Chapter 2 | An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology One-Dimensional VS Multidimensional Models One-Dimensional Models

Simple, singular cause of psychopathology. Ex All in someones biology. Chemical imbalance. Trauma.

Multi-dimensional Models
The Role of Genes Neuroscience Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences Emotions Cultural, Social, Interpesonal Factors Life Span Development

The Nature of Genes

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double helix structure Located on chromosomes 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs Pairs 1-22 = body and brain development Pair 23 = gender XY= Male XX= Female Determines physical characteristics Importance of contextual factors Dominant vs Recessive Genes Single-gene determinants Down-Syndrome Polygenic influences Rule, not the exception Eric Kandel learning affects genetics structure of cells Good for discovering if people are predisposition genetically to diseases.

Activation of dormant genes Continued development in the brain Plasticity vs hardwired

Diathesis-Stress Model Bio-social Model, Biopsychosocial Model Diathesis Inherited tendency to express traits/behavior Genetic Stress Life events or contextual variables Environmental

Combination of the two yields activation.

Reciprocal Gene-Enviornment Model

Genes shape how we create our environments Inherited predispositions or traits that increase ones likelihood to engage in activities or seek out situations

Example divorce. A child who grows up in a divorced home, grow up to be divorcees.

A child with ADHD loves video games. They are impulses, distracted, hard time working on homework, ect. Are those things are calling for IMMEDIATE gratification.

Nongenomic Inheritance of Behavior The thought that there is an Overemphasis on the role of genes, to the point that we underestimate good parenting and early learning. Findings show that if you teach parents at an early stage that it can override the expected genetics, they can overcome the problem before it occurs. 50% of variance in personality or cognitive characteristcs Complex gene-environment relationships

IF YOU WAIT TOO LONG, THE DYES CAST.

Neuroscience
The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior The central nervous systems The Neuron - Basic Building Block Soma; Cell Body Dendrites; Branches that receive messages from other neurons Axon; Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons Axon Terminals; Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent Synaptic cleft; Small gaps that separate neurons Where medicines operate dopamine, opiates

Neurons Function Electrically, but Communicate Chemically Function;Electrical Communication; Chemical

Neurotransmitters - the chemical messengers

The Structure of the Brain has Two Main Parts

Brain Stem basic functions "Primitive Brain" Forebrain higher cognition "Sophisticated Brain"

3 Main Divisions Hindbrain Medulla heart rate, blood pressure, respitation Pons regulates leep stages Cerebellum physical coordination

Midbrain Coordinates movement with sensory input Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS)

Forebrain CEREBRAL CORTEX Thalamus and Hypothalamus Relays between brain and stem and forebrain Behavioral and emotional regulation

Thinking happens, most sensory, emotional and cognitive processing Two specialized hemisphere > Left brained verbal, math, logic Right brained perceptual Brains adapt when harm occurs to either side by compensating. The earlier the better.

Lobes of Cerebral Cortex Frontal Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory Parietal Touch recognition Occipital Integrates visual input Temporal Recognition of sights and sounds and long-term memory storage

Limbic System INVOLVED WHEN PEOPLE GO THROUGH TRAUMA. TATTOOING PROCESS OF MEMORY IN THE BRAINS. Very involves in psychopathology. Emotions, basic drives, impulse control Thalamus Receives and integrates sensory information Hypothalamus Eating, drinking, aggression, sexual activity

Basal Ganglia IF THRE IS DAMAGE TO THIS AREA, YOULL SEE A MOTOR PROBLEM. OFTEN INVOLVED IN OCD ACTIONS. TREMERS. Caudate nucleus Motor activity

The man who mistook his wife for a hat Oliver Saks

The Peripheral Nervous System

PNS Somatic Controls voluntary muscles and movement PNS Autonomic Sympathetic Outflow fight or flight system Activation of the body Energizes and accelerates the heart beat Increase sweat on palms | Dilates Iris | Constipation Your body reacting to an alligator waling into a room. People who are in a rage.

Parasympathetic outflow regulates Quieting nervous system. Decelerating heartbeat Acceleration of intestinal contraction Mindfulness. Relaxation. Hypnosis.

The Endocrine System

Hormones

The Hypothalamic Pituitary Andrenalcortical Axis HPA Axis

Bodies response to stress integration of endocrine and nervous system HORMONE FLOW Part of the fight or flight reaction. Partially chemically based reaction. What happens is that when people go into this mode, it takes approximately 40 minutes to peak. It can look like a panic attack, intense anxiety response, anger reaction. Hard to let go of quickly because of the chemical reaction. Couples should take an hour apart after a discussion because your brain and hormones will not allow you to solve a problem.

Neurotransmitters Drug therapies functions by either increasing or decreasing the flow of specific neuotransmitters Functions Agonists Inverse Agonists produce effects that are opposite to the effects of the neurotransmitters Antagonists Main Types 1. Serotonin 5HT 2. Gamma Aminobutyric Acid "GABA" and Benzodiazepines 3. Norepinephrines and Beta Blockers 4. Dopamine and L-Dopa Glutamate and GABA Natural in the body and medicines are used to excentuate or deexencuate them Glutamate excitatory when people dont remember things after too much drinking, it ?? GABA inhibitory reduces activity In the synapsis which ?? Benzodiazeines reduces anxiety, panic attack Fast acting more fast acting GABA reacting meds are more addicting and vice versa

Seratonin 5HT Concetrated in the mid brain Monamine Class Widespread, complex circuits Regulates behaviors and moods and thought processes Low level and vulnerabilities Implicated in several psychopathlogies Low levels are associated with tendencies to overreact, excess behaviors such as aggression, eating, risk of suicides Prozack, Zoloft, Lexapro

Norepinephrine

Dopamine - Katakolamine Switch function in brain circuits Interacts with other neurotransmitters Implicated in schizophrenia Says it turns on certain areas in the brain that inhibit Parkinsons Disease patients who are given too much dopamine can show signs and symptoms of dopamine and when levels are too low in schizophrenia show parkinsons diseases. PARKINSONIAM SYMPTOMS

Eldopo side effects = halutinations

The Brain and Abnormal Behavior

THERAPY INFLUENCES THE BRAIN MUCH LIKE MEDICINE INFLUENCES THE BRAIN
Psychosocial influences on the brain Functional normalization in OCD Placebo roughly 50% effective Psychotherapy roughly 50% effective when being a good listener Stress and early development

Conditioning and Cognitive processes

Respondent and operant learning Environmental relationships Learned helplessness Martin Seligman People learn that no matter what they do, they dont have much control over their lives. Implicated in depression, alchoholism, schizophrenia Perceptions of control given up Implicated in depression negative attributions Learned optimism Part of the genesis of Positive psychology and CBT Seen in people who have resilient thought process. Growing up in a poor town and making it out. Social Learning you learn form people who are more like you Prepared Learning suggest that there is an evolutionary basis for a behavior. Ex- predisposed to stay away from snakes because thousands of years ago our forefathers saw snakes as a threat. Passed on through genetics. A women was shocked by lightining and now will now go out during the rain. Evolutionary basis Increases survival One Trial learning

Cognitive Science and the Unconscious Blind Sight act on the basis of something that happened in the past even though we cant remember Implicit Learning Stroop Paradigm

Emotions The nature of emotion Fight or flight response Fear response Cardiovascular physiological response Cortical Emotional response is terror, motivation for action (fear, escape, motivation, being frozen) Short-lived, temporary states Different from mood or affect. Mood is more persistent period of affect or emotionality. Affect is a momentary emotional tone that people have.

EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR IS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATIONS

Anger and your heart Hostility and anger are risk factors for heart diease Cardiovascular efficiency Interactions with genetic risks TYPE A highly driven, control freak, higher risk for cardiovascular types of issues

Physiological effects of emotional problems Depression and diabetes. Anxiety and asthma, ulsers, hairloss. Sleep deprivation and memory loss. Timing of emotional response repression can lead to psychopathology. Sometimes its not HOW LONG but WHEN it occurred. Degree of response proper response but too little or it or too much of it. A man wants raise and says I WANT A GOD DAM RAISE vs a timid man that walks out before he even talks to the boss. Environmental and social interactions how the people around react to the emotional response

DSM page 897 Culturally bound syndrome Cultural Factors Influence form and expression of behavior Gender Effects and Roles Women are more susceptible to disease Related to cultural imperatives Influences across several dimensions Type and prevalence of fears Fear behaviors Responses

Social Effects on Health and Behavior Frequency and quality are critical Low Social Contacts higher mortality, higher psychopathology, lower life expectancy For just about all health outcomes, social relationships are key. When people do not have support, it decreases their immunological system.

Stigma of psychopathology Influences the expression of distress Limits help-seeking behaviors Helps maintain the cycle of pathology Sometimes when a child is stigmatized by a parent, they do not want and will not cooperate in therapy. People may refuse medication or leave institutions, thinking if theyre not taking medication, they will not be considered crazy.

Global incidence of psychological disorders People in 3rd world counties typically have less disorders people there are less doctors to diagnose them. Also less medications. Disorders are common across cultures Rates and expression varies Incidence influenced by poverty, political unrest, technological disparities

Changes overtime Biological maturation teenage years, menopause, aging Psychological development critical periods Social complexity gender roles, whether people talk about their disorders or not, open to treatment may depend on age and maturity, Equifinality several paths to a given outcome that vary by developmental stage