

METHOD OF ANALYSIS One of the most famous analysis methods to analyze continuous beams is Moment Distribution Method, which is based on the concept of transferring the loads on the beams to the supports at their ends. Each support will take portion of the load according to its K; K is the stiffness factor, which equals EI/L. As you can see E, and L is constant

per span, the only variable here is I; moment of inertia. I depends on the cross section of the member. So, if you want to use this analysis method, you have to assume a cross section for the spans of the continuous beam. If you want to use this method to analyze a simple frame, it will work, but it will not be simple, and if you want to make the frame a little bit more complicated (simple 3D frame) this method falls short to accomplish the same mission. Hence, a new more sophisticated method emerged, which depends fully on matrices, this method called Stiffness Matrix Method, the main formula of this method is: [P] = [K]x[] The 3 matrices are as follows: [P], is the force matrix, which includes the forces acting on the whole structure, and the reactions at the supports. This matrix is partially known, as the acting forces on the structures are already known from the different codes, like Dead Load, Live Load, Wind Load, etc., but the reactions are unknown. [K], is the stiffness factor matrix. K=EI/L, and all of these data either known or assumed. So this matrix is fully known. [], is the displacement matrix. The displacements of supports are either all zeros (fixed support) or partially zeros (other supports), but the displacements of other nodes are unknown. So this matrix is partially known. This method was very hard to be calculated by hand as it needs more time than other methods, so, it was put on the shelves, up until the emergence of computers. The different programming languages revive the possibility to utilize this method, as the program will do all the tedious and lengthy procedures to solve for this system of matrices, therefore, structural software adopted it as the method of analysis. STAAD was one of the first to do that.

THREE STEPS TO REACH THE GOAL Prepare the input file. Send the input file to the analysis/design engine. Read the result and verify.

INPUT FILE Input file is the place where we describe the case. This includes the geometry, the cross sections, the material and geometric constants, the support conditions, and finally the loading system.

ANALYSIS Just like any programming language compiler, STAAD Pro analysis and design engine, will start reading the input file from left to right, and from top to bottom. The engine will mainly check for two things: Making sure that the user used the syntax of STAAD Pro commands, or else the engine will produce an error message. Making sure that all the data needed to form a stable structure exists in the input file, or else, the engine will produce an error message. If the above two conditions are satisfied then STAAD will generate an output file where the results can be seen and verified.

POSTPROCESSING Reading output takes place in Post Processing Mode. It includes:

 Seeing the results as tables and/or as graphical output. Changing the scale of each graphical output to visualize the correct shapes, and showing values, or hiding them.

STEP BY STEP APPROACH TO MODEL IN STAAD CREATE NEW FILE INPUT GEOMETRY
INPUT NODES INPUT BEAMS INPUT PLATES INPUT PROPERTIES INPUT SPECS, CONSTANT, SUPPORT INPUT LOADING SYSTEM SPECIFY ANALYSIS TYPE RUN ANALYSIS VIEW AND VERIFY RESULTS STEEL DESIGN CONCRETE DESIGN

NODES: Node in STAAD Pro means; Stiffed joint with 6 reactions. It is located at each end of Beam, and each corner of Plate. Nodes considered the essence of the Geometry of any structure in STAAD Pro. Each Node will hold the following information:

 Node Number. Node Coordinate in XYZ space. BEAMS: Beam in STAAD Pro means; any member in the structure. It can be beam, column, bracing member, or truss member. Beams are actually defined based on the Nodes at their ends. Each beam will hold the following information: Beam Number. The Node numbers at its ends.

PLATE: Plate in STAAD means; a thin shell with multi-nodded shape starting from 3 nodes, and more. It can be anything of slab, wall, or raft foundation. Each Plate will hold the following information: Plate Number Nodal Number at each corner of it.

STAAD INPUT FILE OF CANTEEN BUILDING : STAAD SPACE START JOB INFORMATION ENGINEER DATE 11-Jun-12 END JOB INFORMATION INPUT WIDTH 79 UNIT METER KN JOINT COORDINATES 1 0 0 0; 2 6 0 0; 3 11.5 0 0; 4 17.5 0 0; 5 0 0 2.5; 6 6 0 2.5; 7 11.5 0 2.5; 8 17.5 0 2.5; 9 0 0 5; 10 6 0 5; 11 11.5 0 5; 12 17.5 0 5; 13 0 0 8.5;14 6 0 8.5; 15 11.5 0 8.5; 16 17.5 0 8.5; 17 0 0 11.5; 18 6 0 11.5; 19 11.5 0 11.5; 20 17.5 0 11.5; 21 0 0 14.5; 22 6 0 14.5; 23 11.5 0 14.5; 24 17.5 0 14.5; 25 0 0 17.5; 26 6 0 17.5; 27 11.5 0 17.5; 28 17.5 0 17.5; 29 0 0 20.5; 30 6 0 20.5; 31 11.5 0 20.5; 32 17.5 0 20.5; 33 0 0 23.33; 34 6 0 23.33; 35 11.5 0 23.33; 36 17.5 0 23.33; 37 0 4 0; 38 6 4 0; 39 11.5 4 0; 40 17.5 4 0; 41 0 4 2.5; 42 6 4 2.5; 43 11.5 4 2.5; 44 17.5 4 2.5; 45 0 4 5; 46 6 4 5; 47 11.5 4 5; 48 17.5 4 5; 49 0 4 8.5; 50 6 4 8.5; 51 11.5 4 8.5; 52 17.5 4 8.5; 53 0 4 11.5; 54 6 4 11.5; 55 11.5 4 11.5; 56 17.5 4 11.5; 57 0 4 14.5; 58 6 4 14.5; 59 11.5 4 14.5; 60 17.5 4 14.5; 61 0 4 17.5; 62 6 4 17.5; 63 11.5 4 17.5; 64 17.5 4 17.5; 65 0 4 20.5; 66 6 4 20.5; 67 11.5 4 20.5; 68 17.5 4 20.5; 69 0 4 23.33; 70 6 4 23.33; 71 11.5 4 23.33; 72 17.5 4 23.33; 81 0 8 5; 82 6 8 5; 83 11.5 8 5; 84 17.5 8 5; 85 0 8 8.5; 86 6 8 8.5; 87 11.5 8 8.5; 88 17.5 8 8.5; 89 0 8 11.5; 90 6 8 11.5; 91 11.5 8 11.5; 92 17.5 8 11.5; 93 0 8 14.5; 94 6 8 14.5; 95 11.5 8 14.5; 96 17.5 8 14.5; 109 0 -1.5 0; 110 0 -1.5 5; 111 0 -1.5 8.5; 112 0 -1.5 14.5; 113 0 -1.5

20.5; 114 0 -1.5 23.33; 115 6 -1.5 0; 116 6 -1.5 5; 117 6 -1.5 8.5; 118 6 -1.5 14.5; 119 6 -1.5 20.5; 120 6 -1.5 23.33; 121 17.5 -1.5 0; 122 17.5 -1.5 5; 123 17.5 -1.5 8.5; 124 17.5 -1.5 14.5; 125 17.5 -1.5 20.5; 126 17.5 -1.5 23.33; 127 11.5 -1.5 0; 128 11.5 -1.5 5; 129 11.5 -1.5 8.5; 130 11.5 -1.5 14.5; 131 11.5 1.5 20.5; 132 11.5 -1.5 23.33; 133 0 -0.5 0; 134 0 -0.5 23.33; 135 17.5 -0.5 23.33; 136 17.5 -0.5 0; *********************************************** * STAAD.Pro Generated Comment * *********************************************** * 215 81 8 115

MEMBER INCIDENCES 1 33 34; 2 34 35; 3 35 36; 4 1 2; 5 2 3; 6 3 4; 7 4 8; 8 8 12; 9 12 16; 10 16 20; 11 20 24; 12 24 28; 13 28 32; 14 32 36; 15 3 7; 16 7 11; 17 11 15; 18 15 19; 19 19 23; 20 23 27; 21 27 31; 22 31 35; 23 1 5; 24 5 9; 25 9 13; 26 13 17; 27 17 21; 28 21 25; 29 25 29; 30 29 33; 31 5 6; 32 6 7; 33 7 8; 34 2 6; 35 9 10; 36 10 11; 37 11 12; 38 6 10; 39 13 14; 40 14 15; 41 15 16; 42 10 14; 43 17 18; 44 18 19; 45 19 20; 46 14 18; 47 21 22; 48 22 23; 49 23 24; 50 18 22; 51 25 26; 52 26 27; 53 27 28; 54 22 26; 55 29 30; 56 30 31; 57 31 32; 58 26 30; 59 30 34; 60 1 37; 61 2 38; 62 3 39; 63 4 40; 68 9 45; 69 10 46;70 11 47; 71 12 48; 72 13 49; 73 14 50; 74 15 51; 75 16 52; 80 21 57; 81 22 58; 82 23 59; 83 24 60; 88 29 65; 89 30 66; 90 31 67; 91 32 68; 92 33 69; 93 34 70; 94 35 71; 95 36 72; 96 69 70; 97 70 71; 98 71 72; 99 37 38; 100 38 39; 101 39 40; 102 40 44; 103 44 48; 104 48 52; 105 52 56; 106 56 60; 107 60 64; 108 64 68; 109 68 72; 110 39 43; 111 43 47; 112 47 51; 113 51 55; 114 55 59; 115 59 63; 116 63 67; 117 67 71; 118 37 41; 119 41 45; 120 45 49; 121 49 53; 122 53 57; 123 57 61; 124 61 65; 125 65 69; 126 41 42; 127 42 43; 128 43 44; 129 38 42; 130 45 46; 131 46 47; 132 47 48; 133 42 46; 134 49 50; 135 50 51; 136 51 52; 137 46 50; 138 53 54; 139 54 55; 140 55 56; 141 50 54; 142 57 58; 143 58 59; 144 59 60; 145 54 58; 146 61 62; 147 62 63; 148 63 64; 149 58 62; 150 65 66; 151 66 67; 152 67 68; 153 62 66; 154 66 70; 163 45 81; 164 46

82; 165 93; 176 91; 209 86; 233 96;

47 83; 166 48 84; 167 49 85; 168 50 86; 169 51 87; 170 52 88; 175 57 58 94; 177 59 95; 199 84 88; 200 88 92; 201 92 96; 207 83 87; 208 87 91 95; 216 85 89; 217 89 93; 229 85 86; 230 86 87; 231 87 88; 232 82 89 90; 234 90 91; 235 91 92; 236 86 90; 237 93 94; 238 94 95; 239 95

240 90 94; 250 1 109; 251 9 110; 252 13 111; 253 21 112; 254 29 113; 255 33 114; 257 10 116; 258 14 117; 259 22 118; 260 30 119; 261 34 120;262 4 121; 263 12 122; 264 16 123; 265 24 124; 266 32 125; 267 36 126; 268 3 127; 269 11 128; 270 15 129; 271 23 130; 272 31 131; 273 35 132; 274 81 82; 275 82 83; 276 83 84; 277 81 85; 278 96 60; 279 133 134;280 134 135; 281 135 136; 282 136 133; 283 2 115; DEFINE MATERIAL START ISOTROPIC CONCRETE E 2.17185e+007 POISSON 0.17 DENSITY ALPHA 1e-005 DAMP 0.05 END DEFINE MATERIAL MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN 1 TO 59 82 88 90 96 TO 154 177 199 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 274 - 275 TO 277 279 TO 282 PRIS YD 0.2 ZD 0.4 23.5616

60 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 81 83 89 91 TO 95 163 TO 170 175 176 250 TO 255 -257 TO 273 278 283 PRIS YD 0.5 ZD 0.3 CONSTANTS MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL SUPPORTS 109 TO 132 FIXED LOAD 2 LOADTYPE None TITLE FLOOR LOAD FLOOR LOAD YRANGE 4 4 FLOAD -8.8 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 5 14.5 GY LOAD 4 LOADTYPE None TITLE ROOF LOAD ONEWAY LOAD YRANGE 4 4 ONE -5.3 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 0 5 GY FLOOR LOAD YRANGE 4 4 FLOAD -5.3 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 14.5 20.5 GY ONEWAY LOAD YRANGE 4 4 ONE -5.3 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 20.5 23.33 GY LOAD 5 LOADTYPE None TITLE WIND LOAD CASE II MEMBER LOAD 92 UNI GX 1.9 95 UNI GX 0 88 UNI GX 5.9 91 UNI GX 0 80 UNI GX 8.1

83 UNI GX 0 72 UNI GX 6 75 UNI GX 0 68 UNI GX 5.73 71 UNI GX 0 60 UNI GX 3.3 63 UNI GX 0 163 UNI GX 2.3 166 UNI GX 0 167 UNI GX 4.05 170 UNI GX 0 175 UNI GX 4.05 92 UNI GZ -1.35 93 UNI GZ -2.5 94 UNI GZ -2.5 95 UNI GZ -1.35 60 UNI GZ 1.35 61 UNI GZ 2.5 62 UNI GZ 2.5 63 UNI GZ 1.35 163 UNI GZ 1.35 164 UNI GZ 1.35 165 UNI GZ 1.35 166 UNI GZ 1.35 175 UNI GZ -1.35 176 UNI GZ -1.35 177 UNI GZ -1.35 LOAD 6 LOADTYPE None TITLE WIND LOAD CASE III MEMBER LOAD 92 UNI GX -1.4 95 UNI GX 1.4 88 UNI GX -4.6 91 UNI GX 4.6 80 UNI GX -6.3

83 UNI GX 6.3 72 UNI GX -4.7 75 UNI GX 4.7 68 UNI GX -4.4 71 UNI GX 4.4 60 UNI GX -2.6 63 UNI GX 2.6 163 UNI GX -1.8 166 UNI GX 1.8 167 UNI GX -3.15 170 UNI GX 3.15 175 UNI GX -3.15 92 UNI GZ -1.8 93 UNI GZ -3.45 94 UNI GZ -3.45 95 UNI GZ -1.8 60 UNI GZ -2.25 61 UNI GZ -4.3 62 UNI GZ -4.3 63 UNI GZ -2.25 163 UNI GZ -2.25 164 UNI GZ -2.25 165 UNI GZ -2.25 166 UNI GZ -2.25 175 UNI GZ -1.8 176 UNI GZ -1.8 177 UNI GZ -1.8 LOAD 7 LOADTYPE None TITLE WIND LOAD CASE IV MEMBER LOAD 92 UNI GX -0.6 95 UNI GX 0.6 88 UNI GX -1.9 91 UNI GX 1.9 80 UNI GX -2.7

83 UNI GX 2.7 72 UNI GX -2 75 UNI GX 2 68 UNI GX -1.9 71 UNI GX 1.9 60 UNI GX -1.1 63 UNI GX 1.1 163 UNI GX -0.7 166 UNI GX 0.7 167 UNI GX -1.35 170 UNI GX 1.35 175 UNI GX -1.35 92 UNI GZ 0 93 UNI GZ 0 94 UNI GZ 0 95 UNI GZ 0 60 UNI GZ -4.05 61 UNI GZ -7.7 62 UNI GZ -7.7 63 UNI GZ -4.05 163 UNI GZ -4.05 164 UNI GZ -4.05 165 UNI GZ -4.05 166 UNI GZ -4.05 175 UNI GZ 0 176 UNI GZ 0 177 UNI GZ 0 LOAD 1 LOADTYPE None TITLE WIND LOAD CASE 1 MEMBER LOAD 92 UNI GX 1.06 95 UNI GX 0.8 88 UNI GX 3.3 91 UNI GX 2.6 80 UNI GX 4.5

83 UNI GX 3.6 72 UNI GX 3.3 75 UNI GX 2.7 68 UNI GX 3.1 71 UNI GX 2.5 60 UNI GX 1.8 63 UNI GX 1.5 163 UNI GX 1.3 166 UNI GX 1.05 167 UNI GX 3.5 170 UNI GX 2.8 175 UNI GX 2.25 92 UNI GZ -3.15 93 UNI GZ -6 94 UNI GZ -6 95 UNI GZ -3.15 60 UNI GZ 3.15 61 UNI GZ 6 62 UNI GZ 6 63 UNI GZ 3.15 163 UNI GZ 3.15 164 UNI GZ 3.15 165 UNI GZ 3.15 166 UNI GZ 3.15 175 UNI GZ -3.15 176 UNI GZ -3.15 177 UNI GZ -3.15 LOAD 8 LOADTYPE None TITLE SEISMIC LOAD ALONG Z JOINT LOAD 37 TO 40 45 TO 52 57 TO 60 65 TO 72 81 TO 88 93 TO 96 FZ 17.4 LOAD 3 LOADTYPE None TITLE SEISMIC LOAD ALONG X JOINT LOAD 37 TO 40 45 TO 52 57 TO 60 65 TO 72 81 TO 88 93 TO 96 FX 17.5

LOAD 10 LOADTYPE None TITLE SEISMIC LOAD ALONG -Z JOINT LOAD 37 TO 40 45 TO 52 57 TO 60 65 TO 72 81 TO 88 93 TO 96 FZ -17.4 LOAD 11 LOADTYPE None TITLE SEISMIC LOAD ALONG -X JOINT LOAD 37 TO 40 45 TO 52 57 TO 60 65 TO 72 81 TO 88 93 TO 96 FX -17.5 LOAD 9 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE SELF WEIGHT SELFWEIGHT Y -1 LIST 1 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 154 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 199 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 274 TO 282 LOAD 12 LOADTYPE None TITLE DEAD LOAD DUE TO SLABS ONEWAY LOAD YRANGE 4 4 ONE -3.8 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 0 5 GY FLOOR LOAD YRANGE 4 4 FLOAD -3.8 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 5 14.5 GY YRANGE 4 4 FLOAD -3.8 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 14.5 20.5 GY YRANGE 4 4 FLOAD -3.8 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 14.5 20.5 GY ONEWAY LOAD YRANGE 4 4 ONE -3.8 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 20.5 23.33 GY FLOOR LOAD YRANGE 8 8 FLOAD -3.8 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 5 14.5 GY LOAD 14 LOADTYPE None TITLE LIVE LOAD ONEWAY LOAD YRANGE 4 4 ONE -1.5 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 0 5 GY FLOOR LOAD YRANGE 4 4 FLOAD -5 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 5 14.5 GY YRANGE 4 4 FLOAD -1.5 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 14.5 20.5 GY

ONEWAY LOAD YRANGE 4 4 ONE -1.5 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 20.5 23.33 GY FLOOR LOAD YRANGE 8 8 FLOAD -1.5 XRANGE 0 17.5 ZRANGE 5 14.5 GY ************************************************************** *****LOAD COMBINATIONS***** ************************************************************** LOAD COMB 13 DEAD LOAD 9 1.0 12 1.0 LOAD COMB 15 DEAD + LIVE LOAD 12 1.5 9 1.5 14 1.5 LOAD COMB 16 DEAD+ WIND CASE I LOAD 12 1.5 9 1.5 1 1.5 LOAD COMB 17 DEAD+ WIND CASE II 12 1.5 9 1.5 5 1.5 LOAD COMB 18 DEAD+ WIND CASE III LOAD 9 1.5 12 1.5 6 1.5 LOAD COMB 19 DEAD+ WIND CASE IV LOAD 9 1.5 12 1.5 7 1.5 LOAD COMB 20 DEAD+LIVE+ WIND CASE I 1 1.2 9 1.2 12 1.2 14 1.2 LOAD COMB 21 DEAD+ LIVE+ WIND CASE II LOAD 5 1.2 9 1.2 12 1.2 14 1.2 LOAD COMB 22 DEAD+LIVE+WIND CASE III LOAD 6 1.2 9 1.2 12 1.2 14 1.2 LOAD COMB 23 DEAD+LIVE +WIND CASEIV LOAD 7 1.2 9 1.2 12 1.2 14 1.2 LOAD COMB 24 DEAD+SEISMIC X LOAD 3 1.5 9 1.5 12 1.5 LOAD COMB 25 DEAD+SEISMIC -X LOAD 9 1.5 11 1.5 12 1.5 LOAD COMB 26 DEAD+SEISMIC Z LOAD 8 1.5 9 1.5 12 1.5 LOAD COMB 27 DEAD+SEISMIC -Z LOAD

9 1.5 10 1.5 12 1.5 LOAD COMB 28 DEAD+LIVE+ SEISMIC X LOAD 3 1.2 9 1.2 12 1.2 14 0.5 LOAD COMB 29 DEAD+LIVE+SEISMIC -X LOAD 11 1.2 9 1.2 12 1.2 14 0.5 LOAD COMB 30 DEAD+LIVE+SEISMIC Z LOAD 8 1.2 9 1.2 12 1.2 14 0.5 LOAD COMB 31 DEAD+LIVE+SEISMIC -Z LOAD 10 1.2 9 1.2 12 1.2 14 0.5 PERFORM ANALYSIS ************************************************************** *****CONCRETE DESIGNING***** ************************************************************** LOAD LIST 15 TO 31 START CONCRETE DESIGN CODE INDIAN FC 25000 MEMB 1 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 154 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 199 200 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 250 TO 255 257 TO 278 FYMAIN 500000 MEMB 1 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 154 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 199 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 250 TO 255 257 TO 278 FYSEC 415000 MEMB 1 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 154 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 199 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 250 TO 255 257 TO 278 MAXMAIN 32 MEMB 1 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 154 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 199 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 250 TO 255 257 TO 278 MAXSEC 12 MEMB 1 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 154 163 TO 170

175 TO 177 199 -200 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 250 TO 255 257 TO 278 RATIO 4 MEMB 1 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 154 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 199 -200 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 250 TO 255 257 TO 278 RFACE 4 MEMB 1 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 154 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 199 - 200 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 250 TO 255 257 TO 278 TORSION 0 MEMB 1 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 154 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 199 -200 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 250 TO 255 257 TO 278 TRACK 0 MEMB 1 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 154 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 199 - 200 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 250 TO 255 257 TO 278 CLEAR 0.04 MEMB 60 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 95 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 278 CLEAR 0.03 MEMB 1 TO 59 96 TO 154 199 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 - 274 TO 282 DESIGN COLUMN 60 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 95 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 278 DESIGN BEAM 1 TO 59 96 TO 154 199 TO 201 207 TO 209 216 217 229 TO 240 274 - 275 TO 282 ELZ 1.2 MEMB 60 TO 63 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 88 TO 95 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 278 ELY 2.4 MEMB 68 TO 75 80 TO 83 163 TO 170 175 TO 177 278 END CONCRETE DESIGN FINISH

SLAB DESIGN
Slabs are an important structural component where prestressing is applied. With increase in the demand for fast track, economical and efficient construction, prestressed slabs are becoming popular. The slabs are presented in two groups: one-way slabs and two-way slabs. Rectangular slabs can be divided into the two groups based on the support conditions and length-to-breadth ratios. ONE WAY SLABS One way slab is identified as following: When a rectangular slab is supported only on two opposite edges, it is a one-way slab spanning in the direction perpendicular to the edges. When a rectangular slab is supported on all the four edges and the length-to-breadth (L / B) ratio is equal to or greater than two, the slab is considered to be a one-way slab. The slab spans predominantly in the direction parallel to the shorter edge. A slab in a framed building can be a one-way slab depending upon its length-to-breadth ratio. A one-way slab is designed for the spanning direction only. For the transverse direction, a minimum amount of reinforcement is provided. TWO WAY SLABS Other types of rectangular slabs and non-rectangular slabs are considered to be two-way slabs. If a rectangular slab is supported on all the four sides and the length-to-breadth ratio is less than two, then it is a two-way slab. If a slab is supported on three edges or two adjacent edges, then also it is a two-way slab. A slab in a framed building can be a two-way slab depending upon its length-to-breadth ratio. A two-way slab is designed for both the orthogonal directions.

ONE WAY SLAB DESIGN: The design problem is somewhat the reverse of the analysis problem. The external loads( or load effects), material properties and the skeletal dimensions of the beams are given and it is required to arrive at the suitable cross section dimensions and details of the reinforcing steel which would give adequate safety and serviceability. In designing for flexure, the distribution of bending moments along the length if the beam must be known from structural analysis. For this the initial dimensions are assumed for the estimation of dead weight. The adequacy of the assumed dimensions should be verified and suitable changes are made, if required. To design a slab some basic guidelines are given in code. REQUIREMENT FOR FLEXURE DESIGN
CONCRETE COVER:

Clear cover is the distance measured from the exposed concrete surface to the nearest surface of the reinforcing bar. The concrete cover must have a minimum thickness for three main reasons: to protect the steel reinforcement bars (rebars) from environmental effects to prevent their corrosion; to protect the reinforcement bars from fire, and; to give reinforcing bars sufficient embedding to enable them to be stressed without slipping. The premature failure of corroded steel reinforcements and the expansion of the iron corrosion products around the rebars are amongst the main causes of the concrete degradation. The carbon steel of rebars is protected from oxidation by atmospheric oxygen by the high pH of concrete interstitial water. Iron bar surface is passivated as long as the pH value is higher than 10.5. Fresh cement water has a pH of about 13.5 while evolved cement water pH ~ 12.5 is controlled by the dissolution

of calcium hydroxide (portlandite). Carbon dioxide present in the air slowly diffuses through the concrete cover over the rebar and progressively reacts with the alkaline hydroxides (KOH, NaOH) and with calcium hydroxide leading to the carbonation of the hydrated cement paste. As a result, the pH of the cement drops and when its value is below 10.5 9.5, steel surface is no longer passivated and starts to corrode. A sufficient thickness of concrete cover is thus required in order to slow down the carbonation process towards the rebar. The minimum concrete cover will depend on the environmental conditions encountered and must be thicker when the concrete is also exposed to moisture and chloride (proximity to the sea, use of de-icing salt for bridges or roads, ...). A high quality concrete made with a low water-to-cement (w/c) ratio will have a lower porosity and will be less permeable to water and to the ingress of corrosive species (dissolved oxygen, chloride, ...). A thicker cover or a more compact concrete will also reduce the diffusion of CO2 in the concrete, protecting it better from carbonation and maintaining a higher pH for a longer time period, increasing so the rebar service life.
SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT BAR:

The code specifies minimum and maximum limits of spacing between parallel reinforcing bars in one layer. The minimum limits are necessary to ensure that the concrete can be placed easily in between and around the bars during the placement of fresh concrete. The maximum limits are specified for bars in tension for the purpose of controlling the crack width. Sometimes minimum spacing plays a deciding role in governing the width of the beam. In slabs the width is large so it is easy to adjust with the spacing but it becomes congested in beams sometimes. If all the reinforcing bars cannot be accommodated in one layer then the options are: To increase the beam width To place bars in multiple layers, properly separated To bundle groups of parallel bars.

Stirrups provided in beams serve as transverse shear reinforcement. In singly reinforced beams, they may be provided as U shaped stirrup with two hanger bars at the top. However it is common to provide closed rectangular stirrups and these are also used against the torsion. The code restricts the maximum diameter of the bar to one-eighth of the thickness of the slab and the maximum spacing between such bars to be 3d or 300mm(whichever is less). MINIMUM FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT IN SLABS: As per the code the minimum reinforcement in either direction in slabs is given by: (Ast)min=0.0015Ag for Fe 215 (Ast)min =0.0012 for Fe 415

Where Ag denotes the gross area of the section. The minimum steel reqirerement of the slab are based on the consideration of the shrinkage and temperature effects alone and not on the strength. Besides this some other requirements are: The basic requirement for the safety at ultimate limit state if flexure is that the factored moment Mu should not exceed the ultimate moment of resistance MuR The l/d ratio also plays a major role in limiting the deflection of the span. By limiting l/d ratio, deflection can be controlled. There are specific guidelines given in the code to calculate the value of l/d for the slabs. The next step is to determine the area of steel used for the reinforcement. Once the area of steel is known, we can find the number of steel bars of a particular diameter to be used in the reinforcement The spacing required is thus calculated by distributing these bars at uniform spacing. The designing of one way slab started with the search of the most critical section. The section at the edges are discontinuous from side and continuous from the rest three are generally considered as critical. For convenience a strip of 1 m width is chosen and the moment coefficient are taken from the code.

DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB Grade of the concrete fck= Grade of steel fy= Modulus of elasticity of steel Es= M 25 Fe 2.00*10^5 25 500 D

Density of concrete = Longer span of slab Ly = Shorter span of slab Lx = Thickness of slab D = Clear cover = Ly/Lx =

2.5 6 2.5 150 30 2.4

T/m3 m m mm mm

Load on slab Self wt of slab = Live load on slab = Factored dead load= Factored live load= Total load = Factored Load= Effective depth of slab 0.375 0.15 0.5625 0.225 0.525 0.7875 115 T/m2 T/m2 T/m2 T/m2 T/m2 T/m2 mm

Factored Moments Sections(M) At end Support=

At

Critical

0.2050781 T m per 25 width of slab

'm'

At Mid-Span= At Interior Supports=

0.4335937 T m per 5 width of slab 0.5078125 T m per width of slab

'm' 'm'

For Interior Span(L=2.5m) At end Support= At Mid-Span= At Interior Supports= 0.5078125 T m per width of slab 0.3369140 T m per 63 width of slab 0.4492187 T m per 5 width of slab T m per width of slab 'm' 'm' 'm'

At first end support the value of the -0.5 factored moment is= Determining Area Of steel R=M/b*d*d Pt=(Ast*100)/b*d Ast= When diameter of bars is 10mm Number of bars required= 16.554140

'm'

3.8397920 MPa 6 1.13 1299.5 mm2/m

13 Spacing required= 60.407849 mm 17 345 mm

maximum Spacing allowed When diameter of bars is 8mm Number of bars required= Spacing required=

25.865843 95 38.661023 47 345 mm

maximum Spacing allowed

Area of Steel provided at 8 mm 1435.4285 mm2 71 diameter@ 35mm (L/D) provided= 16.666666 67

(L/D) max calculation: Pt=(100*Ast)/(b*d) Fst=(0.58*Fy*Area of required)/(Area of steel provided) 1.2481987 58 steel 262.53831 61

Kt(as calculated from table)

0.88

(by interpolatio n)

(L/D)max=(0.5)*Kt*(l/d)

20.24

Discontinuous

Continuous

TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN : The maximum bending moments per unit width in a slab are given by the following equation Mx = x x w x Lx2 My = y x w x Lx2 Where x and y are coefficients given in Table 26,of IS:456 re w= Design load per unit area Mx and My = moments on strips of unit width spanning respectively, Lx & Ly respectively. Lx and Ly lengths of the shorter span and
longer span respectively.

 Here also the design approach to search the most critical panel for the design. The two way slab is designed for the most critical panel. This is based upon the calculation of the bending moment which depends upon the coefficients since the slab is designed for the shorter side. The most critical panel was found out to be one with Lx =3.5m and Ly= 6m. Moment at the continuous edges and at the mid spans of the beam is calculated and area of steel required for each case is calculated. From the area of the reinforcement, the spacing and umber of bars is calculated. The diameter of the bar used is 10mm. The slab design is given for roof and first floor with live load taken as 0.15 and 0.5 T/m2respectively. After performing the calculation for flexure, shear requirements are checked.

DESIGN OF SLAB FOR ROOF Grade of the concrete fck= Grade of steel fy= Modulus of elasticity of steel Es= Density of concrete = Longer span of slab Ly = Shorter span of slab Lx = Thickness of slab D = Clear cover = Ly/Lx = Short span coefficient x M 25 Fe 500 D 2.00*10^5 2.5 6 3.5 150 30 1.71 N/mm 2 T/m3 m m mm mm

For ve moment at continuous edge 0.064 = For +ve moment at midspan = 0.048

Long span coefficient y For ve moment at continuous edge 0.037 = For +ve moment at midspan = Load on slab Self wt of slab = Live load on slab = Total load = Udl on slab w = Effective depth 1503010/2= of 0.38 0.15 0.53 0.53 slab 114 xu= 51.99 T/m2 T/m2 T/m2 T/m2 mm mm 0.028

Depth of NA 0.0035/(0.0055+0.87fy/Es)

= 0.4155 T m per 'm' Max ve moment at continuous Mx x*w*Lx2 2 edge along Lx= width of slab

Area of steel required Ast = 155.114656 mm2 4 Mu/(0.87fy*(d0.416xu))= Spacing required 10 mm dia bar = provide 3 steel bars @300mm c/c distance = 0.3116 Tm per 'm' Max +ve moment at midspan Mx x*w*Lx2 4 along Lx= width of slab Area of steel required Ast = 116.335992 mm2 3 Mu/(0.87fy*(d0.416xu))= Spacing required 10 mm dia bar = 674.769677 mm 3 506.077258 mm

= 0.1817 Tm per 'm' Max +ve moment at midspan My y*w*Lx2 9 along Ly= width of slab Area of steel required Ast = 67.8626621 mm2 9 Mu/(0.87fy*(d0.416xu))= Spacing required 10 mm dia bar = 1156.74801 mm 8

= 0.2402 Tm per 'm' Max ve moment at continuous My y*w*Lx2 225 edge along Ly= width of slab Area of steel required Ast = 89.6756607 mm2 5 Mu/(0.87fy*(d0.416xu))= Spacing required 10 mm dia bar = 875.376878 mm 7

Shear check SF coefficient for end support SF = Shear stress v = Vu/bd = Ast provided = % of steel provided = Permissible shear stress c= 0.4 0.212 0.02789473 7 235.55 0.20662280 7 0.33 >0.02 7 N/mm 2 T per 'm' width of slab OK mm2 T per 'm' width of slab

Max SF coefficient for support 0.6 next to end support SF = Shear stress = Vu/bd = Ast provided = % of steel provided = Permissible shear stress = 0.318 0.04184210 5 235.55 0.20662280 7 0.33

mm2

>0.02 7

OK

DESIGN OF SLAB FOR FIRST FLOOR

Grade of the concrete M 25 fck= Grade of steel fy=Fe 500 D N/m m2 T/m3 m m mm mm

Modulus of elasticity of 2.00*10^5 steel Es= Density of concrete = Longer span of slab Ly = Shorter span of slab Lx = Thickness of slab D = Clear cover = Ly/Lx = Short span coefficient x For ve moment continuous edge = For +ve moment midspan = at 0.064 at 0.048 2.5 6 3.5 150 30 1.71

Long span coefficient y For ve moment continuous edge = For +ve moment midspan = Load on slab Self wt of slab = Live load on slab = Total load = Udl on slab w = 0.38 0.5 0.88 0.88 T/m2 T/m2 T/m2 T/m2 mm mm T m per 'm' width of slab at 0.037 at 0.028

Effective depth of slab 114 1503010/2= Depth of NA xu= 51.99 0.0035/(0.0055+0.87fy/E s)

Max ve moment at Mx = x*w*Lx2 continuous edge along Lx= Area of steel required Ast 264.2414213 = Mu/(0.87fy*(d0.416xu))

0.68 992 mm2 Tm per 'm' width of slab

= Spacing required 10 mm 297.0768157 dia bar = provide 3 steel bars @300mm c/c distance Max +ve moment midspan along Lx= at Mx = x*w*Lx2 0.51 744 mm2 Tm per 'm' width of slab mm mm

Area of steel required Ast 198.181066 = Mu/(0.87fy*(d0.416xu)) = Spacing required 10 mm 396.1024209 dia bar = Max +ve moment midspan along Ly= at My = y*w*Lx2

0.30 184 mm2

Area of steel required Ast 115.6056218 = Mu/(0.87fy*(d0.416xu)) = Spacing required 10 mm 679.0327215 dia bar =

mm

Tm per 'm' width of slab

Max ve moment at My = y*w*Lx2 continuous edge along

0.39 886

Ly= Area of steel required Ast 152.7645717 = Mu/(0.87fy*(d0.416xu)) = Spacing required 10 mm 513.8626001 dia bar = mm2

mm

Shear check

T per 'm' width of slab

SF coefficient for end 0.4 support SF = 0.352 O K mm2 T per width slab >.04 6 N/m m2 'm' of

Shear stress v = Vu/bd = 0.046315789 Ast provided = % of steel provided = 235.55 0.206622807

Permissible shear stress 0.33 c= Max SF coefficient for 0.6 support next to end support

SF = Shear stress = Vu/bd = Ast provided = % of steel provided =

0.528 0.069473684 235.55 0.206622807 mm2 >.06 9 >.04 6

O K

Permissible shear stress = 0.33

O K

Discontinuous

Continuous Critical panel for floor and roof slab design

WIND LOAD(IS: 875 PART 3)

Wind causes a random time-dependent load, which can be seen as a mean plus a fluctuating component. Strictly speaking all structures will experience dynamic oscillations due to the fluctuating component (gustiness) of wind. In short rigid structures these oscillations are insignificant, and therefore can be satisfactorily treated as having an equivalent static pressure. A structure may be deemed to be short and rigid if its natural time period is

less than one second. The more flexible systems such as tall buildings undergo a dynamic response to the gustiness of wind. Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced to earths rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are mainly responsible for convection current either upwards or downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal to the ground at high speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric motion are relatively small, the term wind denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind while vertical winds are always identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed with the aid of anemometers or anemographs, which are installed at meteorological observatories at heights generally varying from 10 to 30* meters above ground. The wind speeds recorded at any locality are extremely variable and in addition to steady wind at any time, there are effects of gusts, which may last for a few seconds. These gusts cause increase in air pressure but their effect on stability of the building may not be so important; often gust affect a small part of the building and the increased local pressure may be balanced by momentary reduction elsewhere. The effect of wind on the structure as a whole is determined by the combined action of external and internal pressures acting upon it. In all cases, the calculated wind loads act normal to the surface to which they apply. The pressures created inside a building due to access of wind through openings could be suction (negative) or pressure (positive) of the same order of intensity while those outside may also vary in magnitude with possible reversals. Thus the design value shall be taken as the algebraic sum of the two in appropriate/concerned direction. PARAMETERS IN WIND LOAD CALCULATION: Basic Wind Speed: Basic wind speed is based on peak gust speed averaged over a short time interval of about 3 seconds and corresponds to 10m height above the mean ground level in an open terrain. Design Wind Speed: This is based on many factors which are as follows: Risk level

 Terrain roughness and height of the structure. Local topography Importance factor Vz = Vb k1 k2 k3 k4, Vz = design wind speed at any height z in m/s, k1 = probability factor (risk coefficient) k2 = terrain roughness and height factor k3 = topography factor k4 = importance factor for the cyclonic region Design Wind Pressure(Pz): The wind pressure at any height above mean ground level shall be obtained by the following relationship between wind pressure and wind speed: Pz = 0.6 xVz2 For my project work. Basic Wind velocity Vb = Risk Cofficient K1= Terrain Category Terrain Class= Terrain height and structure size factor,K2 Topography Factor K3 = Length of the building= Height of the building= Width of the building= 50 1.08 2 B 0.93 1 23.33 8 17.5

Design wind speed Vz=Vb*K1*K2*K3 Design wind pressure=

50.22 1513.22904

When calculating the wind load on individual structural elements such as roofs and walls, and individual cladding units and their fittings, it is essential to take account of the pressure difference between opposite faces of such elements or units. For clad structures, it is, therefore, necessary to know the internal pressure as well as the external pressure. Then the wind load, F, acting in a direction normal to the individual structural element or cladding unit is: F = (Cpe Cpi) A pd where Cpe = external pressure coefficient, Cpi = internal pressure coefficient A = surface area of structural element or cladding unit, and pd = design wind pressure Internal pressure coefficient: Internal air pressure in a building depends upon the degree of permeability of cladding to the flow of air. The internal air pressure may be positive or negative depending on the direction of flow of air in relation to openings in the building. In case of buildings where the claddings permit the flow of air with openings not more than about 5 percent of the wall area but where there are no large openings, it is necessary to consider the possibility of the internal pressure being positive or negative. Two design conditions shall be examined, one with an internal pressure coefficient of +0.2 and other with an internal pressure coefficient of 0.2. The internal pressure coefficient is algebraically added to the external pressure coefficient and the analysis which indicates greater distress of the member, shall be adopted. In most situations a simple inspection of the sign of external pressure will at once indicate the proper sign of the internal pressure coefficient to be taken for design. Building with medium or large openings: Buildings with medium and large openings may also exhibit either

positive or negative internal pressure depending upon the direction of wind. Buildings with medium openings between about 5 to 20 percent of the wall area shall be examined for an internal pressure coefficient of + 0.5 and later with an internal pressure coefficient of 0.5, and the analysis, which produces greater distress in the members, shall be adopted. Buildings with large openings, that is, openings larger than 20 percent of the wall area shall be examined once with an internal pressure coefficient of + 0.7 and again with an internal pressure coefficient of 0.7, and the analysis, which produces greater distress in the members, shall be adopted. In my case the value of the internal pressure coefficient is taken as 0.2&-0.2 External Pressure Coefficient: The average external pressure coefficient for wall of the clad building of the rectangular plan is derived from the table in the IS:875 (Part III). It takes in to account Height Ratio and Plan Ratio. Besides this two cases of the wind are considered with wind angle taken as 0 degree and 90 degrees.

C A B

D Based on this building plan the values of the external pressure coefficient are calculated. The force on the wall is uniformly distributed on the columns based on the calculation effective width of the columns.

Fac Design e wind pressure (T/m2) A 0.15 Wind Angle B 0.15 (Zero Degrees) C 0.15 D 0.15 A B C D Wind Angle(Ninety degree) A B 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

External Pressure Cofficie nt ,Cp 0.7 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 0.7 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5

Internal Pressure Cofficient , Ci 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.2

CpCpi

0.5 -0.4 -0.7 -0.7 0.9 0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.7 -0.7

F/A=(C peCpi)*Pz (T/m2) 0.075 -0.06 -0.105 -0.105 0.135 0 -0.045 -0.045 -0.105 -0.105

C D A B C D

0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

0.7 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 0.7 -0.2

0.2 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2

0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 0.9 0

0.075 -0.06 -0.045 -0.045 0.135 0

Case 1 When angle is zero degree and Cpi=0.2 Col Effective UDL(alon umn width of g X) No columns(X) (T/m) (m) 92 3 0.106125 93 5.75 Null Effective width of columns(Z) (m) 1.415 1.415 UDL(a long Z) (T/m) -0.315 0.6037 5 0.6037 5 -0.315 Null Null Null Null Null Null Null Null -0.315 0.6037 5 0.6037 5 -0.315 -0.315 -0.315 -0.315 -0.315 Null

94

5.75

Null

1.415

95 88 91 80 83 72 75 68 71 60 61

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5.75

-0.0849 0.331125 -0.2649 0.45 -0.36 0.3375 -0.27 0.31875 -0.255 0.1875 Null

1.415 4.415 4.415 6 6 4.5 4.5 4.25 4.25 2.5 2.5

62

5.75

Null

2.5

63 163 164 165 166 167

3 3 3 3 3 4.75

-0.15 0.13125 Null Null -0.105 0.35625

2.5 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 3

170 175 176 177 178 Case 2 When angle is zero degree and Cpi=-0.2 Colu mn No 92 93 94 95 88 91 80 83 72 75 68 71 60 61 62 63 163 164 165 166 167

4.75 3 3 3 3

-0.285 0.225 Null Null -0.18

3 3 3 3 3

Null -0.315 -0.315 -0.315 -0.315

Effective width of columns(X) (m) 3 5.75 5.75 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5.75 5.75 3 3 3 3 3 4.75

UDL(alo Effective UDL(alo ng X) width of ng Z) (T/m) columns(Z) (T/m) (m) 0.191025 1.415 -0.135 Null 1.415 -0.25875 Null 1.415 -0.25875 0 1.415 -0.135 0.596025 4.415 Null 0 4.415 Null 0.81 6 Null 0 6 Null 0.6075 4.5 Null 0 4.5 Null 0.57375 4.25 Null 0 4.25 Null 0.3375 2.5 -0.135 Null 2.5 -0.25875 Null 2.5 -0.25875 0 2.5 -0.135 0.23625 1.75 -0.135 Null 1.75 -0.135 Null 1.75 -0.135 0 1.75 -0.135 0.405 3 Null

170 175 176 177 178

4.75 3 3 3 3

0 0.405 Null Null 0

3 3 3 3 3

Null -0.135 -0.135 -0.135 -0.135

Case 3 When angle is ninety degree and Cpi=0.2 Col Effective UDL(alon umn width of g X) No columns(X) (T/m) (m) 92 3 -0.148575 93 5.75 Null 94 5.75 Null 95 3 -0.148575 88 3 -0.463575 91 3 -0.463575 80 3 -0.63 83 3 -0.63 72 3 -0.4725 75 3 -0.4725 68 3 -0.44625 71 3 -0.44625 60 3 -0.2625 61 5.75 Null 62 63 5.75 3 Null -0.2625 Effective width of columns(Z) (m) 1.415 1.415 1.415 1.415 4.415 4.415 6 6 4.5 4.5 4.25 4.25 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 UDL(a long Z) (T/m) -0.18 -0.345 -0.345 -0.18 Null Null Null Null Null Null Null Null 0.225 0.4312 5 0.4312 5 0.225

163 164 165 166 167 170 175 176 177 178 Case4 When angle is ninety degree and Cpi=-0.2

3 3 3 3 4.75 4.75 3 3 3 3

-0.18375 Null Null -0.18375 -0.315 -0.315 -0.315 Null Null -0.315

1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 3 3 3 3 3 3

0.225 0.225 0.225 0.225 Null Null -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18

Colum Effective n No width of columns(X)( m) 92 3 93 94 95 88 91 80 83 72 75 68 71 5.75 5.75 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

UDL(alo Effective UDL(alo ng X) width of ng Z) (T/m) columns(Z)( (T/m) m) 1.415 0 0.063675 Null 1.415 0 Null 1.415 0 1.415 0 0.063675 4.415 Null 0.198675 4.415 Null 0.198675 -0.27 6 Null -0.27 6 Null -0.2025 4.5 Null -0.2025 4.5 Null -0.19125 4.25 Null -0.19125 4.25 Null

60 61 62 63 163 164 165 166 167 170 175 176 177 178

3 5.75 5.75 3 3 3 3 3 4.75 4.75 3 3 3 3

-0.1125 Null Null -0.1125 -0.07875 Null Null -0.07875 -0.135 -0.135 -0.135 Null Null -0.135

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 3 3 3 3 3 3

0.405 0.77625 0.77625 0.405 0.405 0.405 0.405 0.405 Null Null 0 0 0 0

SEISMIC LOAD
Earthquakes cause random motion of ground which can be resolved in any three mutually perpendicular directions. This motion causes the structure to vibrate. The vibration intensity of ground expected at any location depends upon the magnitude of earthquake, the depth of focus, distance from the epicentre and the strata on which the structure stands.

The predominant direction of vibration is horizontal. Relevant combinations of forces applicable for design of a particular structure have been specified in the relevant clauses. The response of the structure to these ground vibrations is the function of the nature of the foundation soil, materials, form , size and the mode of construction of the structure and the duration and the intensity of the ground motion. The vertical seismic coefficient shall be considered in the case of structures in which stability is a criterion of design or, for overall stability, analysis of structures except as otherwise stated in the relevant clauses. ASSUMPTIONS Earthquake causes impulsive ground motion which is complex and irregular in character, changing in period and amplitude each lasting for small duration. Therefore, resonance of the type as visualized under steady state sinusoidal excitations will not occur as it would need time to build up such amplitudes. Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood or maximum sea waves. The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, may be taken as for static analysis unless a more definite value is available for use in such condition. Whenever earthquake forces are considered along with other normal design forces, the following factors may be adopted: For ultimate load design of steel structures: 1.4(Dead + Live +Seismic Load) For limit state design of RCC structure: The partial safety factors for limit states of serviceability and collapse and the procedure for design is followed as given in IS:456

BUILDING HEIGHT Greater than 40 m

SEISMIC ZONE III, IV and V

Greater than 90 m

I and II

Greater than 40 m and All Zones up to 90 m.

Less than 40m

All Zones

RECOMMENDED METHOD Detailed dynamic analysis (either modal anaylsis or time history analysis based on expected ground motion for which special studies are required).For preliminary design modal analysis using response spectrum method may be used. Modal analysis using response spectrum method Modal analysis using response spectrum method. Use of seismic coefficient method permitted for zones I, II and III. Modal analysis using response spectrum method. Use of seismic coefficient method permitted in all zones.

CALCULATION OF SEISMIC LOAD

Seismic Zone= Zone Coefficient, Z= Importance factor, I= Rock and soil site factor= Type of structure= Damping ratio= Response reduction building, R= factor for

III 0.16 1.75 2(Medium Soil) 2 0.05 concrete 5

Design seismic coefficient, (Z*I/2R)*(Sa/g), Case 1= Design seismic coefficient, (Z*I/2R)*(Sa/g), Case 2= Acceleration Factor, (Z*I/2R)= Case 1 Time period in X direction , Ta = .09*H/SQRT(d) Sa/g=

Ah= 0.07

Ah= 0.07

0.028

0.17211292

2.5

Case 2 Time period in Z direction= .09*H/SQRT(d) Sa/g= 2.5 0.159021398

SEISMIC WEIGHT CALCULATION Due to the slab= Plinth Beam= Floor Finish = Columns = Beams = Masonary Wall = Total Dead Weight = Live Weight taken = Total Seismic Weigh, W= 269 24 89 54 75 303 814 83 897 T T T T T T T T T

BASE SHEAR CALCULATION Base shear, B= Ah* W Seismic load on each node= Note: Similar case for the forces alomg Z direction 62.79 T

1.744166667 T

In my case the height of the building is less than 40 m so static analysis is performed. Base shear is calculated and is a distributed as point load at all the beam column junctions (nodes). For calculation of the base shear, seismic weight of the building is calculated which included the combination of dead weight and 0.5x Live weight. Detailed calculation of the seismic weight is shown in the table. Besides this, design seismic coefficient is calculated based on the guidelines given in IS 1893 (Part I). The base shear is calculated for both X and Z directions.

LOAD COMBINATIONS
After the defining the individual loads in STAAD PRO, the loads were combined in various combinations. The design load, F, is given by

Fd=FYf Where F = characteristic load f = partial safety factor appropriate to the nature of loading and the limit state being considered. A judicious combination of the loads (described in part 1-4 of IS: 875), keeping in view the probability of: their acting together, and their disposition in relation to other loads and severity of stresses or deformations caused by combinations of the various loads is necessary to ensure the required safety and economy in the design of a structure. The following loading combinations, whichever combination produces the most unfavorable effect in the building, foundation or structural member concerned may be adopted. It is assumed that that the simultaneous occurrence of maximum values of wind, earthquake, imposed and snow loads is not likely. The following combinations are: DL DL+IL DL+ WL DL+EL DL+TL DL+IL+ WL DL+IL+EL DL+IL+TL DL+WL+TL

 DL+EL+TL DL+IL+WL+TL DL+IL+EL+TL Where DL= Dead Load, IL= Imposed Load, WL= Wind Load, EL= Earthquake Load, TL= Temperature Load In my case Temperature and Snow loads have not been considered while defining the load system. After defining the load combinations the final beam column design is done by STAAD. A detailed output file is generated by Staad and each beam and column is designed by taking the most critical load combination.