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Angiosperms of North Andaman, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

Pillutla Rama Chandra Prasad 1, 6 Chintala Sudhakar Reddy 2 Raparla Kanaka Vara Iakshmi 3 Parasa Vijaya Kumari 4 Syed Hasan Raza 5
1

Lab. for spatial Informatics, International Institute of Information Technology. Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500032. India. E-mail: rcprasad@iiit.ac.in

Forestry and Ecology Division, National Remote Sensing Agency, Dept of Space. Balanagar, Hyderabad - 500037 India. Department of Botany Viveka Vardhini College of Arts, Commerce and Science. Jam Bagh, Hyderabad - 500195, India.
4

Department of Botany, Bhavans New Science. Narayanaguda, Hyderabad -500029, India.

5Auroras Scientific Technological & Research Academy. Bandlaguda, Hyderabad - 500005, India

Abstract
The present paper focus on the phytosociological survey carried out in North Andaman part of Andaman and Nicobar islands and enlists the plant species with their habit and forest types they belong. The study area showed five important forest types viz., evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, mangroves and littoral. The survey in these islands encountered 241 tree species, 119 climbers, 45 shrubs and 49 herbs from 62, 41, 24 and 23 families respectively from a sample of 203 quadrats of 0.1 ha size. Euphorbiaceae is found to be dominant family represented by 34 species belong to 21 genera. The result of the survey indicates the potential species richness of the study site that encompasses a vivid biodiversity. It also provides a data base on North Andaman plant species which can be utilized in the context of species conservation and future inventories.

Introduction Tropical rain forests are one of the natures most complicated landscapes and deserve special attention as they harbor high species richness and diversity and function as invaluable gene banks. Within Indian sub continent these forest are found in the Andaman and Nicobar islands (A&N), the Western Ghats and the greater Assam region in the North east. A&N islands popularly known as Bay islands, located between 10 13' and 13 30' N latitudes and 9215' and 9310' E longitude, stretching over 800 km in Bay of Bengal comprise 572 islands, reefs and rocks (Figure 1). These islands are one of the national wealthy forest regions enriched with variety of flora, structuring from tall canopy trees to the under

ground herb forming distinct layers or synusiae. The flora shows affinities towards the Burmese and Malaysian type (Hajra et al. 1999) and the isolated island ecosystem nature favored these forest in maintaining high endemism, rarity and flora distinct from the neighbouring land. Due to the inaccessibility in approaching these islands as well as due to the presence of primitive tribes much study was not carried out in these areas related to phytodiversity. However in the recent past considerable floristic and ecological studies (Balakrishnan and Rao 1983; Ananda and Chakraborti 1987; Dagar 1989; Pradeep 1998; Hitendra et al. 2004; Roy et al. 2005; Prasad et al. 2007; 2008; Reddy et al. 2008)

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were initiated to reveal the species richness and diversity of these islands. Under the Jaivigyan science and technology mission project a study was carried out in these emerald islands, entitled Biodiversity characterization at landscape level in Andaman and Nicobar islands using remote sensing and GIS. The primary objective of the project is to prepare a vegetation cover type and density map of the A&N islands along with detailed assessment of biodiversity and its distribution at community level. The present paper focus on the phytosociological survey carried out in North Andaman Islands of A&N and enlists the plant species encountered during the study belonging to various habit and forest types. Materials and methods Study area North Andaman is the northern most islands and form one of the major divisions of Andaman region (Figure 1). The showers from the dual monsoons keep the forest in wet evergreen condition and house different species belonging to trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers, etc. Champion and Seth (1968) classified vegetation of North Andaman into Andaman tropical evergreen, Andaman semi evergreen, Andaman moist

deciduous, Mangroves and Littoral forest (Figure 2). The study of Prasad et al. (2007; 2008) concluded these islands as repository of high species richness and phytodiversity. A considerable extent of islands species richness is also contributed by the Saddle peak national park with an altitude of 732 m above m. s. l. (Reddy et al. 2008). Data collection As the part of project, a field inventory was carried out to collect phytosociological data within different forest types of North Andaman Islands. Keeping in view of time and accessibility to the plot, quadrats were sampled covering all the vegetation types in different disturbance regimes and micro climatic conditions. The size of the quadrat was determined using species area curve and finally 0.1 ha size was considered as optimum unit for sampling. About 203 quadrats of 0.1 ha size were sampled distributed in different vegetation types viz., evergreen (62 plots), semi evergreen (58), moist deciduous (75), mangrove (5) and littoral (3). Within each plot all the life forms encountered were listed. Species were identified with the help of field botanist, literature and from the authentic specimens of Botanical survey of India, Port Blair, South Andaman.

Figure 1. Location map of North Andaman Islands.

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Figure 2. Forest types of North Andaman Islands. Results and discussion Ecosystem integrity of an island ecosystem depends on plant cover which inturn influenced by the type of vegetation and its stability. The North Andaman forest showed typical tropical forest physiognomy represented by top, middle and lower canopy of trees entangled with lianas and climbers along with under ground shrub and herb strata. The floristic survey in these islands encountered about 241 tree species, 119 climbers, 45 shrubs and 49 herbs from 62, 41, 24 and 23 families respectively (Appendix 1). Euphorbiaceae is found to be species rich family with 34 species represented by 21 genera. Out of 34 species, 30 belong to tree storey, 3 to shrubs and one climber. Rubiaceae (22 species and 18 genera) and Annonaceae (18 species and 12 genera) were observed to be the dominating family next to Euphorbiaceae. The result of the survey indicates the potential species richness of the study site that encompasses a vivid biodiversity with in an area of 1458 km2. This can be attributed, mainly to the existence of a broad range of ecological habitats and high diverse set of ecosystems varying from sandy beaches / littoral to dense humid evergreen forest.

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The present survey provides a data base on North Andaman plant species which can be utilized in the context of species conservation and future inventories. Conservation of rare, endangered and endemic species is necessary for preservation of species diversity. Currently forests of these islands are also prone to various anthropogenic activities resulting in the fragmentation of forest into patches. Fragmentation process shows effect on species, especially on unique, rare and endemic, threatening their survival and resulting

in the extinction of species (Prasad et al. 2009). Apart from anthropogenic interferences forest loss also occurs because of natural causes like soil erosion and displacement of organic matter due to high tides and much more by hazards like tsunami (Roy and Krishnan 2005). Continuous field studies that updates the data base to know the status of species and conservation policies and programmes to certain extent may help in understanding and protecting the unique ecosystem of these islands.

Acknowledgements
The study was carried out under Jaivigyan Science and Technology Mission project. Authors are thankful to the colleagues of forestry and ecology division for their assistance during the project. Also the officials of Andaman forest are duly acknowledged for their extended help during field inventory.

Literature cited
Ananda, R. T. and S. Chakraborti. 1987. Distributional resume of coastal elements in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Current Science 56: 11-21. Balakrishnan, N. P. and M. K. V. Rao. 1983. The dwindling plant species of Andaman and Nicobar Islands; p. 186-202 In Author of the book (ed.). An assessment of threatened plants of India. Calcutta: Naba Mudran Private Limited. Champion, H. G. and S. K. Seth. 1968. A revised Survey of the Forest Types of India: Government of India Publication Division, New Delhi. 413 p. Dagar, J. C.1989. Endemic Plant species of Bay Islands. Journal of Andaman Science Association 5: 161-168. Hajra, P. K., P. S .N. Rao, and V. Mudgal. 1999. Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. 200 p. Hitendra, P., N. Chauhan, M. C. Porwal, and P. S. Roy. 2004. Phytosociological observations on tree species diversity of Andaman Islands. Current Science 87(6): 799-806 Pradeep, C. 1998. Striking features of Andaman Forestry. Indian Forester 124 (6): 463-472. Prasad, R. C. P., C. S. Reddy, and C. B. S. Dutt. 2007. Phytodiversity Assessment of Tropical Rainforest of North Andaman Islands, India. Research Journal of forestry 1 (1): 27-39. Prasad, R. C. P., C. S. Reddy, and C. B. S. Dutt. 2008. Phytodiversity Zonation in North Andaman Islands, India using remote sensing, GIS and Phytosociological data. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 2 (1): 1-12. Prasad, R. C. P., A. N. Sringeswara, C. S. Reddy, Nidhi. Nagabhatla, K. S. Rajan, A. Giriraj, M. S. R. Murthy, S. H. Raza, and C. B. S. Dutt. 2009. Assessment of Forest Fragmentation and Species Diversity in North Andaman Islands (India) A Geospatial Approach. International Journal of Ecology and Development 13:35-48. Reddy, C. S. and P. R. C. Prasad. 2008. Tree flora of Saddle Peak National Park, Andaman, India. Journal of Plant Sciences 3 (1): 1-17. Roy, P. S., P. Hitendra, N. Chauhan, M. C. Porwal, S. Biswas, and R. Jagdale. 2005. Validation of Geospatial model for Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level - a study in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Ecological Modelling 185 (2-4): 349369. Roy, D. S. and P. Krishnan. 2005. Mangrove stands of Andamans vis--vis tsunami Current Science 89 (11): 1800-1804.

Received November 2008 Accepted April 2009 Published online May 2009

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Appendix 1. Plant Species of North Andaman, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India (EG - Evergreen, SEG - Semievergreen, MD - Moist Deciduous, LIT - Littoral, MAN - Mangroves).
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Species Name Abrus pulchellus Wall Acacia pennata (L.)Willd. Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. Acmena acuminatissima (Bl.) Merr& Perry. Acrostichum aureum Linn. Actephila excelsa Muell.Arg Adenanthera microsperma Teijsm. & Binn. Adiantum lunulatum Burm. Adiantum philippense Linn. Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Aglaia andamanica Hiern. Aglaia argentea Blume Aglaia glaucescens King Aglaia oligophylla Miq. Aglaia silvestris (R.Roemer) Merrill Ailanthus kurzii Prain Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr. Albizia lebbek Benth. Albizia procera Benth. Allophylus cobbe (Linn.) Raeusch. Alpinia manii King ex Baker Alstonia kurzii Hook.f. Amoora wallichi King Amorphophallus carnosus Engl. Amorphophallus longistylus Kurz ex Hook.f. Ampelocissus barbata (Wall) Planch. Anacolosa frutescens (Bl.) Bl. Anamirta cocculus Wight & Arn. Anaxagorea javanica Bl. Anaxagorea luzoniensis A.Gray Ancistrocladus extensus Wall ex Planch. Aneilema ovatum (Hassk)Wall.ex.Cl. Anodendron paniculatum (Roxb.) A.DC. Anthocephalus chinensis Miq. Rich. ex Walp. Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Antidesma bunius Spreng. Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker Aporusa villosa Baill. Family Fabaceae Mimosaceae Acanthaceae Myrtaceae Pteridaceae Euphorbiaceae Mimosaceae Adiantaceae Adiantaceae Myrsinaceae Asteraceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Simaroubaceae Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Sapindaceae Zingiberaceae Apocynaceae Meliaceae Araceae Araceae Vitaceae Olacaceae Menispermaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Ancistrocladaceae Commelinaceae Apocynaceae Rubiaceae Moraceae Euphorbiaceae Meliaceae Euphorbiaceae Habit Climber Climber shrub Tree Herb shrub Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Climber Tree Climber shrub shrub Climber Herb Climber Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Forest type SEG,MD MD MAN EG,SEG MAN EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD MD SEG MAN MAN EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,MD EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,MD MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG EG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG EG,MD EG,SEG,MD

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S.No 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Species Name Ardisia humilis Vahl. Ardisia solanacea Roxb. Areca triandra Roxb. Argyreia championii Bentham Argyreia hookeri Cl. Artabotrys speciosus Kurz ex Hook.f.Thoms. Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. Artocarpus gomeziana Wall.ex.Trec Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Aspidopterys andamanica Hutch Aspidopterys tomentosa (Bl.) Juss Asplenium nidus Linn. Atalantia monophylla Correa Baccaurea sapida Muell.-Arg. Barringtonia racemosa Roxb. Berrya cordifolia (Willd.) Burret Bischofia javanica Blume Blachia andamanica Hook.f. Blumeodendron kurzii (Hook.f.) Sm. Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) Bombax insigne Wall. Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meissn. Breynia rhamnoides Muell.-Arg. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C. E. C. Fisch Bridelia griffithii Hook.f. Bridelia stipularis (Linn.) Bl. Bruguiera gymnorhiza Lam. Buchanania splendens Miq. Bulbophyllum lepidum (Bl.) J.J.Sm. Byttneria andamanensis Kurz Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. Caesalpinia hymenocarpa (Prain) Calamus andamanicus Kurz Calamus longisetus Griff. Calamus palustris Griff. Calamus pseudoviralis Becc. Calamus viminalis Willd. Var. fasciculatus Becc Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f. Canarium euphyllum Kurz

Family Myrsinaceae Myrsinaceae Arecaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Annonaceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Liliaceae Malpighiaceae Malpighiaceae Aspleniaceae Rutaceae Euphorbiaceae Lecythidaceae Tiliaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Apocynaceae Bolbitidiaceae Bombacaceae Anacardiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Rhizophoraceae Anacardiaceae Orchidaceae Sterculiaceae Caesalpinaceae Caesalpinaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Clusiaceae Clusiaceae Burseraceae

Habit shrub shrub shrub Climber Climber Climber Tree Tree Tree Climber Climber Climber Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Herb Tree Tree Tree shrub shrub Tree Climber Tree Tree Herb Climber Climber Climber Climber Climber Climber Climber Climber Tree Tree Tree /

Forest type EG,SEG SEG EG,SEG,MD SEG,MD SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG EG EG,SEG,MD SEG,LIT EG,MD EG,SEG,MD LIT,MAN LIT SEG MD SEG MAN EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD MAN MD SEG SEG MAN EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,LIT,MAN EG,MD EG EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD LIT,MAN EG EG,SEG,MD

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S.No 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

Species Name Canarium manii King Canthium gracilipes Kurz Capparis sepiaria Linn. Capparis tenera Dalz. Capparis zeylanica Linn.f. & Thoms., non Linn. Carex cruciata Wahlenb. Caryota mitis Lour Casearia andamanica King Cassia fistula Linn. Cassytha filiformis Linn. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. Cayratia pedata (Wall.) Gagnep. Celastrus paniculatus Willd Celitis cinnamomea Lindl. Celtis wightii Planch. Cerbera floribundaK.Schum. Cerbera odollam Gaertn Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Robins Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Chilocarpus sunainaianus Yog. Chionanthus parkinsonii (Hutch.) Bennet & Raiz Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) King & Robinson Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss. Cissus aristata Bl. Cissus elongata Roxb. Cissus pentagona Roxb. Cissus repens Lam. Claoxylon indicum (Bl.) Hassk. Cleidion javanicum Bl. Cleidion nitidum Thwaites. Cleistanthus myrianthus Kurz. Clematis smilacifolia Wall. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Coccinea grandis (Linn.) Voigt Colocasia virosa Kunth Colubrina asiatica (Linn.) Brongn. Combretum decandrum Roxb Combretum extensum Roxb. Combretum latifolium Bl. Combretum squamosum Roxb. ex G. Don

Family Burseraceae Rubiaceae Capparaceae Capparaceae Capparaceae Cyperaceae Arecaceae Samydaceae Caesalpinaceae Lauraceae Vitaceae Vitaceae Celastraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Rhizophoraceae Rubiaceae Apocynaceae Oleaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Meliaceae Vitaceae Vitaceae Vitaceae Vitaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Ranunculaceae Verbenaceae Cucurbitaceae Araceae Rhamnaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae

Habit Tree Tree / shrub Climber Climber Climber Herb shrub Tree Tree Herb Climber Climber Climber Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber shrub Herb Herb Tree Climber Climber Climber Climber Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber shrub Climber Herb Climber Climber Climber Climber Climber

Forest type EG,SEG,MD SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD MD MD MD EG,SEG,MD EG MD LIT EG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG MD EG,SEG,MD MAN MAN MAN MD MD EG EG,MD,MAN EG EG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD EG SEG,MD SEG EG,SEG,MD EG EG EG,SEG,MD EG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG EG SEG,MD MD SEG

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S.No 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162

Species Name Connarus semidecandrus Jack. Cordia grandis Roxb. Cordia subcordata Lam. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack.) Dyer. Crinum asiaticum Linn Croton sublyratus Kurz Crypteronia paniculata Bl. Cryptocarya amygdalina Nees Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult. Curculigo latifolia Dry. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Curcuma petiolata Roxb. Cyathostemma viridiflorum Griffith. Cycas rumphii Miq. Cyclea peltata Hook.f. & Thoms., Cymbidium aloifolium (Linn.) Sw. Cynometra ramiflora Linn. Cyperus odoratus L. Dalbergia confertiflora Bth. Dalbergia monosperma Dalz. Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. Dehaasia kurzii King Dentella repens (Linn.) Forst Derris scandens Benth. Derris trifoliata Lour. Desmodium laxiflorum DC Desmodium triquetrum DC. Desmodium umbellatum (L.) DC Desmos dasymachalus (Bl.) Safford. Dichapetalum gelonoides (Roxb.) Engl. Dillenia andamanica C.E.Parkinson Dillenia aurea Sm. Dillenia indica Linn. Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Dinochloa andamanica Kurz Dioclea hexandra (Ralph) Mabberley Dioscorea bulbifera Linn Dioscorea hamiltonii Hk. f. Dioscorea oppositifolia Linn.

Family Connaraceae Boraginaceae Boraginaceae Zingiberaceae Hypericaceae Amaryllidaceae Euphorbiaceae Crypteroniaceae Lauraceae Asclepiadaceae Amaryllidaceae Amaryllidaceae Zingiberaceae Annonaceae Cycadaceae Menispermaceae Orchidaceae Caesalpinaceae Cyperaceae Caesalpinaceae Caesalpinaceae Caesalpinaceae Caesalpinaceae Lauraceae Rubiaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Annonaceae Dichapetalaceae Dilleniaceae Dilleniaceae Dilleniaceae Dilleniaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae

Habit Climber Tree Tree Herb Tree Herb Tree Tree Tree Climber Herb Herb Herb Climber shrub Climber Herb shrub Herb Climber Climber Climber Climber Tree Herb Climber Climber Herb shrub shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber Climber Climber Climber Climber

Forest type SEG SEG SEG,LIT EG,SEG,MD SEG,MD MAN SEG EG,SEG EG,SEG MD EG,SEG,MD MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG MAN SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD MAN EG,SEG,MD,MAN SEG SEG EG, MD MD MD EG MD MD MD SEG EG EG EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD MD MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD SEG EG,SEG,MD

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S.No 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

Species Name Dioscorea pentaphylla Linn. Dioscorea vexans Prain & Burk. Diospyros gracilis Fletcher Diospyros kurzii Hiern. Diospyros oocarpa Thw. Diospyros pilosula Wall Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq var andamanica Kurz Diospyros undulata Wall. Diploclisia glaucescens Diels Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertn.f Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco Dischidia minor (Vahl) Merrill Dolichandrone rheedii Seem Donax canniformis K .Schum Dracaena angustifolia Roxb. Dracontomelum mangiferum Blume. Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.) J.Smith Drypetes andamanica Pax & K.Hoffm Drypetes assamica Pax & Hoffm. Drypetes longifolia (Bl.) Pax & Hoffm. Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp Ehretia laevis Roxb. Elaeagnus latifolia Linn. Elaeocarpus aristatus Roxb Elatostema cuneatum Wight Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy-Shaw Endospermum malaccense Benth.ex Muell.-Arg. Entada scandens Benth. Erycibe griffithi Cl. Eugenia claviflora Roxb Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce Eugenia kurzii Duthie Eugenia manii King. Euphorbia epiphyloides Kurz Euphorbia trigona Haw. Evolvulus nummularius (L.)L. Excoecaria agallocha Linn. Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq Ficus gibbosa Blume

Family Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Menispermaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Asclepiadaceae Bignoniaceae Marantaceae Liliaceae Anacardiaceae Polypodiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Sonneratiaceae Boraginaceae Elaeagnaceae Elaeocarpaceae Urticaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Mimosaceae Convolvulaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Convolvulaceae Euphorbiaceae Moraceae Moraceae

Habit Climber Climber Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Herb Tree Tree Climber Climber Tree Tree Tree Tree shrub Tree Climber Tree Tree Tree

Forest type SEG,MD EG,SEG SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG,MD EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD LIT,MAN EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG SEG EG,SEG,MD EG SEG EG,SEG EG, MD EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD EG EG,SEG,MD MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG MD EG MAN SEG EG

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S.No 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244

Species Name Ficus mysorensis B.Heyne ex Roth Ficus ramentacea Roxb. Ficus retusa Linn. Ficus rumphii Blume. Ficus variegata Blume Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R.Br Flagellaria indica Linn. Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Kuntze ex Prain Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R.Br. & Ait. Ganophyllum falcatum Blume Garcinia cowa Roxb Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f Gardenia coronaria Buch.-Ham. Garuga pinnata Roxb. Gelonium tenuifolium Ridl Geodorum densiflorum Schlechter Globba marantina Linn. Glochidion andamanicum Kurz Glochidion calocarpum Kurz Glochidion hirsutum (Roxb.) Voight Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa Glycosmis pilosa Narayan Glyptopetalum calcocarpum Prain Gmelina elliptica Sm Gnetum scandens Roxb. Gomphandra comosa King Goniothalamus macranthus (Kurz) King Gouania andamanica King Gouania tilifolia Lamk. Grewia heterotricha Burret Grewia laevigata Mart. Grewia serrulata DC Guettarda speciosa Linn Gymnopetalum cochinchinense (Lour.) Kurz Gynochthodes macrophylla Kurz Harrisonia brownii A.Juss Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr. Hedyotis andamanica Kurz Helinus lanceolatus Brandis Heritiera littoralis Dry.

Family Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Sterculiaceae Flagellariaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Sapindaceae Clusiaceae Clusiaceae Rubiaceae Burseraceae Euphorbiaceae Orchidaceae Zingiberaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Celastraceae Verbenaceae Gnetaceae Icacinaceae Annonaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae Tiliaceae Tiliaceae Tiliaceae Rubiaceae Cucurbitaceae Rubiaceae Simaroubaceae Simaroubaceae Rubiaceae Rhamnaceae Sterculiaceae

Habit Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber shrub shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Herb Herb Tree Tree Tree shrub shrub shrub Tree Tree Climber Tree Tree Climber Climber shrub Tree shrub Tree Climber Tree shrub Climber Herb Tree Tree

Forest type SEG SEG LIT MD MD EG,SEG,MD EG MD MD EG,SEG EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD MD EG,SEG EG, MD EG, MD SEG MD EG,SEG,MD SEG SEG SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG, MD EG,SEG,MD SEG EG,SEG,MD MD MD SEG LIT,MAN EG,SEG EG EG,SEG,MD EG, MD EG EG,SEG,MD LIT,MAN

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S.No 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285

Species Name Hernandia peltata Meissn Heterophragma adenophyllum Seem. Hewittia scandens Roxb. Hibiscus scandens Roxb. Hibiscus tiliaceous Linn. Hiptage benghalensis Kurz Hopea odorata Roxb. Hoya parasitica Wall Hunteria corymbosa Roxb. Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Gardner ex Thw. Hydnocarpus castanea Hook.f. Hypolytrum nemorum (Vahl) Spreng. Hyppocratea grahamii Wight Imperata cylindrica Beauv. Ipomea mauritiana Jacq. Ipomea pes-caprae (Linn.) Sweet yn. Ipomoea campanulata Linn. Ipomoea illustris (Cl.) Prain Ixora grandifolia Zoll. & Moritzi Jasminium cordifolium Wall.ex G.Don Knema andamanica (Warb.) W.J.J.O.de Wilde Kyllinga triceps Rottb Lagerstroemia hypoleuca Kurz Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill Launaea sarmentosa (Willd.) Alston Leea aequata L. Leea angulata Korth.ex.Miq. Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsd. Leea guineensis G.Don Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merrill Leea macrophylla Roxb. Licuala peltata Roxb. Litsea chinensis Lam. Litsea kurzii King Litsea panamonja Ham. Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Macaranga indica Wight. Madhuca butyracea Macbr. Maesa andamanica Kurz Maesa ramentacea Wall. Malaxis latifolia J. E. Sm

Family Hernandiaceae Bignoniaceae Convolvulaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malpighiaceae Dipterocarpaceae Asclepiadaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Flacourtiaceae Cyperaceae Hippocrateaceae Poaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Rubiaceae Oleaceae Myristicaceae Cyperaceae Lythraceae Anacardiaceae Asteraceae Leeaceae Leeaceae Leeaceae Leeaceae Leeaceae Leeaceae Arecaceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Combretaceae Euphorbiaceae Sapotaceae Myrsinaceae Sapotaceae Orchidaceae

Habit Tree Tree Climber Climber Tree Climber Tree Climber Tree Tree Tree Herb Climber Herb Climber Climber Climber Climber shrub Climber Tree Herb Tree Tree Herb shrub shrub shrub shrub shrub shrub shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree shrub shrub Herb /

Forest type LIT MD EG MD LIT,MAN EG, MD EG,SEG,MD MD EG,SEG,MD SEG EG,SEG,MD EG EG EG, MD EG MD,LIT,MAN EG,SEG SEG EG,SEG,MD EG EG MAN EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD LIT EG MD EG,SEG,MD SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG EG,SEG,MD EG EG,SEG SEG,MD MAN EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG,MD SEG SEG

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S.No 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325

Species Name Mallotus andamanicus Hook.f. Mallotus oblongifolius (Miq.) Muell-Arg. Mallotus peltatus (Geis) Muell-Arg. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr. Mangifera andamanica King Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. Manilkara littoralis (Kurz) Dubard Melastoma malabathricum Linn. Memecylon collinum Balakr. & N.G.Nair Memecylon edule Roxb. Mesua ferrea Linn. Micromelum minutum (Forst f.) Wight & Arn. Micromelum pubescens Bl. Microtropis ovalifolia Wight Miliusa andamanica (King) Miliusa tectona Hutch.ex.C.E.Parkinson Mischocarpus sundaicus Blume Mitragyna rotundifolia (Roxb.) Kuntze Morinda citrifolia Linn. Mucuna gigantea DC. Mukia maderaspatana (Linn.) M.Roem Murdannia spirata (L.) Bruckner Murraya exotica Linn. Musa acuminata Colla Mussaenda macrophylla Wall. Myristica andamanica Hook.f. Myristica glabra Blume Myristica glaucescens Hook.f. Myristica irya Gaertn. Myristica prainii King Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) D.H.Nicolson Nauclea gageana King Nauclea purpurascens Roxb. Neolitsea andamanica Kosterm. Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Oberonia iridifolia Lindl Ochna wallichi Planch. Ochrosia borbonica J. F. Gmel

Family Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Sapotaceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Melastomataceae Clusiaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Celastraceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Sapindaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Fabaceae Cucurbitaceae Commelinaceae Rutaceae Musaceae Rubiaceae Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Rutaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Arecaceae Orchidaceae Ochanaceae Apocynaceae

Habit Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree shrub Tree Tree shrub Tree Tree Tree shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber Climber Herb Tree shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree shrub Herb shrub Tree / /

Forest type EG, MD EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD MD SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD LIT,MAN EG EG EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD SEG EG MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD MD MD EG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG MD EG,SEG EG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG MD SEG EG, MD EG,SEG,MD EG EG MAN EG SEG MD

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S.No 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365

Species Name Olax imbricata Roxburgh Orophea hexandra Blume Orophea katschallica Kurz Oroxylum indicum Vent. Oryza indandamanica Ellis Osbeckia chinensis Linn. Oxytenanthera nigro-ciliata Munro Paederia foetida Linn. Pajanelia rheedi Wight Pandanus andamanensium Kurz Pandanus tectorius Soland. Ex Parkinson Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke Paramignya andamanica (L.) Tanaka Parishia insignis Hook.f. Parsonsia inodora (Lour.) Almeida & Almeida Peristylus parishii Reichb.f. Phyllochlamys spinosa Bur. Picrasma javanica Blume Pisonia excelsa (Sw.) Planch. Planchonia andamanica King Plecospermum andamanicum King ex Hook.f. Pleiospermum alatum (Wight & Arn.) Swingle Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don Polyalthia jenkensii Hook.f. & Thoms. Polyalthia simiarum Hook.f. & Thoms Polygonum chinense Linn. Pometia pinnata Forst. & Forst.f. Pongamia pinnata Pierre Popowia nitida King Pothos macrocephalus Scort. ex Hook.f. Pothos scandens Linn. Premna integrifolia Linn. Prunus martabanica Kurz Pseuduvaria prainii (King) Merr. Psychotria andamanica Kurz Psychotria helferi Kurz Psychotria platyneura Kurz. Pterocarpus dalbergoides Roxb. Pterocymbium tinctorium Merrill Pterolobium macropterum Kurz

Family Olacaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Bignoniaceae Poaceae Melastomataceae Poaceae Rubiaceae Bignoniaceae Pandanaceae Pandanaceae Apocynaceae Rutaceae Anacardiaceae Apocynaceae Ophioglossaceae Urticaceae Simaroubaceae Nyctaginaceae Lecythidaceae Moraceae Rutaceae Podocarpaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Polygonaceae Sapindaceae Fabaceae Annonaceae Araceae Araceae Verbenaceae Rosaceae Annonaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Fabaceae Sterculiaceae Caesalpinaceae

Habit Climber Tree shrub Tree Tree Herb shrub shrub Climber Tree Tree shrub shrub Climber Climber Tree Climber Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber Tree Tree Tree Tree shrub Tree Tree shrub Climber Climber Tree Tree Tree shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber / /

Forest type EG,SEG EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG SEG EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG MAN EG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG EG EG EG, MD EG,SEGMAN EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG EG,SEG,MD MD SEG EG,SEG,MD LIT,MAN EG EG EG,SEG,MD MD EG EG EG,SEG SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG

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S.No 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405

Species Name Pterospermum acerifolium Willd. Pterygota alata R.Br. Randia forbesii G. King Randia longiflora Lamk. Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb.) Schott. Rhizophora apiculata Blume Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Rinorea bengalnensis (Wall.) Kuntze Rungia pectinata (Linn.) Nees. Sageraea elliptica Hook.f. & Thoms. Sageraea listeri var. andamanica Chatterjee & Mukerjee Salacia chinensis L. Salacia exsculpta Korth.Kruidk. Salacia prinoides DC. Salacia tortuosa Griff. Sapium baccatum Roxb. Saprosma ternatum Hook.f Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn. Scindapsus officinalis Schott Scleria terrestris (L.) Fass. Scolopia crenata (Wight & Arn.) Clos, Semecarpus kurzii Engler Semecarpus prainii King Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hook. & Arn. Sideroxylon longipetiolatum King & Prain Siphonodon celastrineus Grif. Smilax aspericaulis Wall. Smilax macrophylla Roxb. Smilax odoratissima Bl. Sonneratia alba Sm. Sophora tomentosa Linn. Spermacoce articularis L.f. Sphenodesme unguiculata Schauer Spondias mangifera Willd. Spondias pinnata (Linn.f.) Kurz Stephania japonica Miers Sterculia guttata Roxb. Sterculia parviflora Roxb. Sterculia rubiginosa Vent. Sterculia villosa Roxb.

Family Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Araceae Rhizophoraceae Rhizophoraceae Violaceae Acanthaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Celastraceae Celastraceae Hippocrateaceae Celastraceae Euphorbiaceae Rubiaceae Icacinaceae Araceae Cyperaceae Flacourtiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Sapotaceae Sapotaceae Celastraceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Sonneratiaceae Fabaceae Rubiaceae Verbenaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Menispermaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae

Habit Tree Tree Climber Tree / shrub Climber Tree Tree Tree shrub Herb Tree Tree Climber Climber Tree Climber Tree Tree Climber Climber Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber Climber Climber Climber Tree shrub Herb Climber Tree Tree Climber Tree Tree Tree Tree /

Forest type EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD MAN MAN EG,SEG,MD SEG EG,SEG,MD MD EG,SEG EG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG MAN EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD MD MAN SEG EG SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG SEG EG,SEG,MD EG, MD EG,SEG,MD

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S.No 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446

Species Name Streblus asper Lour. Streblus taxoides (Roth.) Kurz Strobilanthes glandulosus Kurz Strongylodon ruber Vogel Strychnos axillaris Colebr. Strychnos minor Dennst Strychnos wallichiana Steud.ex.DC. Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merrill & Perry Tabernaemontana crispa Roxb Tacca leontopetaloides (Linn.) Kuntze Talauma andamanica King Terminalia bialata Steud Terminalia catappa Linn. Terminalia manii King Terminalia procera Roxb. Ternstroemia wallichiana (Griffith) Engl. Tetracera sarmentosa (L.) Vahl Hoogl. var andamanica Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br. Tetrastigma lanceolarium (Roxb.) Planch Thespesia populnea Soland.ex Correa Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers emend. Troupin Tinospora glabra (Burm.f) Merr Toxocarpus kurzii Hook. f. Trema amboinensis (Willd.) Bl. Trema orientalis Bl. Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Voigt Trichosanthes palmata Roxb Triumfetta rhomboides Jacq. Uvaria cordata Schumach. & Thonn. Uvaria hamiltonii Hook.f. Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Vitex glabrata R. Br. Vitex urceolata Cl. Walsura candollei King. Walsura hypoleuca Kurz Wattakaka volubilis (Linn.f.) Stapf Webera kurzii Hook.f. Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.

Family Moraceae Moraceae Acanthaceae Fabaceae Loganiaceae Loganiaceae Loganiaceae Symplocaceae Myrtaceae Apocynaceae Taccacaeae Magnoliaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Theaceae Dilleniaceae Tetramelaceae Vitaceae Malvaceae Acanthaceae Menispermaceae Menispermaceae Apocynaceae Ulmaceae Ulmaceae Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae Tiliaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Rhamnaceae Asteraceae Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Asclepiadaceae Rubiaceae Apocynaceae

Habit Tree Tree Herb Climber Climber Climber Climber Tree Tree Tree Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber Tree Climber Tree Climber Climber Climber Climber Tree Tree Climber Climber Herb Climber shrub Climber Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber Tree Tree

Forest type EG,SEG,MD MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD MD SEG,MD EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD MD EG EG,SEG EG,SEG,MD LIT EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG, MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG, MD LIT EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG EG, MD SEG EG SEG EG EG,SEG SEG EG, MD SEG EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD EG,SEG,MD MD EG,SEG,MD EG EG,SEG,MD

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S.No 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454

Species Name Xanthophyllum andamanicum King Xylocarpus granatum Koenig Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lamk.) Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb) DC. Zingiber spectabile Griff Ziziphus glabrata Heyne Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill Ziziphus oenoplia var pallens Bhandari & Bhansali

Family Xanthophyllaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Rutaceae Zingiberaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae

Habit Tree Tree Tree Tree Herb Climber Climber Climber

Forest type EG,SEG LIT,MAN MAN EG EG,SEG,MD EG, MD EG, MD EG, MD

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