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ABSTRACT
Performing a simulation before the actual manufacturing process of a part can help in reducing the risk of errors during the process that can lead to scraping of the workpiece or damaging the tool and/or CNC machine. The aim of this report is to determine the steps required for a complete simulation process and to analyse its benefits. In order to achieve this, two initial letters were designed to be manufactured on a metal plate using a Wire Erosion or Wire Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) CNC machine. The manufacturing process simulation was carried out in XCAD, a Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) programme and the NC part programme was produced using a suitable post processor for the Sodick EX20 Wire EDM machine. The part programme was then verified and edited in the CIMCO Edit programme and transferred to the CNC machine where the part was manufactured. The process resulted in a successful achievement of the dimensional tolerances for the letter C (Expected 4+/- 0.05mm, Achieved 3.95mm) after a mistake in the tool radius offset for the letter K was rectified. This mistake resulted in a letter width of 4.61mm instead of the expected 4+/- 0.05mm. Taking all the above into consideration, simulating a manufacturing process and verifying for errors and collision avoidance as well as measuring and inspecting the manufactured part are very important steps for ensuring product quality.
Christos Kalavrytinos
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ I CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... II 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 ELECTRIC DISCHARGE MACHINING .............................................................................. 1 2.1 REVIEW OF EDM ............................................................................................................... 1 2.2 COMPARISON OF DIE-SINKER AND W IRE-CUT MACHINES ...................................................... 3 2.3 W IRE-CUT EDM CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................... 3 3.0 EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE ......................................................................................... 7 3.1 SODICK EX20 EDM MACHINE ............................................................................................ 7 3.2 CATIA V5 R20 ................................................................................................................... 7 3.3 POWERSHAPE AND POWERMILL .......................................................................................... 8 3.4 XCAD PRO 4.2 ................................................................................................................. 9 3.5 CIMCO EDIT 4.4 ............................................................................................................... 9 4.0 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 10 4.1 DESIGN OF FEATURES ...................................................................................................... 10 4.2 DESIGN TRANSFER FROM CAD TO CAM ........................................................................... 10 4.3 POST PROCESSING .......................................................................................................... 12 4.4 NC PART PROGRAMME TRANSFER TO EDM MACHINE......................................................... 13 4.5 PREPARATION BEFORE MACHINING ................................................................................... 14 4.6 MACHINING...................................................................................................................... 15 4.7 MEASURING AND INSPECTION ........................................................................................... 16 5.0 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 19 6.0 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 19 6.1 TOLERANCES ................................................................................................................... 19 6.2 PROCESS VERIFICATION ................................................................................................... 20 6.0 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................ 22 REFERENCES: ....................................................................................................................... 23
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1.0 Introduction
The aim of this report is to simulate the manufacturing procedure of certain geometrical features of a forklift truck wheel using a Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) programme. Furthermore, the features are to be manufactured on a Wire Electric Discharge Machine (Wire EDM) so that a comparison between the predicted and actual results can be made.
1.1 Objectives
In order to successful complete the report, the following objectives have to be achieved: Research of Electric Discharge Machining Review of equipment and software Review of model transfer and simulation Review of manufacturing procedure Review of measuring procedure Comparison of results Conclusions and recommendations
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another basic fundamental of the process is that only one spark occurs at any instant. Sparking occurs in a frequency range of 2000 to 500,000 sparks per second. EDM is a thermal process; material is removed by heat. Heat is introduced by the flow o electricity between the electrode and workpiece in the form of a spark. Material at the closest points between the electrode and workpiece, where the spark originates and terminates, are heated to the point where the material vaporises. The area heated by each spark is very small so the dielectric fluid quickly cools the vaporised material and the electrode and workpiece surfaces. However, it is possible for metallurgical changes to occur from the spark heating the workpiece surface. A dielectric material is required to maintain the sparking gap between the electrode and workpiece. This dielectric material is normally a fluid. Die-sinker EDM machines normally use deionised water. Christos Kalavrytinos Page 2
The Wire-cut EDM machine can be used for contour cutting of flat or curved surfaces. The depth of the cutting plates is adjustable to 300mm. The tool (the wire) is usually made of copper, brass or tungsten and of outside diameter of 0.25mm. Processes like EDM, which involve machining in a fluid like de-ionised water do not normally emit harmful substances into the atmosphere and are a preferred selection from an environmental viewpoint compared, for example, to laser-beam machining or other thermal metal cutting techniques. (Boboulos, 2010)
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Wire-cut EDM: Some of the Pros of Wire-cut EDM are: Ability to machine very hard materials Can machine delicate workpieces due to low tool force Mechanical properties of workpiece are rarely altered High dimensional tolerances can be achieved Small internal radii and filets are only limited by wire kerf Multiple workpieces can be stacked to increase production rate Good surface finish depending on number of passes Dielectric fluid flow improves the removal of metal chips and enhances cooling characteristics of the tool and workpiece (Boboulos, 2010)
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CNC wire EDM Simulation for Forklift Wheel 3.0 Equipment and Software
3.1 Sodick EX20 EDM machine
This is the CNC machine that was used to manufacture the two initial letters C and K on the aluminium plate. A similar machine can be seen in Fig. 4.
Figure 6, 2D drawing
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Catia to Powermill: In order to transfer the 2D features, a drawing is first produced in Catia and then saved both as a .dxf and .ig2 file. Both file formats were tested on Powermill and Powershape. It was found out that the .dxf and .ig2 files retains its origin/ workplane which is the bottom left corner of the drawing file. A new workplane is then created at the bottom left edge of the 100x100mm block as shown in Fig. 6. This is the origin that will be used during simulation and machining. The position in respect to the original workplane were X 170mm, Y108.5mm. Christos Kalavrytinos Page 10
Start of move
Now the toolpath can be simulated to check for errors. Then the post processor for the Sodick control (Sodick2.cfg) is used to produce the part programme.
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4.6 Machining
The letter K was the first to be machined. The workpiece moved from the start of move point towards the start entity with a shallow angle of approach as set in the lead-in parameter with a counter-clockwise motion. The total machining time was approximately 24 minutes, with the total machined length at 185.164mm at an average feed rate of 7.36mm/min. The electrode was cutting at a voltage of 50 Volts at 2.1 Amps. It was observer that whenever the electrode was nearing a corner (i.e. the 1mm radii corners) the cutting speed was slightly reduced to increase dimensional and geometrical accuracy. During the machining process, when the wire reached the hole the inside of the letter K was split and the debris fell and caused a short circuit, thus, stopping the machining. A screenshot of the machine control prompting the warning is illustrated in Fig. 15a. Figure 15b shows the finished letter that had to be removed by hand since a short circuit occurred again. Then the letter C was machined following the exact procedure as in letter K, with the difference being the change in the G41 code. This time no short circuits occurred and the total machining time was approximately 20 minutes with a total machined length of 149.41mm at an average feed rate of 7.320mm/min. Both letters and the hole drilled by mistake can be seen in Fig. 16 with their dimensions measured using a Vernier calliper.
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4.61 mm 3.95 mm
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In order to measure what tolerances where achieved, a Vernier Calliper was used providing an accuracy of 0.01mm. or 10 microns. However, another method of measuring and inspecting is also available with the use of a Coordinate Measuring Machine or CMM. The typical CM machine can be either manually or automatically controlled. As an example, BCU owns a Mitutoyo FN905 CMM, shown in Fig. 17, which can be accurate to 0.005mm or 5 microns. The most important component of a CM machine is the touch probe on the end of the turret. The Sodick EX20 Wire EDM machine be accurate to 1-2 microns. It is usual for CM machines to be up to ten times more accurate than the CNC machine used to manufacture a part. In this case, the tolerances set during design were 0.05mm or 50 microns. Using a Vernier Calliper were enough to achieve readings of 3.95mm for the letter C and 4.61mm for the letter K.
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Touch trigger probes, illustrated in Fig. 18, can also be used in CNC machines with tool magazines, therefore eliminating the need of taking the workpiece of the CNC machine and transferring it to a CM machine to be measured. Moreover, measuring and inspecting during the machining process of a complex part, such as a jet engine impeller, can help predict any errors before the part is finished. Time spent manually setting work piece positions and inspecting finished product is better invested in machining. Probing systems eliminate costly machine down-time and the scrapping of components associated with manual setting and inspection. The use of a probe system can result in the following benefits according to Renishaw:
automate manual setting and measurement processes reduce direct labour costs redeploy staff into proactive engineering roles
improved conformance and consistency lower unit costs shorter lead times
offer your customers state-of-the-art capabilities take on more complex work meet customer demands for traceability
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5.0 Results
The dimensions set by the original design were a width of 4mm with a 0.05mm tolerance. The result was a width of 3.95mm for the letter C and 4.61mm for the letter K as shown in Table 1.
6.0 Discussion
6.1 Tolerances
Analysing the results of the design dimensions and the actual machined dimensions, it is clear that the letter C is just within the pre specified tolerances. However, when the letter K was measured, it was found to be 0.56mm wider than the tolerances Christos Kalavrytinos Page 19
Simulation and verification has become a standard feature of CAM applications. CAM Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) incorporate core clash detection functionality that takes into account all parts in the machine environment. The demand for simulation and verification of programs created on conversational controllers derives from the increasing complexity of machines. By having such a system simulation integrated with the controller, operators on the shop floor are reassured that their programming/editing is error-free before running the machine. (http://www.machineworks.com)
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All these systems and programmes can be used to increase production and efficiency of the manufacturing process by reducing the risk of errors during the process that could result in scraping of the part or ever damaging the tools or CNC machine. Figure 19 illustrates the pieces that were cut from the metal plate showing the mistake made by using the 4.8mm drill tool that was larger than the width of the letter.
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Boboulos, M. (2010). Manufacturing Processes and Materials: Exercises. Ventus Publishing ApS. 14-15.
Jameson, Elman C. (2001). Electrical discharge machining. Dearborn, Mich: Society of Manufacturing Engineers.
Journals: Kucukturk, G. & Cogun, C. (2010). A new method for machining electrically nonconductive workpieces using electric discharge machining technique. Machining Science and Technology: An International Journal, 14(2), 189-207. Websites: http://www.advantageedm.com/examples.asp, Accessed on 14/01/12
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