2007 East Asia Ministerial Sanitation Conference

Beppu city, Japan, 30 Nov. – 1 Dec. 2007

DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER
MANAGEMENT SOLUTION
FOR DENSE PERI-URBAN AREAS
IN VIETNAM

NGUYEN, Viet-Anh, Assoc. Prof. PhD.

Centre for Environmental Engineering (CEETIA), 1
Hanoi University of Civil Engineering
 Content

1. Introduction
2. Measure taken
3. Results
4. Conclusions and Recommendations

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1.Introduction

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 Red river delta peri-urban areas:
challenges
 In-between urban and rural context:
– High pressures from urbanization
– Low income, limited awareness, less infrastructure
investments from higher level governments
– Uncovered by urban sanitation services
 High groundwater table
 Nutrients reuse
 High density
 Mixed production (livestock breeding, food processing,
other handicrafts) and living spaces
 Different water sources (rain, well, public shallow well ...)
 Flat topography, frequent flood, difficult to separate
surface drain and wastewater
 Toilets can not solve sanitation problem 4
 Lai Xa hamlet, Ha Tay province

Ha
no
i: 0
Lai Xa hamlet .5
km
900 households

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2. Measures taken
 Assurance: willingness to change!
 Involvement of Community leaders, Group of Activists (40)
– from Clusters, Mass Organizations, ...
 Coordination role!
 Start with IEC
 Master Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation for a
Community
 Community choice:
– Step-by-step approach in infrastructure development

Solid Waste Wastewater Clean Water

Drainage
Management Treatment Supply

Constant Awareness Raising efforts

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 Technical solutions
 Source separation of solid waste
 Composting station and sanitary landfill
 Decentralized scheme of wastewater mgmt
 CSOs
 VIP and DVCL for unsewered households
 Start from household: Screen and Grid removal.
Guidance! Regular check!
 Community BASTAFs + CWs. Step-wise
approach.
 Safe reuse of wastewater(?)
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To start from household!

Indoor sanitation

Cluster sanitation

Wastewater
treatment station

Discharge/Reuse

10
 100

Removal Efficiency (%)

80

60

40
COD BOD5 TSS

Parameter
ST STAF BAST BASTAF

ST < STAF ~ BAST < BASTAF 11

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BASTAF for 80 households

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Non-technical solutions
 Training of trainers (40 activists)
 Community agreement, signed by households
 Institutional framework
 50/50 share in investment costs
 Support for the poor
 Community supervision
 Setting up of local Sanitation Team
 Operational costs: household + local government


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Involved
Stakeholders

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 3. Results
 Visible physical improvements
 Health improvement
 Social environment in the village
Table 1. Hygiene behaviour change in Lai Xa Improvements (in % ) last 5 years

Some
Practiceinthelast5 Worsen Improve Acute respiratory
Stable improv
years… dalot
ements
Malnutrition
Hand-washing with X

Disease
soap Skin Infection

Face washing with Tracoma

individual towels
X
Schistosomiasis
Clean water used for X
drinking and cooking Light stomach problems

Wastewater disposal Intestinal Worms

X
Diarrhoea
Solid waste disposal X
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Protection clothes 20
from wastewater
X Frequency reduction
 Before

After
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Before After

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 Some other
solutions to share

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 Further readings
 Duncan Mara, Jan-Olof Drangert, Nguyen Viet Anh,
Andrzej Tonderski, Holger Gulyas, and Karin
Tonderski. Selection of sustainable sanitation
arrangements. IWA Journal: Water Policy, 9 (2007),
305–318 pp.
 Julie Beauséjour, Nguyen Xuan Dzung and Nguyen
Viet Anh. Public participation and improved
households practices in a small sanitation project in
Lai Xa, Vietnam. Proceedings: 32nd WEDC
International Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2006.
 J. Beauséjour and A. V. Nguyen. Decentralized
Sanitation Implementation in Vietnam: A Peri-Urban
Case Study. IWA Journal: Water Science &
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Technology, Vol. 56 (2007), No. 5, pp 141 – 148.
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
 Community-based sanitation
 Coordination role of local government
 Decentralized approach, step-by-step
 Low-cost technical solutions, innovations
 Institutional and financial mechanism to
sustain the system
 IEC should go first and stay along with
technical solutions to ensure political will,
behavior change and system sustainability

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Thank you very much
for your attention

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