FALL FINAL REVIEW SHEET 2008-09

SAFETY

What are the rules for:

1. Microscopes

2. Wearing goggles?

3. Proper lab behavior?

4. Care of lab equipment?

...What are:
5. MSDS files and why are they important?

SCIENTIFIC METHOD CHAPTER 1

What happens in each of the steps below?

1. Observing and stating a problem

2. Forming a hypothesis

3. Testing the hypothesis

4. Recording and analyzing data

5. Forming a conclusion

When conducting an experiment, what is the :

6. Experimental factor (variable)?

7. Control?

Applying the Scientific Method:

A green plant was placed in a test tube and a light was placed at varying distances from the plant.
The bubbles of oxygen that were given off by the plant were counted. The chart below shows
the information that was collected.

Distance of Light Number of Bubbles

from Plant (cm) per minute
10 60
20 25
30 10
40 5

8. What is the experimental factor (variable) for this experiment? the control?
Variable:

Control:

9. What does the information in the table above represent?

1
10. What conclusion could be drawn from the information given?

A scientific experiment is considered invalid if the data is changed.

11. Explain why.

Characteristics of living things:

12. List them and give 2 examples of each.
• Made of cells-
-
-
• Create/Use energy-
-
-
• Grow and Develop-
-
-
• Reproduce-
-
-
• Respond to Environment-
-
-
• Adapt to Environment-
-
-

2
CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2

1. What is the range of the pH scale?

a. Which part of the scale indicates an acid? A base? Neutral?
Acid- Base- Water-
b. Which part has the highest concentration of H+ ions? Of OH- ions?

List the building blocks (monomers) and elements of each of the following organic
compounds and give 3 examples of each:
a. carbohydrates
Monomers:
Elements:
Examples:
b. lipids
Monomers:
Elements:
Examples:
c. proteins
Monomers:
Elements:
Examples:
d. nucleic acids
Monomers:
Elements:
Examples:

3. What are enzymes? How do they work?

4. Which element is common to all organic compounds?

5. Why is water an excellent solvent?

6. Differentiate between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

Define the following:

Solute-

Solvent-

Solution-
Homeostasis-
Substrate-

Active site-

Polymerization-

Metabolism-

Saturated and unsaturated fats-

Polarity of H2O-
ECOLOGY CHAPTERS 3, 4, 5 & 6

What is…?

1. food chain-

2. food web-

3. carnivore-

4. omnivore-

5. herbivore-

6. predator-

7. producer-

8. first level carnivore-

9. second level carnivore-

10. decomposer-

11. scavenger-

12. mutualism-

13. parasitism-

14. commensalism-

15. symbiosis-

16. detritivore-

What are….?

1. Abiotic factors-

2. Biotic factors-

What relationships are shown by….?

1. food chains and food webs

2. pyramid of numbers

3. pyramid of mass
4. pyramid of productivity

Define…

1. fitness-

2. adaptation-

3. population-

4. species-

5. niche-

6. habitat-

7. community-

8. ecosystem-

9. biosphere-

10. autotroph-

11. heterotrophy-

12. trophic levels-

13. biomass-

14. nitrogen fixation-

15. denitrification-

16. transpiration-

17. carbon cycle-

18. limiting factors-

19. primary and secondary succession-

20. pioneer organism-

21. exponential growth-

22. carrying capacity-

Describe some adaptations that might have been developed to live in …..

1. the desert

2. the ocean

3. the tundra
ABOUT THE MICROSCOPE (Appendix)

1. Give the location and function of the following parts of the microscope:

1) objectives

2) body tube

3) coarse adjustment knob

4) fine adjustment knob

5) diaphragm

6) ocular (eyepiece)

7) revolving nosepiece

8) stage and stage clips

2. Molly McButter made the slide shown in the diagram. Draw a slide that shows how the
letters will appear when she looks at the slide with her compound microscope. Draw
another slide which shows how the letters will look under her stereomicroscope.

EP

Compound Microscope

Stereomicroscope
3. Explain how to calculate magnification.

4. What is the proper procedure for:

a. Making a wet-mount slide?

b. Proper microscope storage?

c. Cleaning the microscope lenses?

CELLS TO SYSTEMS/HOMEOSTASIS CHAPTER 7

1. Who named cells?

2. Give the function of each of the cell parts below. Indicate if each is found in plants,
animals, or both.
a. Mitochondria
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

b. Nucleus
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

c. Ribosomes
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

d. Centriole
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

e. Cell wall
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

f. Cell membrane
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

g. Chloroplasts
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

h. Endoplasmic reticulum
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

i. Lysosomes
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

 j. Golgi apparatus
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

k. Chromosomes
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

l. Genes
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

m. Vacuole
Function:

ANIMALS PLANTS BOTH

3. Distinguish between:
a. prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes:
Eukaryotes:
b. rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER:
Smooth ER:
c. chromatin and chromosomes
Chromatin:
Chromosomes:
d. active and passive transport
Active Transport:
Passive Transport:
e. diffusion and osmosis
Diffusion:
Osmosis:
f. turgor pressure and plasmolysis
Turgor Pressure:
Plasmolysis:

4. Define the following terms and put them in the correct order--simplest to most complex:
a. cell-

b. tissue-

c. organ-

d. organ system-
5. Define the following:
a. Phospholipids-

b. Exocytosis-

c. Endocytosis-

d. carrier protein-

e. isotonic-

f. hypertonic-

g. hypotonic-

h. phagocytosis-

i. ATP-
CELLULAR RESPIRATION CHAPTER 8 &9

Define the following and explain how it is important to the cell…..

a. Glycolysis-

b. krebs cycle-

c. electron transport chain-

d. photosynthesis-

e. ATP-

f. ADP-

g. Chloroplasts-

h. Fermentation-

i. Lactic acid-

j. Alcohol-

k. Aerobic respiration-

l. Anaerobic respiration-

m. Mitochondria-

n. Conversion of food to energy-

o. Glucose-

p. Waste products of respiration-

q. # of ATP’s produced-

r. carrier molecules-

s. NADH-

t. FADH-
DNA/RNA/PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CHAPTER 12

1. What sugar is found in DNA? RNA?

DNA: RNA:
2. Give the structure and function of:
a. DNA

Function:

-What are the bases that make up DNA? Who pairs with whom?
Bases:
Pairs:
-Draw DNA molecule and label the helix. nucleotide.
(above)
-What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

-Where does the DNA molecule divide when replication occurs?

b. RNA

Function:
-What are the bases that make up RNA? Who pairs with whom?
Bases:
Pairs:
-How does the RNA molecule differ from the DNA molecule?

-What's the function of mRNA and tRNA?

mRNA:
tRNA:
-Use a simple work and arrow diagram to explain:
1) DNA replication in the nucleus
 2) Transcription from DNA to mRNA in nucleus

3) Translation by mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA

-What cell organelle packages the protein and ships it out of the cell?

-What substances are linked to produce proteins?

3. a. How many bases form a codon?

b. If a protein was composed of 100 amino acids, approximately how many bases code
for this protein?

4. Identify the following individuals and explain his/her role in DNA research:
a. Griffith

b. Watson & Crick

c. Franklin

d. Chargoff

5. Explain the following:

A, T, C, G:

Weak hydrogen bonds:

Nucleotides:

Codon:

Anti-codon:

Polypeptide:

Know where each event takes place in the cell during DNA and protein synthesis.
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS CHAPTER 10 &11
1. How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells? in animal cells?
Plants:

Animals:

2. Draw a chart that compares MITOTIC CELL DIVISION and MEIOTIC CELL division.
Include the following information in your chart:
-End result (number of cells produced)
-Type of cells produced (body cells, gametes, etc.)
-Number of chromosomes in resulting cells
-Why each process is important

3. An organism has 20 chromosomes. Compare the production of eggs and sperm by giving
the number of cells produced and the chromosome number of each.

4. Define the following terms:

a. haploid-

b. gamete-

c. fertilization-

δ d. diploid-
ε
e. zygote-

φ f. homologous chromosomes-
γ
g. crossing over-

h. alleles-

i. # of chromosomes-

j. reduction division-

k. autosomes-

l. sex chromosomes-
 m. cell plate-

n. cleavage furrow-

o. cytokinesis-

p. spindle fiber-

q. centrioles-

r. histones-

5. Explain why the surface area to volume ratio probably triggers the cell to divide.

6. What is the purpose of meiosis? Mitosis?

Meiosis:

Mitosis:

7. What are the phases of meiosis? Mitosis?

Meiosis:

Mitosis:
GENETICS CHAPTERS 14 & 11
1. Explain Mendel's laws of
- dominance and recessiveness:

-segregation:

-independent assortment:

2. In humans, which parent determines the sex of the baby?

3. What genotype produces a male? a female?

Male: Female:
4. Why would identical twins have tissues most closely matched for transplanting?

5. Define the following terms:

a. homozygous-

b. heterozygous (hybrid)-
\
c. dominant-

d. recessive-

e. pure-

f. allele-

g. monohybrid cross (1-factor cross)-

h. dihybrid cross (2-factor cross)-

j. Genotype-

k. phenotype-

l. six-linked characteristics-

m. allele frequencies-

n. filial-

o. parental-

p. phenotypes-

q. genotypes-

r. Punnet squares-

s. Ratios-
6. What characteristics or disorders may be inherited by:
a. multiple alleles?

b. polygenes?

c. sex-linked?

d. nondisjunction?

7. The following may be diagnosed by a karyotype. What would it show?

a. Turner's syndrome

b. Klinefelter's

c. Down's Syndrome
GENETICS PROBLEMS TO PONDER... (AND WORK!)
1. If a breeder was not sure if a dog was homozygous or heterozygous for black color, what
crosses might she make to determine if her dog is pure for the trait of black coat color?

2. What would be the results of the following crosses? (Tall is dominant). Give genotypic
and phenotypic ratios:

a. homozygous tall x homozygous short

b. heterozygous tall x short

c. heterozygous tall x heterozygous tall

3. Remembering that HEMOPHILIA is sex-linked, what would be the genotypes for

-normal daughter?: -normal son?:
-carrier daughter?: -Hemophiliac son?:
-Hemophiliac daughter?:
If a female carrier marries a Hemophiliac, what would be the chances of a

-normal daughter?: -normal son?:

-carrier daughter?: -hemophiliac son?:
-hemophiliac daughter?:

4. In mice, black coat (B) is dominant to white (b). Long tails (L) are dominant to short (l).
Use a Punnett square to show the following crosses:
a. homozygous dominant black, heterozygous long tail x white, short tail
 b. homozygous black, short tail x heterozygous black, heterozygous long-tailed

c. white, homozygous long tail x heterozygous black, short tail

d. black, short-tailed male is bred to a white long-tailed female. The results showed
1/2 black, long-tailed, 1/2 white, long-tailed mice. What was the genotype of the
male? the female?

Male Genotype: Female Genotype:

5. What is Incomplete Dominance? Codominance?
Incomplete Dominance:

Codominance:

a. Assuming that incomplete dominance occurs in snapdragon flowers, make the

following crosses. Give genotypic and phenotypic ratios for each cross.
-red x white
-red x pink

-pink x white

-pink x pink

6. Beulah and Billy Bob have four children. Each one has a different blood type. What
must be the genotypes of Beulah and Billy Bob?

HUMAN GENETICS

Be able to explain and interpret the following:

Sex-linked crosses:

Pedigrees:

Sex influenced traits:

Huntington’s disease:
Define:
Polygenic-

multiple alleles-

non-disjunction-

sex chromosomes-

zygote-

gamete-

karyotype-

translocation-

inversion-

deletion-

trisomy 21-

Down’s syndrome-

Monosomy-

Turner’s syndrome-

Mutations-

Amniocentesis-

Chorionic villi sampling-