Bull.

Wildlife

Disease

Assoc.

Vol.

5,

July,

1969-Proc.

Ann.

Conf.

307

ANESTHESIA, RESTRAINT IN

SEDATION WILD CHARLES

Scimool of Ummiversity Coiunmbia,

AND DOMESTIC E. SHORT

Medicine lvi issouri 65201

CHEMICAL ANIMALS

AND

Veterimmary of Missouri

Introduction The use and study of wild and domestic animals frequently involves physical handling and in some instances the performance of surgical or other painful procedures. With few exceptions the needs in domestic animals are basically for relief of pain and relaxation to allow comfort to the patient and convenience to the surgeon. Agents can be selected without much concern for excessive restraint of the animal before medication
in most cases. made logical without the benefit of a physical

examination
condition

to the

determine
or specific

the must

physioneeds. In

many
initial from

cases

animal
via

receive
dart

the
or

medication

propelled

other systems
the animal.

used

from

a point

distant

The preparation of the some form of chemical tion or anesthesia most

wild animal foi restraint, sedaoften must be

Since it is difficult to measure preanesthetic responses in wild animals, an attempt has been made to evaluate specific responses to certain medications in domestic animals and relate these to the gross responses seen in both domestic and wild animals.

Materials The
incltided horses, other

and

Methods
Arterial blood gas and pH measurements were made on an Instrumentation Labs Model No. 113 apparatus. E.C.G.s were monitored with a Hewlett-Packard portable visocardette #500.

animals
white ponies investigators

used in these experiments

tailed deer, dogs, and primates. Results were incorporated cats, of in

establishing and dosages.

guidelines

for

medications

Results
Varying results have been reported on the use of chemical restraint in deer. Fisher2 reported using 4 to 7 mg. of succinylcholine in adult deer. Peterso&
used succinylcholine in deer at a rate of

damage attempt

in some to use

sacrificed survivors, M99 (etorpine)L2l

tests were made

an was
using

made.
M99

The

initial

(etorphine)

alone,

later

a combina-

0.2 mgm/kg body weight. Recovery quired 30 to 60 minutes. Since our

life investigators siderable mortality had experienced with succinylcholine

rewildcon-

tion of M99 (etorphine zineL] were used. In white-tailed deer a variety

observed.
tranquil animals

Two
and did

cases

and acepromasome 20 adult of results were resulted in a very

in

deer,

with

evidence

of

myocardial

analgesic state although the not collapse until handled.

L2]

Supported American
Ayerst Labs;

in part by American Cyanamid Co.,

New York, New

Cyanamid Princeton,
York.

Co. and Parke, New Jersey.

Davis

and

Co.

308

Proc.

Ann.

Conf.-Bull.

Wildlife

Disease

Assoc.

Vol.

5, July,

1969

Five animals did not show noticeable relaxation, probably due to improper location of the dart or incomplete injection. with

mg acepromazine in 150-pound deer. Maximum effects occurred in 14 to 16 minutes. The most noticeable sign was an increase in respiratory rate, sometimes up to 120 breaths
S

Dosages or without

used

were

2.5

mg.

M99

Reversal with M285 at a 2: 1 ratio with M99 resulted in immediate recovery. Arterial blood gases were studied in three horses and the following values were

determined, PaO2 values

Time

indicating

reduction

in

during

the

effective Arterial

periods: pH Pa02 mm.

34.8 28.2

per

minute.

The

use

of

cyprenorphine

Pre M99 injection

10 mm. 30 mm. 40 mm.
SO mm.

(M285) as an antagonist administered at a rate of 5.0 mg/ISO pound deer intravenously (I.V. ) resulted in immediate reversal of the analgesic and immobilizing effects. In a summary of reports by other investigators compiled by American Cyanamid, I 94 deer were injected with 0.53 to 1.4 mg M99/IOO lbs. body weight. Eighty-two percent were immobilized in and would standing tolerate or recumbent surgery, 13 position percent

post M99 post post post

injection

20 mm. post M99 injection

M99 injection M99 injection M99 injection post antagonist

7.395 7.306 7.313 7.382 7.353 7.431

.011 .041

.078
.048 .056

10 mm.
Time

7.405
Arterial 71.0

.078

Pre M99 injection

10 mm. 20 mm. 30 mm. 50 mm. 10 mm. post post post post post M99 M99 M99 M99 antagonist

Hg.
2.8

7.3 7.4
2.1

41.7 2.1
32.2
41.7

were

not

completely

immobilized
and

but

40 mm. post M99

could be easily captured showed no effect.

1.5 percent

53.7

9.2

Antelope
82 percent

made
of 145

similar
animals

response
receiving

since
0.38

Time Pre M99 injection 10 mm. post M99

20 mm. mm. mm. post M99

Arterial

PaCO2
32.5
47.5

to

2.2

mg

M99/lOO

lbs

body

weight

mm

Hg.

were immobilized bent positions.

Average telope has

in standing

or recumand an-

43.7
32.0
34.3 23.8

1.4
7.2 1.2 9.3

induction time been calculated

in deer at 12

30 mm.
40

post
post post

M99
M99 M99

8.2

and

excessive

excitement
rates.

will I.V.

minutes result in produced

in 2

50

increased recumbency

respiratory and

10 mm. post antagonist

25.0 11.7

In the horse

90 meg/kg.
immobilization

minutes or less. Respiratory rates increased only slightly but it was common to see a four-fold increase in heart rate. Two animals showed excessive body temperature elevation up to 106F when maintained on M99 for up to 60 minutes. QuivetR

The administration of Quivetaal containing M99 in six dogs at the rate of 7.48 mcg./kg resulted in neuroleptanalgesic gesia with good immobilization and analfor 45 to 55 minutes at which time it was reversed with an antagonist M50-50L41. It was worthwhile to admin-

Time Preinjection
15 mm.
30 45 mm. mm.

Arterial
7.438

pH
.028 103.6

Pa02
11.4 29.6

PaCO2

post
post post

injection
injection injection

7.317
7.280 7.265

.046
.028 .040

84.4
85.6 87.4

12.4 17.4
20.8

41.0 45.0
43.0

8.4 5.1 11.1

14.8

15 mm. 30 mm.

post post

antagonist antagonist

7.363 7.377

.020 .017

122.8 112.0

13.9 7.4

20.4 21.2

5.1 7.3

American

Cyanamid

Co.,

Princeton,

New

Jersey.

Bull.

Wildlife

Disease

Assoc.

Vol.5,

July,

1969-Proc.

Ann.

Conf.

309

ister atropine Evaluations of

to prevent bradycardia. arterial blood gases and

pH were respiratory

made in each response.

dog to determine
values developantagonist was time the trend within normal in other reported wild by

Suitable dosages in other wild Fisher are: Adult zebra

of Phencyclidine animals according

HCI to

Acidosis and lower Pa02 ed with time until the administered, at which was reversed to values
limits.

32.55

mg.

Adult eland 10-18 mg. Adult Young Jaguar

Adult

kudu kudu

8 mg. 4-7 mg. lbs. lbs.

lbs. bear 30-40 mg.

Dosages of M99 used animals for immobilization

35 mg/l40
lion zoo

Cyanamid
Species Thompsons

tecnical

reports
Weight

are:
52 mg/300
cats 20 mg/100 black lbs. 28 Dose 0.7 2.5 mg. Adult Adult

Gazelle

American Bison Grants Zebra Bighorn sheep

African elephant

1200 300-400 130

12,000

Japanese

1.0-1.25 0.8
6.0

Adult

deer

4-7 mg.

Giraffe
Ostrich Dingos

2,500 270 25

2.5 3.0 0.1-0.15

in

These
wild

are
animals

not been

the used

only for
al

products
The

used animal

restraint.

barbitur-

ates

have

wild

Wolves
Reindeer

and Coyotes

40
300

0.2
0.8-1.0
1.0-1.5

anesthesia. barbital

Graham et more effective

found pentothan thiamylal

Moose Black Bear

450 300

1.0

sodium in ranch mink 40 mg/kg was effective cases. Clarke

thesia initial minor

and a dosage of in 88% of their pentobarbital

a 13.5 handling

et al used

anesmg/kg and dosages

Phencyclidine HC1 as been used for immobilization in a number of species. This drug produces an analgesic state with paralysis and can be administered
intramuscularly used Sernylan as can M99. Peterson

for black bear, with dose permitting safe surgery. Supplemental

were

used

for

additional

anesthesia. effects of wild of barbianimals.

Larson studied the turates in a number

(phencyclidine

HC1)

on

Ultrashort
were used approximately
(4.0 aids mg/kg.) in ease

and
in

short-acting

barbiturates

13 bears at the rate of 1.0 mg/kg. Respiration and heart action remained strong throughout the immobilization period.

the lion 1 gr./lO

produces handling.

at the rate of lbs. Promazine

depression which He anesthetized

Some

animals

required

additional

anes-

of

thesia for surgical procedures but the dosage was sufficient for handling. The principle use of this drug at our facilities has been on cats and primates. Phencyclidine HCI in 40 domestic cats at 10 to 20 mg/kg I.M. dosages resulted in deep
analgesia and immobilization and allowed surgical procedures. Induction required 3 minutes and recovery 6 to 8 hours.

a poor-risk tiger with promazine, thiopentone and mixture of nitrous oxide, oxygen and halothane with success. Thiopentone was also effective in the jaguar, ocelot, kangaroo, elephant, mongolian wild horse, deer, and antelope. It should
be 1250 ously. pointed out that the 2300 lb. elephant

required

l65gr.

of thiopentone
and

following
to

It

was

compatable
and

with
halothane

barbiturates,
anesthesia.

mg. promazine Promazine

injected intravenchloroform

methoxyflurane

effect kodiak
and

have bear
50.0 gr.

been and

used 4 oz.

by Larson of chloral
were

in the hydrate
effective

Blood animals

gases indicate

and pH evaluations that respiratory

in 10 function

thiopentone

stays within

normal

ranges.

for two hours of surgical 1200 lb. rhinoceros.

anesthesia

in a

310

Proc.

Ann.

Conf.-Bull.

Wildlife

Disease

Assoc.

Vol.

5,

July,

1969

Summary Our experiences and the results of other investigators indicate three principal problems in restraint, anesthesia and sedation of wild animals. 2. Due
prenaesthetic ministration

to the

natures

of wild

animals,
adbe

evaluation and of medications

routine cannot

accomplished. 3. Due to animal, equipment ity problems, many of the inhalation anesthesia have utilized in wild animals. and faciladvances in not been

I. The

wild

animal

is more
great stress
in

prone

to

excitement and is under logical and psychological

time of induction, esthetic risk. resulting

physioat the
great an-

Acknowledgment

The
of to the Fred

author
Missouri Bendict,

would
Wildlife William

like

to extend

thanks
for and the Joyce

to Dean
opportunity Murphy

Murphy
to for

and

his
with in

associates
deer and obtaining

Commission Greenwald

work assistance

data.

References
1. 2. CLARKE, NEVELLE MARTIN. 1963. FISHER, a LESTER Zoologic Texas.
DAVID

P., MARILYN 1. Pentobarbital Anesthesia and

of H.

HUHEEY in Bears.

and WILLIAM M. J.A.V.M.A. 143. 47-51. Technics Used

Symposium Air Force F. TRAVIS.

E. 1964. General Garden. Experimental

U.S.A.F. School ROBERT

Chemical

Restraint

in

Proceedings.

Animal Aerospace DUNLOP

Anesthesiology Medicine, Brooks and (Mustela of Wild HUGH visiomm). Animals

Base,
3. GRAHAM,

p. 379-391.
L.,

4. S.

1967. Barbiturate Anesthesia Res. 28: 293-296. LARSEN, L. H. 1963. Restraint

Australia Vet.

in Ranch
and Anaesthesia

Mink

Am.
in

J. Vet.

Captivity:

J.

39:

73-80.

PETERSON, A Job
Service.

DON. Progress

1968. Big Game Immobilization Report Atomic Energy

-

and Physiological Studies. Commission and U.S. Forest