Bushong: Radiologic Science for Technologists, 9th Edition

Answers to Challenge Questions Chapter 4: Electromagnetic Energy 1. a. The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation; it may be pictured as a small bundle of energy, sometimes called a quantum. b. Characteristic of materials that allow x-rays to penetrate with a minimum of attenuation. Radiolucent structures are nearly invisible on radiographs. c. A mathematical relationship describing the reduction in radiation intensity with distance from a point source. The intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the object to the source. d. The number of wavelengths passing a point per second e. Energy can be transformed into another form or into matter, but it cannot be created or destroyed. f. A form of ionizing electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom g. The wide range of electromagnetic radiation described by its frequency, wavelength or energy h. The mathematical or graphical description of a simple harmonic motion i. A single unit of electromagnetic radiation j. A narrow region in the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from approximately 400 nm (blue) to 700 nm (red) 2. Wavelength = 6.2 107 m; velocity = 3 108 m/s 3. 400 m/s; 2400 m or approximately 1 1/2 miles 4. 3 1012 Hz 5. 2.88 m 6. 6.75 1018 Hz 7. 2.7 1019 Hz, 1.13 1011 m 8. 1.76 1014 J; 1.95 1029 kg 9. 1.25 mR/mAs 10. 7.1 mR/mAs 11. Velocity = frequency wavelength (v = f ) 12. Inversely. As frequency increases, wavelength decreases proportionately. 13. I1/I2 = d22/d12 or I1/I2 = (d2/d1)2, where I1 is the intensity at distance d1 from the source and I2 is the intensity at distance d2 from the source. The reduction in intensity with an increase in distance from a point source of radiation. 14. 89 mlm 15. Radiofrequency (hertz), visible light (meters), and x-radiation (electron volts) 16. 20 150 keV 17. Origin. X-rays are emitted from the electron cloud. Gamma rays are emitted from the nucleus. 18. The wave-particle duality of electromagnetic radiation 19. The reduction of x-ray beam intensity because of absorption and scatter 20. 1.69 1019 Hz
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