Antibiotics by class

Generic name

Brand names

Common uses[2]

Possible side effects[2]

Mechanism of action

Aminoglycosides

Amikacin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Netilmicin Tobramycin Paromomycin

Amikin Garamycin Kantrex Mycifradin Netromycin Nebcin Humatin Ansamycins Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli andKlebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia.

Hearing loss Vertigo Kidney damage

Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50Ssubunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.

Geldanamycin Herbimycin

Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics Carbacephem

Loracarbef

Lorabid

Discontinued Carbapenems

prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

Ertapenem Doripenem Imipenem/Cilastatin Meropenem

Invanz Doribax Primaxin Merrem

Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.)

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Seizures Headache Rash and allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (First generation) Cefadroxil Cefazolin Cefalotin or Cefalothin Cefalexin Duricef Ancef Keflin Keflex Cephalosporins (Second generation) Cefaclor Cefamandole Cefoxitin Cefprozil Cefuroxime Ceclor Mandol Mefoxin Cefzil Ceftin, Zinnat Cephalosporins (Third generation) Cefixime Cefdinir Cefditoren Cefoperazone Cefotaxime Cefpodoxime Ceftazidime Suprax Omnicef, Cefdiel Spectracef Cefobid Claforan Vantin Fortaz Improved coverage of Gram negative organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram positive cover. Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Less gram positive cover, improved gram negative cover. Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Good coverage against Gram positive infections. Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone

Cedax Cefizox Rocephin Cephalosporins (Fourth generation) Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cefepime

Maxipime

Covers pseudomonal infections.

Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation)

Allergic reactions

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Ceftobiprole

Zeftera

Used to treat MRSA

Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)

Glycopeptides Teicoplanin Vancomycin Telavancin Targocid Vancocin Vibativ Lincosamides Clindamycin Lincomycin Cleocin Lincocin Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne Lipopeptide

Allergic reactions

inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

Possible C. difficileBind to 50S subunit of relatedpseudomembranous bacterial RNA thereby inhibiting enterocolitis protein synthesis

Daptomycin

Cubicin

Gram-positive organisms

Bind to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis

Macrolides Azithromycin Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Erythromycin Roxithromycin Troleandomycin Telithromycin Spectinomycin TAO Ketek Trobicin Pneumonia Gonorrhea Monobactams Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Nitrofurans Furazolidone Nitrofurantoin Furoxone Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enteritis Macrodantin,Macrobid Urinary tract infections Penicillins Amoxicillin Ampicillin Azlocillin Carbenicillin Geocillin Novamox,Amoxil Principen Wide range of infections; penicillin used forstreptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease Gastrointestinal upset Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the and diarrhea synthesis of thepeptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Allergy with Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[3] Zithromax,Sumamed, Zitrocin Biaxin Dynabac Erythocin,Erythroped Streptococcal infections, syphilis, upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections,Lyme disease Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses) Jaundice inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50Sof the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.

Aztreonam

Azactam

Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin Mezlocillin Methicillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Penicillin G Penicillin V Piperacillin Temocillin Ticarcillin

Tegopen Dynapen Floxapen Mezlin Staphcillin Unipen Prostaphlin Pentids Pen-Vee-K Pipracil Negaban Ticar Penicillin combinations

seriousanaphylactic reactions Brain and kidney damage (rare)

Amoxicillin/clavulanate Ampicillin/sulbactam Piperacillin/tazobactam Ticarcillin/clavulanate

Augmentin Unasyn Zosyn Timentin Polypeptides Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of thepeptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane [4] Interact with the gram negative bacterial outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane. It displaces bacterial counter ions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. They act like a The second component prevents bacterial resistance to the first component

Bacitracin Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied Kidney and nerve damage directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; (when given by injection) rarely given by injection

Colistin

Coly-Mycin-S

Polymyxin B

detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution. Quinolones Ciprofloxacin Enoxacin Gatifloxacin Levofloxacin Lomefloxacin Moxifloxacin Nalidixic acid Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Trovafloxacin Grepafloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin Cipro,Ciproxin, Ciprobay Penetrex Tequin Levaquin Maxaquin Avelox NegGram Noroxin Floxin, Ocuflox Trovan Raxar Zagam Omniflox Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Sulfonamides Mafenide Sulfamylon Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns) Nausea, vomiting, and Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the diarrhea enzymedihydropteroate synthetase, Allergy(including skin DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (pararashes) aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is Crystals in urine necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic Kidney failure Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea

Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system(uncommon), tendinosis (rare)

inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibitingDNA replication and transcription.

Sulfonamidochrysoidine(archaic) Prontosil Sulfacetamide Sulfadiazine Silver sulfadiazine Sulfamethizole Sulfamethoxazole Sulamyd, Bleph-10 Micro-Sulfon Silvadene Thiosulfil Forte Gantanol

Sulfanilimide (archaic) Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole Trimethoprim TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole(Cotrimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) Azulfidine Gantrisin Proloprim, Trimpex Bactrim, Septra Tetracyclines Demeclocycline Doxycycline Minocycline Oxytetracycline Declomycin Vibramycin Minocin Terramycin Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acnerickettsial infections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium.

Decrease inwhite blood cellcount

acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells will be unable to divide.

Sensitivity to sunlight

Gastrointestinal upset Sensitivity to sunlight Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy inhibiting the binding of aminoacyltRNA to the mRNAribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translationcomplex.

Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent)

Tetracycline

Sumycin,Achromycin V, Steclin

transient depression of bone growth

Drugs against mycobacteria Clofazimine Dapsone Capreomycin Cycloserine Ethambutol Ethionamide Lamprene Avlosulfon Capastat Seromycin Myambutol Trecator Antileprotic Antileprotic Antituberculosis Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Inhibits peptide synthesis

Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) Rifabutin Rifapentine Streptomycin

I.N.H. Aldinamide Rifadin, Rimactane Mycobutin Priftin

Antituberculosis Antituberculosis mostly Gram-positive and mycobacteria Mycobacterium avium complex Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Others Neurotoxicity,ototoxicity As other aminoglycosides Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms Binds to the subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription

Arsphenamine

Salvarsan

Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal treatment. Rarely: aplastic anemia. Historic: typhus,cholera. gram negative, gram positive,anaerobes Acute cystitis in women Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis

Chloramphenicol

Chloromycetin

Fosfomycin Fusidic acid Linezolid

Monurol Fucidin Zyvox

VRSA

Thrombocytopenia Discolored urine,headache, metallic taste, nausea ;alcohol is contraindicated Produces toxic free radicals which disrupt DNA and proteins. This nonspecific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa.

Metronidazole

Flagyl

Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, Giardiasis

Mupirocin Platensimycin Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Rifaximin Thiamphenicol

Bactroban

Ointment for impetigo, cream for infected cuts

Synercid Xifaxan Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes. widely used in veterinary medicine. Lacks known anemic side- A chloramphenicol analog. May effects. inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by

binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Tigecycline Tinidazole Generic Name Tigacyl Tindamax Fasigyn Brand Names protozoan infections Common Uses[2] upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness Possible Side Effects[2] Mechanism of action