Question:

Bangladesh

Identify is

two

major Analyze

macro the

economics problem;

problem provide

facing.

solutions to make things better.

Answer: Bangladesh is a country of south-east Asia. It is

well known as a developing country. There are many problems in this country, which are said to be major obstacles in the development of this country. Excessive Population and Unemployment are said to be the worst among all current problems. A) Population: If we compare to the global population we will see why population causes square and miles or such damage square to the development The The of Bangladesh. The area of Bangladesh is near to 55 thousand 1,47,570 200 per kilometer. 2020. is current average 1000. population of Bangladesh is approximately over 160 million will exceed density million square within population kilometer almost

Even a very rich country would have been in deep troubles if they have to handle such mass population in such short land. So whenever steps, the they government seem to tends into to take any of developing fell shortage

resources for such huge population. As a result the actual development is just getting being delayed and hampered a lot. The causes of over population are following namely,

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1. First of all most of the people of our country birth rate through family planning.

are

ignorant. So they dont know the way of controlling the

2. Some rural as well religious superstitions hinder our people in family planning or birth control. 3. Early marriage is a special cause in this area. Majority of our girls are getting married before they get maturity. 4. Polygamy is another cause in this area. It still exists in many rural area of our country. 5. Wish for a male child is another significant cause in this area that is existent not only among the uneducated people but also among the educated people also. This scenario is still prevalent in many parts of our country.

Population growth has its own effects on economic growth of a country which can be negative or positive; 1) Due to increase in Population Consumption Increases which will decrease GDP and Imports will increase and Exports Fall down Budget Defect is the result and the prices mount high. 2) Misuse OR Over use of Natural Resources. Due to increase in population Man to Land Ratio decreases. As land is inelastic, one cant increase the amount or supply of land. 3) Raw-Material or Primary Goods are used or processed either directly or indirectly which produce finished

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goods and also yield residues some of it is recycled and some is disposed to nature which affects it negatively. So when more and more people depend on land there are more chances of the damage accruing to ecosystem. 4) Effect on PCI, if the population growth dose not matches the labor force there is a negative effect on PCI. 5) Population Growth and Standard of Living, as increase in population leads to more consumption. OR there are more mouths to feed which affects the standard of living. 6) Population and Agriculture, the pressure on land increases and also increase disguised unemployment. 7) Population and employment, unemployment increases due to increase in population. 8) Population and Social infrastructure, pressure increases as one Doctor has to attend more and more patents similarly in other fields also. 9) Population Increase decreases Capital Formation. 10) Population Increase negatively effects Environment as urban slums increase. An oversized population is a problem for any country

irrespective of its stage of development. The problem is really complex for a developing country because of resource constraint. Economists at times downplay the problem and argue that developed manpower, whatever its size, will always augment welfare of the country. The argument is built on economic

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indices: GDP, per capita income, foreign exchange reserve, productivity etc. Maybe there is a point; with proper education and training a large population may be rendered into an effective instrument of economic development. What the economists miss is that population is a real entity, not a nominal and has variable. Demands of the real entity are money its cannot meet in them all. real Nominal problems. limitation solving physical, instrument

What a human being needs most are food and space. Many other physical services are also needed -sanitation, water supply, healthcare, transport etc. These may be put aside for the time being. A person needs some space and (s)he will try to get it at any cost. A country will face an almost insuperable problem if it does not have the required physical resources, particularly land, to meet the physical demands.

Bangladesh has the highest land-man ratio (normalized), or population density, in the world. Surely it is not the poorest country of the world, nor is it really a least developed country (LDC) in terms of all economic and social indicators. It, however, confronts a uniquely suffocating problem in terms of land per person. Upgrading the land is possible but augmenting the size is almost impossible. Only a small area can be reclaimed from the river basin if nature is not hostile. The problem is further exacerbated by river erosion, which renders thousands homeless every year. The pressure of population is obviously felt in the cities, particularly in the capital city. Traffic jam, over-crowded

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footpaths, life

high

level even for

of

carbon with

emission, vast

swarming of

shanties, and stampeding throngs in public places make city miserable people reservoir patience, let alone ordinary mortals. To meet the challenge of population growth, Bangladesh

could draw important lessons from the experience of other countries. For example, China has taken the most drastic measure - restricting the number of children per family to just one. China is in a unique position to adopt such a policy. Even though it has embraced a capitalist economy, its Communist has Party continues a social to exercise total control for the over government policy. In pursuing its population policy, China instituted security system elderly. But for a traditional society - like Bangladesh where neither a viable social security system nor a strong authoritarian government exists, the Chinese policy of one child per family would be hard to implement. The biggest hurdle the country would invariably face is the wrath of religious fundamentalists. Less educated people are easily manipulated or swayed in the name of religion. The argument that children are the gift of God and are cared for by God is still being embraced by too many underprivileged people. It will not be easy to change these attitudes. Some argue that high-rise buildings, flyovers and elevated expressways will solve these problems. These are costly and time consuming to build. Moreover, by the time these are completed, new crowds will join to undermine the facilities built in the meantime. The crowds may go up or down; ultimately they will use land to move on and carry out most

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of their day-to-day business. Hell is let loose when too big a crowd descends on a limited space. Some people contend that decentralization would solve the problem of over-population and congestion in the cities. This may be true for countries which have large land mass and there are areas which are thinly populated. Not for Bangladesh, where district towns and even some rural areas are also overpopulated. In fact, the area now comprising Bangladesh was overpopulated when East Pakistan was created sixty years back. For a genuine solution, spreading of population has to mean permanent relocation or at least semi-permanent resettlement abroad. High remittance does not resolve the physical problems due to over-population. Remittance means diversion of agricultural land to homestead because with remittance the expatriates and their relatives construct bigger house, often on a newly acquired parcels of land. This in turn means loss of open space and more congestion. For the world as a whole population is not at all a

problem. The world's population is 6.75 billion, which is likely sustain to stabilize their at around 9.5 billion; it will not In fact, many developed explode. Given the land size almost all other countries can populations. countries are experiencing reduction of population owing to loss of fertility. Their land-man ratio warrants induction of more people through their borders. These countries can help Bangladesh export its manpower on a large scale. Cooperation with positive attitude between countries will render it infinitely easy to resolve the population problem

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of

Bangladesh,

but

not

to

the

disadvantage

of

partner

countries. B) Unemployment: Unemployment is the situation in which one does not have any opportunity to work and earn. An unemployed person can not earn his living. He/she has to depend on others. He/she is thought as a burden to the family or the society. So, it is regarded as a problem.

Unemployment is common every where in the world. No country in the world is completely is free form it. So, Bangladesh is not exception the from it. Rather, this problem is very curse of unemployment. serious in our country. Many people are badly suffering from

There are different types of unemployment such as o Frictional unemployment: Jobs not available right way after graduation, etc. o Structural unemployment: Due to changes of structure of an economy, people loss jobs. o Cyclical o Seasonal unemployment: unemployment: During Lean business cycle (i.e. but recession) people loss jobs, etc. seasons fewer jobs peak seasons more jobs. Consequences of unemployment: o Government losses revenues but paying social benefit to unemployed in different forms.

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o Unemployment

increases

has

relation

with

criminal

activities, intangible cost to the society There are many direct or indirect causes of unemployment. They are as follows: Our country is over populated. The rate of population growth is very high. So the present job facilities can not keep pace with the growing population. Besides, our country is not developed in industries. They can absorb on only a limited number of people. Again, our It does not make them selfeducation system is very defective. It is traditional and depends memorization. reliant. There is less opportunity for vocational training. So, only the memorized bookish knowledge does not help them in the work field.

Moreover, our students have a false sense of prestige to become officers. They hanker after only for official jobs. So they remain unemployed. Then, there is serious lack of skilled manpower. This limits the scope of jobs. We have a lot of natural resources but we can not use these properly. This can also not causes be the problem. This Lastly, negative many illiterate creates people. people fail to maintain themselves and their people believe in a false notion such as What is looted blotted. outlook unemployed Unemployed

families. They lose their mental peace and social status. We know that an idle brain is devils workshop. So they commit many crimes. This is increasing social crimes and hampering social peace.

To solve this problem we should bring our population growth

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under

control. make

New

mills

and

factories will help

should to

be

setup the

because

everybody

work

improve

society as well as the nation.

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