Effects of Technological Growth:

Engineering ethics Ethics and morality are among the most difficult subjects to define and discuss. To some critics any use of technology leads to increasing alienation and dehumanization; thereof, technology is considered far from moral. However, most people recognize the great improvement in the quality of human existence which has been possible only with the input of technology. For them, the issue is to maximize the gains and minimize the loses; stemming from technology. Hence, they focus upon the principal practitioners of technology, the engineers, and wish to examine the moral nature of the decisions made by these practitioners. Ethical codes can be of help in most instances that confront us, but dilemmas do arise in which it seems there are no suitable alternatives. In such a case, all external guides are helpless, and it is, indeed, necessary to resort to ones own internal values. The greatest moral dilemmas, in society, are those related to war. Engineers, say some, are immoral if they work on weapons, because their clear moral duty is to oppose war by refusing to be involved in those activities which support it. Undoubtedly, the best known critic of product safety (and engineers) is Ralph Nader. It is his thesis that engineers identify their personal objectives too closely with those of the companies for which the work. He feels that the professional creed of engineers should require them to be independent of corporate directions. A more militant approach is that taken by the committee for social responsibility in engineering (CSRE) seeks to challenge the present orientation of engineering and declares that its objectives are to end unemployment and pollution and provide adequate medical care, housing, education, transportation and communication systems for all people. To implement these objectives, engineers are to be organized in groups to oppose corporate power. The Institution of Engineers, a professional body in India, has its own Code of Ethics for its corporate members. The same is reproduced below:

Code of Ethics of Corporate Members The Code 1. A corporate Member will co-operate members in his profession by the fre interchange of information and experience and will contribute to the work of engineering institution to the maximum effectiveness he is capable of. 2. A Corporate Member will endeavour to protect the engineering profession from misrepresentation and misunderstanding. 3. A Corporate Member will refrain from expressing publicly an opinion on an engineering subject unless he is informed as to the facts relating to that subject. 4. A Corporate ---- will express an opinion only when it is founded on adequate knowledge and --- conviction if he is serving as a witness before a court or commission. 5. A Corporate Member will not divulge any confidential findings or actions of an engineering commission or committee, of which he is a member, without obtaining official consent. 6. A Corporate Member will take care that credit for engineering work is given to those to whom credit is properly due. 7. A Corporate Member will not offer his professional services by advertisement or through any commercial advertising media, or solicit profession work either directly, or through an agent, or in any other manner derogatory to the dignity of the profession. 8. A Corporate Member will not submit a proposal for an engineering engagement unless he is invited to do so. 9. A Corporate Member will not directly or indirectly injure the professional reputation or practice of another Corporate Member. 10. A Corporate Member will exercise restraint in criticizing the work of another Corporate Member and remember that the proper forum for technical criticism is an engineering society or the engineering press. 11. A Corporate Member will not try to supplant another Corporate Member in a particular employment. 12. A Corporate Member will not complete unfairly with another Corporate Member by charging fees below those customary for others in his profession practicing in the same field and in the same area.

13. A Corporate Member will not associate in work with an engineer who does not conform to ethical practices. 14. A Corporate Member will act in professional matters for his client or employer as a faithful agent or trustee. 15. A Corporate Member not will misrepresent his qualifications to a client or employer or to the profession. 16. A Corporate Member will not disclose information concerning the business or technical affairs of his client or employer without his consent. 17. A Corporate Member will present clearly the consequences to be expected if his professional judgment is overruled by a non-professional authority where he is responsible for the professional adequacy of the work. 18. A Corporate Member will act with fairness and justice between his client or employer and the contractor when dealing with contracts. 19. A Corporate Member will not be financial interested in the bids as or of a contractor on competitive work for which he is employed as an engineer unless he has the written consent of his client or employer. 20. A Corporate Member will not receive any commission, discount or other indirect profit in connection with any work with which he is entrusted. 21. A Corporate Member will make his status clear to his client or employer before under taking an engagement if he may be called upon to decide on the use of inventing equipment or any other thing in which he may have a financial interest. 22. A Corporate Member will immediately inform his client or employer of any interest in a business which any compete with or affect the business of his client or engineer. 23. A Corporate Member will not allow an interest in any business to affect the engineering work for which he is employed or may be called upon to perform. 24. A Corporate Member will engage or advice engaging engineering experts and specialists when in his judgment such services are to the interests of his client or employer. 25. A Corporate Member will not review the work of another Corporate Member for the same client, except with the knowledge of the second Corporate Member, unless such engineering engagement or the work which is subject to review is terminated.

26. A Corporate Member will not accept financial or other compensation from more than one interested party for the same services pertaining to the same work, without the consent of all interested parties. 27. A Corporate Member will subscribe to the principle of appropriate and adequate compensation for those engaged in engineering work, including those in subordinate positions. 28. A Corporate Member will endeavour to provide opportunity for the professional development and advancement of engineers in his employ. 29. A Corporate Member, if he considers that another Corporate Member is guilty of uneth8ical, illegal or unfair practice, will present the information to the Council of the Institution for action. 30. A Corporate Member who is engaged in engineering work in a country aboard will order his conduct according to the professional standards and customs of that country, adhering, as closely as is practicable to the principles of his Code. In a word world whose predicament are far beyond the capacity of individual countries to solve. The Club Rome has decided to adopt a global perspective to seek a deeper understanding of interactions within the tangle of contemporary problems to suggest effective solutions and to take a longer term perspective in studies than governments do. How? With the contributions of its members about main Global Issue and as we hope your texts and proposals. Environment Environment is one of the main concerns of the Club of Rome expressed In Its first Report Limits to Growth 1972, one of Its main focuses. Mostly man-made damage to nature has expanded to such an extant that it might put at stake the very survival of Humankind. It is the responsibility of each government, but also of each individual; to act in order to eradicate the macropollutions which are affecting water, air and earth and endangering the health of human beings. Environment is an important facet of the global issue we have to face, interlinked with energy, population explosion in some countries, poverty and underdevelopment. Our concern is to increase general awareness as much as prevention.

Demography The world population has more than trebled since 1900 and doubled since 1950. The impact of this demographic growth has had tremendous consequences on environment, employment, health, food & water availability... here are contradictory trends: in some countries an increasing ageing population as In Europe, or Japan; while in the poorest countries, such as in Africa there is a population explosion, which means providing education, housing, jobs, etc. For all the young people arriving on the market. Development After 40 years of development policies, starvation, malnutrition and poverty still exist in a number of developing countries or in large part of them. Moreover poverty is now expanding in the so-called rich countries of the North. Why? It is unacceptable and the Club of Rome has made a number of proposals to put an end to this Intolerable situation which is the source of suffering, immigration, criminality, drug trafficking. It is also acting in liaison with Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Governments, International Institutions of both the North and the South to contribute to improving the present situation. Values Man cannot live by bread alone. There is an increasing need to look for a system of values, common or compatible, respecting the different cultures and ethos. Governance Is this world ungovernable? Why are governments not able to solve the most important issue such as unemployment, environmental pollution,, corruption, criminality, terrorism? The Club of Rome has been studying this very important issue for several years and there are a number of cases which have to be attacked. What should be the role of the civil society in governance? Work in the Future New technologies have created a real revolution in reducing the amount of human work thanks to robots, computers, telecommunication and now the combination of these different items which we call Multimedia. Another aspect of this new situation is due to the globalization of the economy and the effect of delocalization. The Club of Rome is studying what Is the future of work. How the available work will be distributed. Therefore how human life, so long based on work, will be organized in

the future, what will be the activities of human beings, in terms of works occupations services for the community, training, leisure, etc. Information Society Communication has many different meaning. Real communication means dialogue, negotiations far removed from any manipulation. In the information society it is essential to give communication its full signification. New Technology The speed of development of new technologies in the field of computers and telecommunication, biotechnologies, new materials, space is almost unbelievable. These technologies represent significant progress for the good of humankind, but the negative impact of these technologies in some cases should not be neglected. What will be the consequences on Government, the management of corporation, values, education, but also on the individual psychology and behavior and on societies? Education Systems of education are less and less adapted to the new issues, to the new emerging global society we are presently involved in. New priorities force us to redefine the role of education, which should be conceived as a permanent learning process. Transmission of knowledge is no longer sufficient, and new objectives such as developing ones own potential and creativity, or the capacity of adaptation to change are becoming essential in a rapidly changing world. The New Global Society The world is changing rapidly. We have to understand these new data in order to have a better understanding of other cultures, other languages, other modes of reasoning. The Club of Rome, taking advantage of its hundred members coming from 52 countries on the five continents and its 30 National Associations with different professional backgrounds, different philosophies and experiences is particularly ready to discuss this new global society and to encourage individuals to be actors and not victims of this new world. World Economic and Financial Order The globalization of the economy and of the information has changed the general picture we were accustomed to. There are no regulations, no ethics, and we have to learn how we wish to live with this globalization, which favours the rich over the poor and affects so many facets of individual and collective existence.

Responsibility of Engineering Due care must enter into the design and production stages on the product. In general, manufacturers responsibilities would extend to the following three areas. i.) Design: The design engineer should ascertain whether the design of an article conceals any dangers. Whether it incorporate all feasible safety devices, and whether it uses materials that are adequate for the purpose the product is intended to serve. ii) Production: The Engineer in charge of production should control the manufacturering process so as to eliminate any defective items, identify any weakness that become apparent during production and ensure that short cuts, substitution of inferior materials, or other economizing measures are not taken during the manufacture that would compromise the safety of the product. iii) Information: The engineer in charge of manufacture should fix labels, notice or instruction on the product that will warn the consumer of all dangers involves in using or misusing the item. In the case of drugs, professionals with responsibility of manufacturing, have a duty to warn physician of any risks or dangerous side effects of using the products. Marketing and Professional Ethics Marketing misallocates scarce economics resources. Marketing also involves too much competitive promotion. Marketing is also considered wasteful. It is felt that there are too many middle men especially in retail trade. And marketing is said to create too much materialistic and artificial values. Advertising and saies promotion encourage consumers to place too much emphasis on the satisfaction of material wants and to substitute material values for moral values. The midas touch of advertising tries to convert all human weakness and strivings into cash. Offensive and misleading promotion is a poor substitute for carefully planned promotion of creative selling. Marketing adversely influences our environment or ecology. Disposable or throwaway packages have created problem of pollution in big cities. Papers napkins, disposable diapers, diapers, drinking cups, bottles, beverage cans, etc. have added pollution though we enjoy convenience. Refineries, power plants, fertilizer and chemicals and paper industries etc. are responsible for pollution of our environment.

Appropriate Technology Movement of Schumacher & Later Developments The economist E.F. Schumacher has claimed that the most pressing social need at present is finding ways of decreasing consumption. Increasing consumption has led to a rapid industrial expansion that has polluted much of the natural environment and has rapidly depleted our non renewable resources. Unless we limit consumption, we will soon out run the finite natural resources our planet possesses with disastrous consequences for us all. Advancement in technology would find ways to minimize the consumption of nonrenewable resources without sacrificing standard of living and also find out suitable substitutes of non-renewable resources. Schumacher was a profound western thinker of the modern times. About the decline in aesthetic, ethical, cultural and spiritual values, Schumacher has remarked At present there can be little doubt that the whole of mankind is in moral danger not because we are short of scientific and technology know-hows but because we tend to use it destructively, without wisdom. "Wisdom helps us discriminate between true knowledge and false knowledge. Wisdom also helps decide the significance of knowledge and right use of knowledge. Wisdom is the way knowledge is used to add value to life, But the really important question of human existence to-day is how to lead a good life and how to be a good human being, and how to create a good society.

ENVIRONMENT & POLLUTION

Environment Degradation and Pollution Environment is concerned with the relationships of living things and their environment. It provides a framework by which can be seen that all living things related to other living things, and they are like-wise related to their physical environment. Pollution of air, water and soil is caused by several agents. The main among them are: i) ii) Natural Pollution Population explosion

iii) High Standard of Living of People iv) Deforestation v) Vehicular Traffic vi) Dams and Canals vii) Agriculture vii) Population Explosions & Industrial Growth Sustainable Development This refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. The right to development must be fulfilled so as to meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generation. The Govt. and the public must work together for eradicating poverty is an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. International actions in the field of environments of interest are needs of countries. In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and can not be considered in isolations from it. To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, the engineering professionals should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption. Also the Governments -should promote appropriate demographic policies. The creativity ideals and courage of the youth should be mobilized for building a good society in order to achieve sustainable development and ensure a better future for all. Environmental Regulations, Eco-friendly Technologies a) Eco-friendly Technologies & Products: Process technology is intimately linked up with pollution control technology. During the last 5 decades, in many advanced countries, several process technologies have undergone changes and replacement. Many innovations involving pollution-free process technologies have resulted from research investigation on pollution on control measures. Example: Eco friendly Technologyies:

1) Recycle of waste paper and old News print followed by-deinking process this technology has been accepted world-wide as an eco-friendly technology which does not encourage de-forestation for manufacturing paper and also the process uses eco-friendly technology which generate minimum effluent which is easily treated before discharge into surface water. 2) Production of Chemical Fertilizer from Natural Gas instead of using coal or Naptha (i.e. Petroleum Fraction). Technology of using coal or Naptha Produce lot of harmful greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and Nitrogen oxides etc. 3) Countries conscious of clean environment are encouraging more and more eco-friendly process which encourage hydro-electric power, non-conventional and renewable energy source such as wind generators, solar power stations and are discouraging thermal power stations which are worst polluters of environment. 4) Technology for Production of chemicals to replace CFC compounds

presently used in refrigeration and other uses, which are primarily responsible for ozone layer degradations. MNCs like ICI, Du Pont & others have developed this type of eco-friendly technology. 5) Eco-friendly Process and Products: As a part of social responsibility of

business, a company is required to maintain clean and health environment voluntarily. Hence, it must take steps to prevent all types of pollution. Since 1986, the emphasis had been on sustainable economic development that meets the needs of present as well as future generations, i.e. development without environment degradation. Economic development and sound environment management complement each other and are two sides of the same coin. The companies will realize the seriousness of environment concerns and issues. They will learn to opt for processes and products which are environment friendly. Using a titled earthen pitcher as its symbol, the Eco mark label is intended to enable consumers to choose products which are environment friendly. Like the BIS (Bureau

of Indian Standard) mark of the Agmark, an Eco mark product is a guarantee that its use will mean environment friendly technologies. For getting the Eco mark, the products must be produced by the environment friendly technologies. The products must be environment friendly also transport, use and disposal. Hence, it must also have package which is environment friendly. The Products requiring Eco mark labels in India are textiles, toilet soaps, detergents, paper, paints, packages, pesticides and drugs. In many western countries Eco-mark labeling has achieved considerable progress. The German blue Angel Environment Labelling Scheme by 1994 has 4000 Eco mark products. Waste recycling is a global concern to protect our environment from solid / liquid wastes causing pollution. The planned waster management and its use are duly encouraged by the government. The major task for India is to ensure that in all our economic and social processes, we take full account of the environment costs. Now we are in a situation where land, air and water degradation already constitutes a serious problem in our country. Growing air and water pollution is pressure affecting the quality of most of our lives. As development proceeds, the use of energy and natural resources will also increase. The challenge ahead is to adopt a pattern and style of development that will not put unsustainable pressure on our resources, particularly non-renewable ones. India has a special legislation to provide environment protection. Under this national Environment Protection Act, Environment Impact Assessment and Environmental Impact Statement reports must be made mandatory before launching any new project. E.I.A. must include the cost of impact on the environment produced by a manufacturing project into the sale price of products. Environmental Ethics (a) Important Parameters (i) Environmental Threats : Greenhouse Gases, Depletion of Ozone Layer, Acidification of Water, Soil Urban Pollution & Noise, Metals-effect. Organic pollutants-effects, Land and water in appropriate use, Land, water pollution & Noise, Metals-effects. Organic pollutants-effects, Land and water in appropriate use, Land water exploitation Housing/industries/infrastructure, Pressure on conservation.

ii) Greenhouse Effect:

Ideal global temperature is average 150C, or else the

world will freeze, the emissions of CO2 cause alarming temperature increase and polar ice-caps to melt and increased ocean water levels which may submerge many parts of low lying areas, causing hardships for human residents. iii) Greenhouse Gases: CO2, Nitrogen Oxides, CFCs, HFCs, Halogens convert hydrocarbons to Cl2, Br2 and I2 and replace H2. iv) Ozone: It is in atmosphere and protects life against harmful UV radiation, but at ground level. It is harmful to life and forms breathing disorders. Its depletion is causing holes at Poles, from where the UV radiation is leaking in. v) Whistle Blowing: Whistle blowing is an attempt by an employee to disclose, what is proclaimed to be wrong doing by an organization, reporting misdemeanor to some one. vi) Strategy: a) Reactive Strategy: Resistance of public or government pressures by legal means. b) Defensive Strategy: Defensive Strategy A firm defends its position by less aggressive means. The firm does the minimum requirement and not more unless completed to do so. c) Strategy of Accommodation: More progressive of the strategies, include acceptance of ideas for social changes, firms resistance is to the extent of what is not in its best interests. Most companies adopt this strategy. b) Environment Ethics Case Study Foreign companies operating in Pune since 1960s, installed Eco friendly process, had concern for water, air and surrounding environment and quality of life for its employees and neighbours. TELCO planted more than ten million trees and filled up blasted craters with lakes of quality water so also Kirloskar group companies followed this process, Three Areas of Technology Technology is the know-how, physical equipment and procedures used to produce services, and products. Know how is the knowledge and Judgment of how, when and why to employ equipment and procedures.

Three Primary Areas of Technology Operation managers are interested in all three aspects of technology, products technology, process technology and information technology. Product technology, development primarily by engineers and researchers, translates ideas into new services and products. Developing new product technologies requires close co-operation with marketing, to find out what customers really want, and with operations, to determine how services or goods can be produced effectively. Process technology gives the methods by which an organization does things. Information technology helps in making more effective decisions for acquiring, processing and transmitting information. Technology and Developing Nations Technology- Definition Technology is defined as a systematic application of scientific or other organized knowledge to practical tasks. During the last 2 centuries technology has developed substantially. Science and technology enabled mankind to conquer distance, control birth rates, save lives, generate, preserve and distribute. Technology and Society : Perhaps the most striking influence of technology is found on society. Practically every area of social life of every individual has been, in some sense or the other, changed by the development in technology. Technology has contributed to the emergence of affluent nations. These countries invest heavily on R & D to produce technology which is used by them for heavy doses of industrialization. Sophistication in plants and machineries, and superior quality goods and services. On the contrary, developing countries like China, India and Bangladesh etc. where the one-third of the worlds total population live are able to consume less than 40% of the worlds total income for their living and are unable to devote resources for Research & Development. These developing countries are always importing technology from the above advance countries. Technology Assessment Impact Analysis The impact of technology is discussed below under three heads : (a) technological and social changes (b) economic effects of technology (c) technology and plant level changes

Technology

Social implications

Economic implication

Plant level changes

1. Technology 2. High consumers.

reaches of

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Increased Productivity Need to spend on R & D Jobs Problems Bio of become techno and

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Organisation structure Resistance to change Fear of risk TQM Business process Re

people through business expectation

3. System complexity 4. Social changes 5. Social system

intellectual structure professional multi professional managers Increased regulation and stiff opposition Demand for capital Rise and decline of

Engineering Flexible mfg. system

products and organization Boundaries redefined.

Defining Technology and Technology Transfer Technology transfer covers developing and marketing of technology, selection of technology, mechanism and process, economic, political and legal aspects, government policies, monitoring effectiveness of transfer viz. design capability, manufacturing process, quality and productivity levels, etc. Technology transfer, being an expensive and time consuming process, has to be carefully planned and monitored by agencies like Corporate Planners, Engineers and Quality Assurance Engineers to improve the effectiveness of transfer. Mechanisms of Technology Transfer Technology is transferred from one country to another through a wide variety of mechanisms. a) Non-commercial means: These are as follows:

i) ii)

Flow of books, journals, and other published information Exchange of information through persons attending international seminars and conferences

iii) Education and training at foreign universities iv) Exchange of information or personnel through technical co-operational programmes of international organization. b) International Commercial Transaction are normally as follows: i) ii) Direct investment by foreign companies/multinationals Licensing agreements agreements iv) Export of parts. These mechanisms of transfer exist in a great variety of contractual forms and are frequently used in some combination. Each of these mechanism has its own advantage and disadvantages. Foreign direct investments may be more effective but dependence on the foreign company will be unlimited. Technology Transfer Process Technology transfer is a difficult process. There are special problems and issues associated with each aspect of the technology transfer process. The first stage is selection of technology and transfer. These need basically technical expertises to evaluate and determine the suitability of technology and consideration of social and cultural background and present status of technology. The second phase of transfer process is Absorption when direct investments mechanism is in operation, all the problem that crop up are solved by the transfer. But in case of less active mechanisms, greater effort is required from the recipient organisation. Quality needs to be built at every stage of technology transfer process and it must consider by the concerned with planning, engineering, marketing etc, the quality must be given be proper important right from the easily stages of technology transfer. Problem of Technology Transfers Technology transfer is the process of taking new technology from laboratory to the market place. This transfer takes larger time as organisations grow in size.

iii) Management Contract, Technical services. Consultancy and Collaboration

A company may also decide to make or buy R & D although in house R & D has been traditionally an important source of technology knowledge for companies, firms can also tap the R & D from a technology supplier company through contractual agreements, such as licensing, R & D agreements and joint ventures. The 2nd factor in technology transfer is time. The time between innovation and commercialisation is less for larger companies and is more for smaller companies. The third thing is that as new technology comes in, the old technology needs to be abandoned. The process of old replaced by new called technology discontinuity. Human operator in Engineering Projects and industries If we look at the worker as a resource, comparable to all other resources but for the fact that it is human, we have to find out how best to utilise him in the same way. This is an Engineering approach. The human being has one set of qualities possessed by no other resources i.e., it has the ability to coordinate to integrate, to judge and to imageine. Emphasis on human approach focuses on man as a moral and social being. The qualities of the person are specific and unique. The human being, unlike any other resources, has absolute control over whether he works at all. The human resources must always be motivated to work. It has been studied by several experts and found that attitudes of human operators are very important for enhancing productivity and that machines and techniques have little contributions in this aspects. Similarly good morale of the worker greatly contributes to improve productivity. A manager must create a positive motivation in engineering projects and industries for the human operators to contribute their best. The problem of man machine interaction arise due to. 1. Inadequate training received by the operator 2. Both attitude and moral of the worker are at poor levels. 3. Poor upkeep of the machine 4. Poor industrial relations. 5. Poor supervisory control 6. Absence of incentives for higher productivity etc. 7. Physical and mental fitness of the worker also influence the man-machine interaction. 8. Attitude and morale greatly influence the man-machine interaction.

9. Poor working conditions such a improper ventilation and insufficient light also effect man-machine interaction. 10. Improper Work-load also effect the man-machine interaction. Impact of Assembly Line and Automations Assembly lines are generally of two types: i) i) Sub-assembly line and (ii) Final Assembly Line Sub Assembly line: A product may have two or more sub assemblies. Each Subassembly items are assembled separately in shop and are brought to the final product. ii) Final Assembly line: Here all sub-assemblies are joined to give rise to the final product. Automobile assembly line is a perfect Engineering of human work and exhibits the proper man machine interaction. The modern technology does make possible the output of more goods with same number of people. Automation derives its efficiency and productivity mainly from the substitution of highly trained, high grade human work for poorly trained or semiskilled human work. The occurrence of redundancy of human operators due to increased automation will significantly affect the attitudes to workers. In such a situation, the organisation any provide adequate training and relocate the workers in the other units or arrange the voluntary retirement with suitable monetary incentives. Human Centred Technology The human resources of all economic resources is the one least efficiently used, and that the greatest opportunity for improved economic performance lies in the improvement of the effectiveness of people in their work. The management of workers and work is therefore one of the basic function of management. The skilled worker has moved from the workshop into the plant remaining a skilled worker or becoming a supervisor or a technician. This situation has created four new group i.e. clerical staff, workers, professional specialists and managers. Still the work will always have to be done by people. There may be no people on the factory floor in a fully automatic plant. Operations requiring repeatative occurrence will be made automatic more and more, eliminating involvement of human operator.

sub-assembly consists of several components or parts.

Whistle Blowing and Beyond Whistle blowing is an attempt by a member or former member of an organisation to disclose wrong doing in or by the organisation. Whistle blowing can be internal or external. If the wrong doing is reported only to those higher in the organisation, it is internal whistle blowing. When the wrong doing is reported to external individuals or bodies such as government agencies, news papers or public internal groups, the whistle blowing is said to be external. But blowing the whistle is often a brave act of conscience that can carry heavy personal costs. It has been seen that normally the whistle blower is a loyal and conscientious employee of the organisation having strong belief in universal moral principles. In most of the cases, the whistle blowers have been harassed by the higher authorities in the organtsatton and/or have been isolated and subjected to feelings or depression and powerlessness. It is sometimes argued that external whistle blowing is always wrong because employees have a contractual duty to be loyal to their employer and to keep all aspects of the business confidential. Thus, external whistle blowing is justified if it is necessary to prevent a wrong that one has moral right or duty to prevent, or if it will yield a benefit that one has a moral right or duty to provide. For example, when a company is involved in activities that can result in substantial injuries to the working personnel, who have a right to be protected from such injuries, and no one else in the company is willing to bring these activities to a halt, then a morally conscientious employee has an obligation to prevent the wrong even if has means resorting to Whistle blowing. a) The main factors for Whistle Blowing are: i) ii) Whistle blower has moral motives or he is ethical. Whistle blower acts in accordance with his responsibilities for avoiding/exposing moral violations. iii) He is loyal to organisation or customers. PROFESSION & HUMAN VALUE Value Crisis in Contemporary Society

A healthy society is built on good values. Indian society is based on democratic principles and secular belief. The values of a good society in India, took a strong blow during Babri Masjid/Ayodhya and Godhra/Ahmedabad episodes in the early nineties and during the Gujarat incidence, when the secular fabric was torn apart. The community depends upon a common set of values. It is even enshrined in our constitution that we are a secular nation and the right include religious freedom and right to worship, among others. Similarly, during the emergency enforcement period by late Prime Minister Mrs Indra Gandhi in the late seventies, the democratic values were ignored. Further examples of decline in the value system in the individual levels may be given as follows: 1. The adoption of dubious standards of judgment for the rich and poor by the ethics class and beurocrats. 2. Not being conscious about ones duty and responsibility the doctors and nurses are ignoring the interests of patients and teachers are ignoring the students necessities. 3. The elected members of assemblies and parliament hardly look after the welfare of the people who have elected them. Nature of Values We need values to become ethical. Values can be individual, social and of corporate. Values governs behavioural choice. Core values can not be dictated and are difficult to change. Many reputed companies are against the employment of child labours in their organisation, thus it is one of their core value. Many Indian companies have set examples of good corporate governance and have facilitated the process of transparency and accountability. Value Spectrum of a Good Life A good life is lived in a society with existence of peace, harmony, well-being, and fellow feeling. Material values associated with a good life are comforts, convenience, relaxation and recreation etc.

Values related to aesthetic nature of a good life like enjoyment of beauty, appreciation of art, music culture and literature are terms as aesthetic values. A person is said to possess ethical value when he or she is able to distinguish between good or bad, right or wrong and justice versus injustice etc. Good human values are expressed with humanness, goodness, wisdom, sensitivity for human suffering and pain and showing respect or love for others. Spiritual values associated with a good life are practice of religion and faith in God etc. Thus, the spectrum of light contains seven distinct colours expressed in VIBGYOR. In a similar way, the value of good life is the integration of seven core values like material values, societal values, aesthetic value, psychological value, ethical values, human values and spiritual values. Psychological Values, Integrated Personality, Mental Health Value system is a frame work of personal philosophy which governs and influences the individual reaction and responses to any situation. Personal values shape influence and behavior. The psychological value system indicates the extent to which a manager accepts or resists organizational pressures and goals. Different people placed in similar situation react in different styles. When the mental health is in bad state, the person exhibits restlessness by irregular movements and behaviours. Psychological reactions such as anger, anxiety, depression, nervousness, irritability, tension, and boredom are normally exhibited in ones behaviour. In his theory of motivation, Abraham Maslow has given a set of human needs arranged in hierarchical order. A human being after fulfilling the basic physiological needs desires to obtain psychological needs containing safety and security, belongingness and love and the self-esteem needs. Self-esteem are largely fulfilled by acquiring skill, competence and expertise in the field of knowledge and profession. The aesthetic needs and self-actualisation needs follows the fulfillment of psychological needs described above. Mental Health: A good mental health helps a person to possess positive capacity for living and enjoying a good life. The various types of mental health are as follows: 1. Efficient perception of reality

2. Self knowledge 3. Ability to exercise control over ones behaviour 4. Self esteem and acceptance relationships 5. Ability to form affectionate relationships 6. Productivity i.e., utilizing time and energy for useful and productive activities and this is the criteria of a mentally healthy person. The modern search for a good society, justice, democracy secularism, rule of law are societal values in India Constitution. Indian Constitution & Social Values Democracy, Secularism, rule of law and justice, equality etc. are the societal values enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Democracy, Sovereignty, Secularism and Socialism are the basic principles of our constitution i) ii) Sovereignty : This is the main feature of the Indian constitution. Indians are complete independent and run their own government. Democracy : Democracy means a government which is run by representatives who are elected on the basic of adult franchise. iii) Secularism : The state gives equal treatment to all religions. It does not favour any particular religion. iv) Socialism : The achievements of socialism, based on economic and social equality, is the chief goal of our constitution. It provides equal opportunities in education, employment, justice etc. to all. v) Rule of societal values in the Indian Constitution: Indian constitution gives equal treatment to all citizens. The state can not discriminate on the religion, caste, creed, sex, language, place of birth et. a) Indian constitution emphasizes societal values in part IV, which deals with the Directive principles of state policy. i) ii) The state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people. The state shall in particular, strive to minimize the inequalities in income, status etc. iii) The state shall ensure that the ownership and control of material resources of the community are so distributed as best to sub serve the common good. b) Indian constitution advances ideas on societal values in Articles 51A, part IV of Fundamental Duties.

It shall be the duty of every citizen of India i) ii) To abide by the constitution To cherish and follow the noble ideals

iii) To upload and protect the sovereignty, unity integrity of India iv) To defend the country v) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood, etc. The Modern Search for a Society As described earlier, a good society is such a society which should provide means and conditions for the material growth and encourage and inspire all its members to achieve their full human potential in all dimensions including moral and spiritual. A good society should accept certain human values of love, kindness and brotherhood and such a society should be caring, sharing and co-operative to all its members. The good search for a good Indian society be meaningful if the society is not merely law governed; but is governed by higher level ethical, moral and spiritual values. Work culture is the involvement of a workman with his work or assignment towards contribution of productivity and quality of final products. Good work cultural means a workman is fully involved with in work to exhibit good morale and to contribute highest possible productivity and high cost of production. The following factors are responsible for poor work cultural in an organisation : Lack of discipline Lack of commitment High absenteeism Lack of concern Many holidays and strikes Poor labour management relations Poor working conditions Lot of outside political interference Large nos of accidents Multiplicity of trade unions

The role of trade unions has to be re-oriented from confrontation to co-operation and participation with the triangle of government, business-labour working in the true spirit of partnership.

An employee is required to exhibit certain attitude, apply certain skills to the desired levels of excellence. He needs to translate certain desirable habits such as regularly, punctuality, discipline, promptness, initiative etc which all together constitute an ethical value system in an organisation. Work cultural is also concerned with an employees loyalty towards the organization. View points of workers for poor work cultural Some times workers when questioned about poor work cultural give the following answer: Pressure from trade union. Poor working conditions. Poor conditions of machines. View points of manager for poor work cultural. Multiplicity of trade union. Interference from outside political parties. Decline in general moral standards in the society at large.

VALUES : PROFESSION & HUMAN

Introduction Values relate to the aims of human life. For the achievement of the aims human being frame certain notions and these notions are called values. The following principles are propounded for the determination of values: i) ii) Hedonistic view of life: The value of a thing is due to the fact that the thing has power to satisfy our wants. Perfection theory: Any thing has values if it relates to the perfection of life for which a man endeavors in his life. iii) Utility theory: Anything which has utility is valuable. iv) Order theory: Anything which is helpful in organising society is called value. v) Existence theory: Value is helpful in existence. vi) Experimental theory: Values are experiments in present and past as well. (vii) Part and whole theory: Values are felt sometime partly and sometimes wholly viii) Objective and subjective theory: Values are determined by the notions of individuals and also by the circumstances in which he lives.

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Emotive theory: Mans emotions are expressed by his nature. These emotions change according to the circumstances Thus by virtue of his emotion man determines his values.

Religion, Morality rd Moral Value The practice of religion I as:ilis in following advantages 1) Moral d Development: Religion is the foundation of moral develoment and character. 2) Refinement of human values: Religion shows are difference between material and gives divine touch to human values. (3) Socialisation: Social service is recommended in every religion. in the (ita peo;lc are dd\ sed to act with a view, not to personal gain, but to add to the prosperity of humanity. (4) Development of democratic values: Religious feeling related men on one side with God and on the other with human beings, and by showing that the same God exists in every human being it encourages the development of the democratic qualities of liberty, fraternity and equality. (5) Cultural development Religion: is on important part of culture and the cultural progress of a group is measured by its religious development. Mans greatest characteristic is character. Swami Vivekananda has defined character as the sum total of an individuals instincts, the inclination of his mind. Good thoughts lead a sound determination and this in turn puts the man on the path to good life. Moral development is possible through proper conduct, feeling and development of proper habits of thought and feeling of action. Cultural and Socialisation a) Culture Cultural is composed of integrated customs, traditions and current behaviour pattern of human group. The main features of the contribution of cultural in mans life are the following: 1) Adaptation to the natural environment: Every where, man lives in a definite natural environment to which he must necessarily adapt himself. 2) Adaptation to the social environment: Cultural also includes customs, traditions and the pattern of current behaviour.

3) Development of Personality: The personality of an manifested through his pattern of behaviour. The behaviour is always profoundly influenced by the cultural of his group. In childhood, the infant acquires his cultural through imitation. In the second stage, the child imitates different individuals in society in their play. Play of his kind introduces many different kinds qualities in the childs personality. The third stage of acquiring cultural is the stage of games where the individuals learns to control his behavious. Cultural influences the physical, mental, social, emotional, moral and aesthetic aspects of the individuals. Aesthetic Values, Perception and Enjoyment of Beauty, Simplicity, Clarity Aesthetic value of a person is indicated when he or she shows admiration for goodness of any thing e.g. beauty of a garden, beauty of a flower, beauty of a woman or loveliness of a child. A marketer utilises the aesthetic value of a product for enhancing its value which in turn may crate more demands. Perception, being an intellectual and psychological process, becomes a subjective process and different people may perceive the same environment differently etc. perception is determined by both physiological and psychological characteristics of environment and the sensation exhibits enjoyment of beauty, simplicity and clarity. To appreciate the nature of aesthetic experience, and the values involved in it according to Indian cultural tradition, the depiction may be made in the following manner: 1. A beautiful object attracts. 2. Mind becomes pleasant. 3. The beautiful objects is lovable and likable. 4. It products a feeling of happiness. 5. The beautiful object leads to perfect bliss. Aesthetic considerations have become important in practical fields like engineering product development, industrial design, town planning and interior decoration. While adopting cost reduction and value engineering techniques care is taken to ensure that aesthetic value of the product in not diminished. Nature of Moral Judgements Two theories are pertinent when one talks about the nature of ethics.

The theory of moral unity essentially advocates the principle that business actions should be judged by the general ethical standards of society. There exists only one ethical standard which applies to every one in the society. Opposed to the theory of moral unity is the theory of morality, which argues that business can be amoral and the actions of businessmen need not be guided by general ethical standards. Capitalism provides moral justification for the persuit of profit through behaviour which is not purposefully ethical. The ethics of virtue and ethics of duty may be exhibited up by the following activities. 1. To carry out such activities which are beneficial to the national interest of the country. 2. To be a good citizen and to actively assist in the improvement of the quality of life in the society. 3. To generally observe the accepted norms of public decency. 4. To be truthful and honest and to show mutual trust and co-operation in all deeds of publicinterest. 5. One may be religious, but he or she should respect for others religions. 6. A duty-full citizen should (i) (ii) (iii) not be cruel to animal show kindness to the poor and helpless. Voice criticism against unjust, the descent and un-lawful activities of the others in the society. Ethics of Responsibility Managers are members of a leadership group, it occupies a position of visibility, of prominence and authority and confers duties. Leadership is confined to few individuals. He has to stand demand of professional ethics and demands of ethics of responsibility. The terms right, proper, fair, judgment about behaviour, virtue, value, worth principle, integrity, praiseworthiness, rightousness all pin down to which is intrinsically moral. There is very little to distinguish between moral and ethics. Moral is perceived as personal and ethics as institutional. Some times ethics is considered as a scientific study of moral behaviour. However, we can distinguish between morals and manners certain unpleasant behaviours like dressing shabbily, taking in loud may be treated as bad manners but certainly do not quality as immoral.

Ill mannered people can be moral and even the reverse is possible. The dictators of last century were very polished and well mannered, but by their immoral acts, they brought immense amounts of destruction in societies. The world faces plenty of decisions that put our conscience. Almost all of us, at some point of time, encounter cheating on taxes, jumping traffic signals, lying under oath, inflating expense accounts, overstating damage to ones vehicle for insurance claims, all these are widely understood to be unethical. Aesthetic Values Case Study Steve Waugh, the former Australian Test captain love for kids have promted the cricketer to build and support Udayan a home for 300 children of leprosy sufferers at Barrackpore, near Kolkata. The cricketer find time to visit the home often and spend his time with the children with full enjoyment. Competition and Fair Practices According. P. F. Drucker competition challenges four important premises of the marketing concept. i) ii) It is assumed that consumers know their need. It is assumed that business really cares about those needs and knows exactly how to find about them. iii) It is assumed that business does provide useful information that precisely matches products to needs. iv) It is presumed that products and services really fulfil customer expectation as well as business promises. Consumerism is a protest of consumers against unfair business practices and business injustices.