Appendix: Tables

Table A. Tables B: Tables C: Tables D: Tables E: Tables F: Tables G: Tables H: Tables I: Tables J: Appendix K: Summary Properties of Lead Geochemistry and Geology Soil, Water, and Plants Chemistry Art Objects Material Science Dispersion and Risk Assessment Waste Disposal Industrial Production Time Lines William Lilie's 1775 Medical Dissertation Translation

599 - Tables

Table A.1 Properties of Elemental Lead Atomic Weight Atomic Number Valences Crystal Structure a dimension Bond Length, Pb, Pb, at 25o C Ionization potentials, Ev Specific Gravity, g/ml 20o C 327o C (solid) 327o C (liquid) Specific Heat, cal/g 0o C 20o C 327o C Vapor Pressure, mm Hg 987o C 1167o C 1417o C Viscosity, cP 441o C 551o C 703o C Surface Tension, dyne/cm, 327.4o C Melting Point, oC Boiling Point, oC Electric Resistivity, microohm/cm, 20o C Thermal Conductivity, cal/sec/sq cm, 20oC Tensile Strength, Kg/sq cm. Modulas of Elasticity, 106 Kg/sq cm Latent Heat of Vaporization, cal/g Latent Heat of Fusion, cal/g Heat of Fusion, cal/atm Heat of Vaporization, cal/atm Entropy at 25o C, cal/atom deg Heat Capacity at 327o C, cal/atom deg 207.2 82 2 and 4 face-centered cubic 4.949 D 3.499D 7.42, 15.03, 32.08, 42.25, 69.7 11.34 11.005 10.686 0.0297 0.0306 0.0320 1.0 10.0 100.0 2.12 1.70 1.35 444 327.4 1751 20.65 0.083 126.55-175.77 0.155 204 5.89 1,225 42,880 15.49 6.80

600 - Tables

Table B.1: Minerals Important in the History of Lead Class Sulfides Galena Altaite Clausthalite Oxides Litharge Massicot Minium Plattnerite Pyrochlore Bindheimite Carbonates Cerrussite Acetates Sulfates PbO PbO Pb2+2Pb4+O4 Pb2+2Sn4+O4 PbO2 Orthorhombic Paint Tetragonal Red paint Giallino = Lead Tin Yellow I, non-native Tetragonal Batteries Formula PbS PbTe PbSe Structure Cubic Cubic Cubic Uses Mined, Egyptian Kohl IR Sensors IR Sensors

A1-2B2O6(O,OH,F)-nH2O Cubic Pb2Sb2O6(O,OH) PbSn1-xSixO3 PbCO3 Pb(CH3COO)2 Orthorhombic Trigonal Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Orthorhombic

=Naples Yellow Lead Tin Yellow II, non- native Silverstone, White Paint Sugar of lead: fungicide, sweetner Batteries, additive to Mined Rare: Yellow chrome Additive to yellow chrome

Anglesite PbSO4 yellow chrome Plumbojarosite PbFe3+6(SO4)4(OH)12 Tungstates, Molybdates and Chromates Crocoite PbCrO4 Wulfenite PbMoO4 Apatite Group: Ca5(PO4, CO3)3(F,Cl,OH) Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl

Used to stabilize lead in soil

Table B.2: Half Lives of U and Th precursors Reaction U 6 206Pb U 6 207Pb 232 Th 6 208Pb
238 235

Half life (Byr) 4.47 0.704 14.01

Decay Constant, , yr-1 1.5512x10-10 1.848x10-10 0.49475x10-10

601 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Table B.3: Lead Isotopes

(Not shown are man made isotopes with very short (< s) life spans.) Radioactive Isotopes Shown in Bold Isotope Source
201 204

Half-life >500yr stable stable stable stable 3.32 hr 25 yr 25 min 10.6 hr 26.8 min

% Abundance ~0 1.36 25.4 21.1 52.1 ~0 ~0 ~0 ~0 ~0

Pb Pb 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 209 Pb 210 Pb 211 Pb 212 Pb 214 Pb

man Big Bang 238 U 235 U 232 Th 241 Pu 238 U 235 U 232 Th 238 U

Table B.4: Isotope Percents of Major Commercial Lead Ores

204

Pb

206

Pb

207

Pb

208

Pb

Con Mine, Canada 1.5490.001 Bluebell, Canada 1.390.02 Joplin, Missouri. 1.25 Bunker Hill, Idaho 1.4380.002 San Antonio, Mexico 1.340.005 Broken Hill, Australia 1.460.005 Average: 1.400.1 Relative Standard Deviation 7%

21.940.03 24.320.07 26.43 23.690.02 25.260.004 23.500.005 24.351.86 7.63%

23.530.02 52.970.04 21.560.07 52.730.06 20.00 51.32 22.520.002 52.340.004 21.11960.003 52.200.05 22.640.005 52.340.004 22.101 52.310.6 4.52% 1.1%

Table B.5: Electronic configuration of Pb, Th, U, O, and S. Specie Atomic Number Li 4 Be 5 Oxygen 8 Na 12 Mg 13 Sulfur 16 Lead 82 Thorium Uranium Atom Atom Radii In pm 150 180 200 Ion Li+: [He] Be2+: [He] O2-: [Ne] Na+ [He] Mg2+ [He] S2-: [Ar] Pb2+: [Xe]6s24f145d10 Pb4+: [Xe]4f145d10 Th2+: [Rn]7s2 Th4+: [Rn] U4+: [Rn]7s2 U6+: [Rn] Comment Ion Radii In pm 121 -126 170 112 -133

[He]2s1 [He]2s2 [He]2s22p2 [Ne]3s1 [Ne]3s2 [Ne]3s23p4 [Xe]6s24f145d106p2 [Rn]7s 6d

2 2

Filled shell Filled shell Filled d orbital Filled s orbital Filled d orbital Filled s orbital Filled shell Filled s orbital Filled shell

[Rn]7s25f36d1

190

108 103

602 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Table B.6: Condensation Temperatures Element Re,Os,W Zr Al Ti Th Ca Ir, Ru, Mo Mg Si Ni Fe Pd Cr Condensation T (oK) 1,800 1,750 1,680 1,590 1,590 1,520 1,600 1,340 1,311 1,354 1,336 1,334 ~1,300 Major host phase Host Formula ZrO2 Al2O3 MgAl2O2 CaTiO3

P Li Au Mn Na K S Pb Bi Tl

1,267 1,225 1,225 1,190 970 1000 648 496 451 428

Metal Alloy Zircon Corundum (al oxide) Spinel Perovskite Perovskite Melilite Metal alloy Forsterite Enstatite FeNi metal FeNi metal FeNi metal Forsterite, enstatie, FeNi metal Olivene Pyroxene Fe3P Enstatite FeNi metal Forsterite Anorthite Anorthite FeS FeS FeS FeS

Mg2SiO4 MgSiO3

Cr22+SiO4 Cr2+SiO3

CaAl2Si2O8

Stage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. 10 11 12 13

Table B.7: Mineral Stability in Earth Surface Mineral Formula Gypsum, halite CaSO4 Calcite CaCO3 Olivine-hornblende Mg2SiO4 biotite K(Mg,Fe)3(Al,Fe)Si3O10(OH,F)2 Albite (Ca,Na,Fe)2(Ta,Nb)2(O,OH,F)7 Quartz SiO2 Illite Hydrous Mica Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4 O10(OH)2@nH2O Kaolinite Al2Si5O5(OH)4 Gibbsite Al(OH)3@3H2O Hematite, Goethite FeO2 Rutile, Corundum TiO2, Al2O3

Density 2.32 2.7 3.275 2.7 4.3 2.65 2.77 2-3 2.6 2.4 3.3-4.3 4.23

603 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Element O Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg Ti H P Mn Ba Pb

Relative Amt Solar System 23.8 x106 1.0 x106 85 x103 0.9 x106 61 x103 57 x103 3.8 x108 1.1 x106 2.4 x103 27.9 x109 10 x103 9.6 x103 4.5 3.2

Table B.8: Abundance of Elements Wt % in Wt % in Crust Compound Crust 46.6 27.7 8.13 5.0 3.63 2.83 2.59 2.09 0.44 0.14 0.10 0.09 0.04 SiO2 Al2O3 FeO CaO MgO 57.3 15.9 9.1 7.4 5.3

Wt% in Mantle 45.57 4.73 8.17 3.75 36.33

604 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Table B.9: Structure of oxyanions (O2- 1.26D) Ion Ionic Oxyanion Rc/Ra Range <0.15 0.15-0.22 N5+ C4+ B3+ P5+ Si4+ Cr+6 S4+ As5+ V5+ Mo+6 W+6 Al3+ Fe3+ Mg2+ Pb4+ Fe2+ Mn2+ Na+ Ca2+ Th4+ U4+ Sr2+ Pb2+ Ba2+ K+ 0.27 0.30 0.15-0.41 0.31-0.52 0.34-0.48 0.40-0.58 0.43 0.475-0.60 0.495-0.68 0.55-0.87 0.56-0.74 0.47-0.61 0.57-0.68 0.80-0.97 0.915 0.71-0.77 0.73-1.0 0.83-1.01 1.10-1.24 1.08-1.20 1.08-1.35 1.03-1.31 1.32 1.33 >1.0 1.49 1.59-1.68 1.17 1.20-1.27 0.63-0.77 0.76-0.94 0.82-0.91 0.79-0.1.07 1.04 1.04 Nitrate, NO3Carbonate, CO32Borate, BO330.22-0.41 Phosphate, PO43Silitcate, SiO42Chromate, CrO44Sulfate, SO42Arsenate, AsO43Vanadate, VO42Molybdate, MoO42Tungstenate, WO420.41-0.73 0.36-0.46 0.43-0.52 0.61-0.73 0.726 0.54-0.58 0.246-0.41 0.25-0.36 0.317-0.46 0.3412 0.376-0.476 0.392-0.539 0.343-0.69 0.44-0.58 0.2142 0.23 0.119--0.325 Rc/Roxygen C.N. Predicted Structure Linear Triangular

2 3 3 ~3 3,4 4 4 4 4,6 4 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 6 4,6 6 6,8 6,8 6 8 6,8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12

Tetrahedral

Octahedral

Cubic

Dodecahedral

605 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Structure sodium chloride cesium chloride zinc blende (ZnS) wurtzite (ZnS) fluorite CaF2 rutile (TiO2)

Table B.10: Common Ionic Crystal Unit Cells Unit cell Coor. # Sulfides fcc cubic 6 8 4 4 8 cation, 4 anion 6 cation, 3 anion PbS Ag2S Cu2S Ion radii S2- 170 Ag+ 142 Pb2+ 133 Cu+ 74

Table B.11 (M22+(CO3)2) Ca2+ 4.99D Hexagonal Mg2+ 4.84D Orthorhombic Pb2+ 5.15D 8.47D 15.96D 6.11D 0.8-0.97 1.12-1.33D Ca2+ 4.95D 7.96D 5.73D

a b c r (pm)

17.04D 1.08-1.20

606 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Table B.12: Common Mineral Classes Mineral Classes Silicates Common Anions SiO44Quartz Orthoclase KalSi3O8 Albite NaAlSi3O8 Clays Comments

Framework Feldspar group Alkali Feldspar Plagioclase Fledspars Sheet Chain Sulfides Tetrahedral Group Octahedral Group Halides Oxides Tetrahedral Rutile Hydroxides Carbonates, Nitrates Calcite Group Dolomite Group Aragonite Group Nitrate Group Borates Sulfates Tungstates, Molybdates, Chromates Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates S2-

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2): tetragonal Galena PbS ;cubic F-, Cl-, Br-, IO2ZnO; hexagonal close pack TiO2; tetragonal OHCO32- NO3Gibbsite (Al(OH)3 CaCO3; hexagonal CaMg(CO3)2 CaCO3; orthorhombic PbCO3; orthorhombic, rare Saltpetre (KNO3) Mostly rare 100 minerals known Rare minerals related to anhydrous sulfates Only apatite: Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)

BO33- or BO45SO42WO42-, MoO42-, CrO42PO43-., AsO43-, VO43-

607 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Class Sulfides Galena Altaite Clausthalite Oxides Litharge Massicot Minium Plattnerite Pyrochlore Bindheimite Carbonates Cerrussite Acetates

Table B.13: Minerals Important in the History of Lead Formula Structure Uses PbS PbTe PbSe Cubic Cubic Cubic Mined, Egyptian Kohl IR Sensors IR Sensors Paint Red paint Giallino = Lead Tin Yellow I, non-native Batteries =Naples Yellow Lead Tin Yellow II, non- native Silverstone, White Paint Sugar of lead: fungicide, sweetner Batteries, additive to yellow chrome Mined Rare: Yellow chrome Additive to yellow chrome Used to stabilize lead in soil

PbO PbO Orthorhombic Tetragonal Pb2+2Pb4+O4 Pb2+2Sn4+O4 Tetragonal PbO2 A1-2B2O6(O,OH,F)-nH2O Pb2Sb2O6(O,OH) Cubic PbSn1-xSixO3 PbCO3 Orthorhombic

Pb(CH3COO)2 Sulfates Orthorhombic Anglesite PbSO4 Trigonal Plumbojarosite PbFe3+6(SO4)4(OH)12 Tungstates, Molybdates and Chromates Monoclinic Crocoite PbCrO4 Tetragonal Wulfenite PbMoO4 Apatite Group: Ca5(PO4, CO3)3(F,Cl,OH) Hexagonal Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl

608 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Table B.14 Lead Minerals, Part I Silicates Iranite Kasolite Sulfides Pb10Cu(CrO4)6(SO4)(OH)6 Pb(UO2)SiO4@H2O Triclinic Monoclinic Cubic Cubic Cubic orthorhombic orthorhombic monoclinic monoclinic orthorhombic orthorhombic orthorhombic monoclinic Monoclinic Monoclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Orthorhombic $320 million (1858-1958 US)

Galena PbS Altaite PbTe Clausthalite PbSe Sulfosalts = Pb,Cu,Ag + S + Sb, As, Bi aikinite PbCuBiS3 andorite PbAgSb3S6 Berryite Pb3(AgCu)5Bi7S16 Baumhauerite Pb3As4S9 Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Bournonite PbCuSbS3 Buckhornite AuPb2BiTe2S3 Cosalite Pb2Bi2S5 cuproparonite AgPbCu5Bi5S10 Eskimoite Ag7Pb10Bi15S36 Fizelyite Pb14Ag5Sb21S48 Freieslebenite PbAgSbS3 Friedrichite Pb5Cu5Bi7S18 Flppite Pb3Sb8S15 Galenobismutite PbBi2S4 Geocronite Pb5(Sb,As)S8 Guettardite Pb(Sb,As)2S4 Gustavite PbAgBi3S6 Heyrovskyite Pb10AgBi5S18 Jamesonite PbrFeSb6S14 Jordanite Pb14(As,Sb)6S23 Kobellite Pb22Cu4(Bi,Sb)30S69 Krupkaite PbCuBi3S6 Lillianite Pb3Bi2S6 Nagyagite Pb5Au(Te,Sb)4S5-8 Neyite Pb7(Cu,Ag)2Bi6S17 Nuffieldite Pb2cu(Pb,Bi)Bi2S7 Ourayite Ag25Pb30Bi41S104 Owyheeite Ag2Pb7(Sb,Bi)8S20 Pavonite (Ag,Cu)(Bi,Pb)3S5 Sartorite PbAs2S4 Schirmerite Ag3Pb3Bi9S18 to Ag3Pb6Bi7S18 Semseyite Pb9Sb8S21 Tintinaite Pb22Cu4(Sb, Bi)30S69 Treasurite Ag7Pb6Bi15S32 Vikingite Ag5Pb8Bi13S20 Zinkenite Pb6(Sb,As)12S24

Brittle Feather Ore

Monoclinie Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic Hexagonal

609 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Table B.14: List of Lead Minerals, Part II Halides Oxides and Hydroxides Coronadite Curite Fourmarierite Massicot Minium Molybdomenite Plattnerite Pb(Mn4+,Mn2+)8O16 Pb3U8O24(OH)6@3H2O Pb(UO2)4O3(OH)4@4H2O PbO Pb2+2Pb4+O4 PbSeO3 PbO2 Monoclinic orthrorhombic Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Monoclinic Tetragonal

(Common, but inconspicuous in mine tailings derives from photooxidation)

Vandendriesscheite orthorhombic PbU76+O22@12H2O Orthorhombic Wlsendorfite (Pb,Ca)U2O7@2H2O Pyrochlore Group (A1-2B2O6(O,OH,F)@nH2O Cubic Cubic Bindheimite Pb2Sb2O6(O,OH) Cubic Plumbopyrochlore (Pb,Y,U,Ca)2-xNb2O6(OH) Lead/Tin Yellow Not a native mineral Carbonates and Nitrates Caledonite Pb5Cu5(CO3)(SO4)3(OH)6 Cerrussite PbCO3 Orthorhombic Silverstone, found with galena Monoclinic Leadhillite Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 Found with cerrussite, and Sr/cerrussite Phosgenite Pb2(CO3)Cl2 Borates Sulfates Barite group PbS6PbSO4, BaSO46PbCO3 Anglesite PbSO4 Beaverite Pb(Cu,Fe,Al)3(SO4)2(OH)6 Trigonal Monoclinic Lanarkite Pb2(SO4)O Monoclinic Linarite PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 Trigonal Fracture filling of galena/sphalerite Osurizawaite PbCuAl2(SO4)2(OH)6 Trigonal Plumbojarosite PbFe3+6(SO4)4(OH)12 Tungstates, Molybdates and Chromates Ural Mountains Crocoite PbCrO4 Tetragonal Wulfenite PbMoO4 Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates Corkite PbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH) Trigonal Dumontite Pb2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2@5H2O Monoclinic psuedohexagonal Grayite (Th,Pb,Ca)PO4@H2O Trigonal Hinsdalite (PbSr)Al3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 Plumbogummite PbAl3(PO4)2(OH)5@H2O Trigonal Bayldodnite PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2@ H2O Monoclinic Orthorhombic carminite PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 Orthorhombic Duftite PbCu(AsO4)OH Brackebuschite Pb2(Mn2+,Fe2+)(VO4)2@H2O Orthorhombic Descloizite PbZn(VO4)OH Apatite Group: Ca5(PO4, CO3)3(F,Cl,OH) Monoclinic Mimetite Pb5(AsO4)3Cl Hexagonal Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl Hexagonal Vanadinite Pb5(VO4)3Cl

610 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Table B.15 Lead Content of Rocks Average lead content g/g Rock Type Igneous gabbro 1.9 Andesite 8.3 Granite 22.7 Sedimentary Shales 23 Sandstones 10 Limestones 7 Table C.1 Cation Exchange Parameters for Soils and soil components Location meq/100g Material Sand 1-5 Silt loams 15-30 Kaolinite clay 3-15 Illite clay 25-40 Montmorillonite clay 60-100 Humus 100-300 Location meq/100g Surface Soil charlotte fine sand Florida 1.0 Ruston fine Sandy loam Texas 1.9 Gloucester loam New Jersey 11.9 Grundy silt loam Illinois 26.3 Gleason clay loam California 31.6 Table C.2: Input of Minerals From Rock Weathering kg/ha-yr K Ca Mg Na Source Location Long Island 11.1 24.3 8.3 6.7 Woodwell and Whittaker, 1967 New Hampshire 4.0 8.0 8.0 Likens et al, 1970 Washington State 15.2 17.4 Cole et al, 1967 Table C.3: Input of Minerals From Atmospheric Dust Kg/ha-yr Location K Ca Mg Wisconsin 1-4 2-7 0.5-1.1 Great Britain 2.8 6.7 6.1 Belgium 2.9 9.1 2.3 Germany 4.6 19 Nigeria 17.5 12.7 11.3 Mississippi 4 5 1 Sweden 0.6-3.7 2.6-13.9 0.6-2.6 N. Carolina 0.3 0.9 0.7

611 - Tables B: Geochemistry and Geology

Table C.4 Weathering losses from continents to the Sea (continental land area = 1.2x108 km2) Sediment Soluble Element x1012 moles/ year moles/ha-yr moles/ha-yr Na 3.6 300 130 K 1.8 150 120 Mg 5.5 460 110 Ca 13 1100 130 Si 9 750 3300 Al 930 Fe 300 S 1.9 160 Cl 2.7 220 -

Table C.5 Ionic Composition of Sea and Average River in ppm or Molarity Ion ClNa+ Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ B Br FNH4+ HCO3H2S SO42Fe Mn Zn Pb Cu Salton Sea Geothermal Brine Ppm 155,000 50,400 28,000 17500 54 390 120 15 409 >150 16 5 2290 1400 450 102 8 Ancient Solution Utah ppm 29500 152000 4,400 67,000 Present Ocean ppm M 0.55 0.47 1.0x10-2 1.0x10-2 5.4x10-2 7x105 Average River M 2.2x10-4 2.7x10-4 3.8x10-4 5.9x10-5 3.4x10-4 5.3x10-6

11,000 8,000

2.8x10-2 0.001-0.15 0.0007-0.01 0.001-0.021 0.0003-0.005

1.2x10-4

612 - Tables C: Soil, Water, and Plants

Element As Bi Cd Hg Pb Sb Se

Table C.6: Concentration of Metals in Ocean and Freshwater Ocean FreshWater Concentration Range Species Concentration Range Species g/L g/L g/L f/L 0.5 0.2-230 anionic 3.7 0.5-3.7 HAsO42-, H2AsO40.02? 0.02 0.0157-0.02 BiO+ 0.1 0.01-3 organic 0.11 0.01-9.4 CdCl2, Cd2+ 0.0001-2.8 0.03 0.01-0.22 HgCl2, HgCl42- 0.1 3 0.06-120 0.03 0.03-13 PbCl+, PbCl30.3 0.18-5.6 0.2 0.01-5 0.2 0.052-0.2 0.2 0.02-1

Table C.7. Typical Groundwater concentrations ppm Species Ca2+ 2130 1900 Na+ 61 Mg2+ 14 K+ 6086 Cl1040 SO4268 HCO3-

613 - Tables C: Soil, Water, and Plants

Table C.8: Lead Content of Urban Soils date arithmetic mean, ppm Location Durham, NC 1974 19.4 Pine Bluff, AK 1974 21.5 Grand Rapids, MI 1976 27.1 Sikeston, MO 1976 27.1 Mobile, AL 1976 28.8 Greenville, SC 1973 28.9 Augusta, ME 1976 31.0 Evansville, IN 1973 53.6 Manhattan, KA 1975 67.1 Honolulu, HA 1976 67.9 Houston, TX 1975 76.5 Sioux City, IA 1976 80.8 Cheyenne, WY 1976 82.7 Springfield, IL 1974 96.6 Greenville, MS 1976 98.9 Portland, OR 1976 98.9 Salt Lake City, UT 1975 120.5 Gary, IN 1974 132.5 Waterbury, CT 1976 136.4 Bakersfield, CA 1975 147.0 Miami, FL 1975 150.8 Milwaukee, WI 1975 150.6 Memphis, TN 1976 154.6 Pittsfield MA 1973 156.2 San Francisco, CA 1974 179.1 Tacoma, WA 1973 202.8 Washington DC 1973 206.6 Wilmington, DE 1976 250.9 Richmond, VA 1976 256.8 Philadelphia, PA 1976 306.4 Charleston, SC 1976 415.3 Camden NJ 1975 536.8 Chicago, IL Suburbs, Chicago Downstate, IL 1987 1987 1987 276 156 82

Table C.9: Lead Content of Select Soils Location Remote Canada Rural Canada New Brunswick UK uncontaminated Ontario, rural UK London Inner-city, Canada UK 18th mining area Homes Near Smelter Toronto secondary smelter Smelter, Canada US Missouri lead belt ppm 5-20 10-50 0-100 10-150 5-360 671 150-3000 3800 1,000-6,000 21200 30,000 30,400

614 - Tables C: Soil, Water, and Plants

Table C.10: Amount of Minerals Removed by Species kg/ha Ca Mg K Northern Hardwood (45-50 yr) 60 241 24 Oak (47 yr) 118 173 23 Beech (37 yr) 96 117 Loblolly pine (16 yr) 89 112 29 Spruce-fir 47 150 14

Table C.11: Potash (KCO3) production by tree species Pounds of Potash 5 Tons of: Pine 8 Maple 18.1 Elm 39 Table C.12: Biological Selectivity for Calcium: Ca/M M Ca Sr Ba Pb rock/soil 1 2.6 16 7.6 13 rock/plant 1 soil/plant 1 4.1 7.7 16 plant/herb ivore

615 - Tables C: Soil, Water, and Plants

Table C.13 Transfer of Soil Lead to Plants Element Transfer Coef. Critical Concen. Plant/Soil for plant growth Cd 1-10 5-10 Tl 1-10 20-30 Pb 0.01-0.1 10-20 Zn 1-10 150-200 Cu 0.1-1 15-20 Ni 0.1-1 20-30 Cr 0.01-0.1 1-2

Table C.14: Lead in Mexico City Vegetation Lead, ppm Site Unwashed leaves Washed Aeropuerto 564 19.7 Azcapotzalco 280 13.2 Viaducto 188 11.0 Tlalpan-Centro 164 12.0 Gustavo Madero 171 0.0 Reinferia 120 6.7 Iztacalco 123 2.7 Periferico Norte 87.6 5.6 Tlalpan-Ermita 65.0 0.0 Insurgentes-Reforma 48.5 0.0 Centro 37.5 1.0 Estadio Azteca 35 0.0 Carr. Mex. Toluca 38.5 0.0 Churubusco-Ermita 34 1.7 Xochimilco 7.6 1.2 Milpa Alta 2.6 0.0 Desierto de los Leones 1.5 -

616 - Tables C: Soil, Water, and Plants

Table C.15 Fuel Content of Various Materials Material Municipal Waste Cellulose White Birch Red Maple Eastern White Cedar Beech Primary Biosolids (Sewage Sludge) Oak Poplar Birch Beech Sawdust Eastern Hemlock White Spruce Jack Pine Peat Pine Wood Douglas Fir Bark Sub Bituminous Coal Lignin Charcoal Charcoal Bituminous coal Bituminous Coal Anthracite coal Isooctane Gas Crude Oil Natural Gas conversions: C (wt%) 44.44 MJ/dry kg 12.7 17.51 19.37 19.5 19.5 19.65 19.86 19.20 20.00 46.84 20.03 20.07 20.4 20.65 20.66 20.68 20.8 21.24 22.36 24.7 25.1 28.33 30.2 28.28 30.47 29.47 36.5 48.20 49.5 %K2O

43.75

51.8 55.7 59.9 63 69 73.01

2.55

17.51 MJ/kg = 7533 Btu/lb

Klass, Donald L. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals Academic Press, 1998 Tillman, D.A., Wood as an Energy Source, 1978

617 - Tables C: Soil, Water, and Plants

Anion Soluble Nitrate, NO3Sulfate, SO42Chloride, ClAcetate, CH3COOInsoluble Carbonate, CO32Hydroxide, OHSulfide, S2-

Table D..1: Solubility Rules Radius Charge Charge/r3 pm 189 230 167 159 185 140 170 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1.48x10-7 1.64 2.14 2.48 3.158 3.64 4.07

Exceptions

AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2 Sr, Ba, Pb insoluble Group 1, NH4+ Group 1, NH4+, Sr,Ba Group 1,2 NH4+

Salt MCl2 MSO4 MCO3 M(OH)2 MCrO3 MO (yellow) MS M3(PO4)2 MO2 ionic radius

Table D.2: Solubility of Pb2+ and Ca2+ -Log Ksp Pb2+ 3.74 7.75 13.5 15.6 5.2 13.75 15.3 29 42.1 insoluble 0.175 nm

Ca2+ -3.08 4.21(est.) 8.3 -0.037 (est.) 3.3 5.11 (est.) 28.7 not applicable 0.197 nm

PbCO3 PbS Pb5(PO4)3F Pb5(PO4)3OH Pb5(PO4)3Br Pb5(PO4)3Cl Hinsdalite PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 Plumbogummite PbAl3(PO4)2(OH)5@H2O Corkite PbFe(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6

Mineral Litharge Anglesite derived Cerrusite Galena Pyromorphites

Table D.3: Solubility of Soil Lead Minerals Ppm in stomach Formula logKsp fasting/fed PbO 12.9 100%/100% -7.7 PbSO4 -12.8 150/0.49 ppm -27.5 -71.6 -76.8 -78.1 -84.4 80/0.01 ppm -99.1 -99.3 -112.6

Comments paint derived ore,gasoline ore, paint, gasoline

618 - Tables D: Chemistry

Table D.4. Solubility Most Bone Mineral Ca(HPO4)2H2O Ca4H(PO4)3 Ca9(PO4)6(var) Ca3(PO4)2 Least Ca5(PO4)4OH Table D.5: Solubility (g/100 mL) of Various Salts Salt Hot Water Cold Water
89.8 92.1 13.3 44.28 9.16 125 266 121.6 70.9 8.7

Molar Ca/P dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) Brushite octacalcium phosphate (OCP) amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) Whitlockite hydroxyapatite (HAP) 1.00

density 2.306

1.33 1.3-1.5 1.5 3.14 1.67

LiNO3 NaNO3 (soda niter) KNO3 247 RbNO3 CsNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2@4H2O 660 376 Ca(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Ba(NO3)2

K2CO3 CaCO3

156 0.00190

112 0.00153

Table D.6: Solubility of Metals in Mercury Metal Au Ag Cu Sn Pb phase Formula Au3Hg3 Ag5Hg8 AgHg3 Cu5Hg8 Sn12Hg Pb2Hg2 Structure brass h.c.p. cubic hexagonal f.c.tetragonal a (D) 10.04 2.98 4.49 3.214 4.972 solubility (wt%) 0.13 0.03 0.002 0.6 1.5

619 - Tables D: Chemistry

Table D.7 Heat of Formation Compound Pb(s) Pb2+(aq) PbO(s) PbO2(s) PbS(s) PbSO4(s) C(s, graphite) CO(g) CO2(g) S(s,rhombic) H2S(g) S8(g) SO2(g) O2(g) Cu2O(s) Cu(s) TiO2(solid) Ti
HNO3(l) NO2(g) H2O(l)

kJ/mol Hof 0 -1.7 -219 -277 -100 -920 0 -110.5 -393.5 0 -21 102 -297 0 -170 0 -945 485
-174 34 -

J/mol Gof 0 -24.4 -188.9 -217 -99 -813 0 -137 -394 0 -34 50 -300 0 -148 0

So 0 10.5 66.5 69 91 149 0 198 214 32 206 431 248 205 93 33 50 179.45

Table D.8 Heat of Fusion of Several Materials Material Sn Cu Pb PbF2 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 PbO PbS cal/g 14.4 49.0 5.9 7.6 20.3 11.7 17.9 12.6 17.3 kJ/mol 6.729 13.02 5.114 7.796 23.62 17.96 34.52 11.76 17.31

620 - Tables D: Chemistry

Table D.8: Reduction Potentials Reaction PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42- + 2e 6 PbSO4 + 2h2O Au3+ + 3e 6 Au PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e 6 Pb2+ + 2H2O Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 62 6 2Cr3+ + 7H2O O2(g) +4H+ + 4e W 2H2O AuCl4- + 3e 6 Au + 4ClAg+ + e 6 Ag Fe3+ + e W Fe2+ O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e W H20 Cu+ + e 6 Cu O2 + 2H2O + 4e 6 4OHCu2+ + 2e 6 Cu AgCl + e 6 Ag + ClCu2+ + e 6 Cu+ 2H+ + 2e 6 H2 Pb2+ + 2e 6 Pb Sn2+ + 2e 6 Sn Pb2+citrate +2e X Pb + citrate Ni2+ + 2e W Ni PbSO4 + 2e 6 Pb + SO4 Fe2+ + 2e P Fe V 1.69 1.50 1.46 1.33 1.229 0.99 0.80 0.771 0.682 0.52 0.40 0.337 0.22 0.16 0 -0.126 -0.136 -0.1428 -0.246 -0.35 -0.440

621 - Tables D: Chemistry

Metal Ag+ Cu+ Cd2+ Hg22+ Hg2+ Pb2+ Sn2+ Zn2+

Table D.9 Complexation of Metals with Chloride, CllogKf1 logKf2 logKf3 logKf4 3.70 1.92 0.8 -0.3 2.70 3.30 0.0 1.98 0.6 -0.2 -0.7 6.74 6.48 0.9 1.0 7.30 6.70 1.0 0.6 1.55 0.6 -0.4 -0.7 1.51 0.74 -0.25 -0.5 0.43 0.5 -0.3

Table D.10 Chelation Constants with Lead Structure logK Complex acetic Acid C3COOH 2.2 Fulvic acid 4.1 Citric acid 6.5 EDTA 18.3 MSA 27

Metal In2+ Cu2+ Ni2+ Cd2+ Pb2+ Zn2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Ba2+

EDTA K ML 6.31x1018 3.98x1018 3.16x1018 7.9x1017 3.16x1016 5.01x1010 5.01x108 6.3x107

Table D.11 Formation Constants DMSA K (ML) K (ML2) 4.8x1021

4.9x1011 2.9x1017 2.6x104 1.6x1027 1.2x104 2.1x103

K M2L 4.4x102

622 - Tables D: Chemistry

Metal cation ionic radii/pm Chelate Name pyrocatechol Tiron Betadiketones AA Betadiketones BzA Betadiketones Dbm Sulfarsazen PAR TAR EDTA MTB Alizarin 8-hydroxyquinoline nitrosnaphtaline dioxime thioxine diethyldithiocarbamate Ligands O O O O O N, O N, O N, O N, O N, O N, O N, O N, O N SN S

Table D.12 Lead Chelation Data log K(ML) or K(MHL) Pb Ca Cd Zn Cu 114 109 88 87 133 13.25 11.95 8.6 8.84 9.75 10.5 11.9 8.34 18.04 6.4 11.69 10.61 9.73 7.3 11.52 18.3 8.13 7.69 7.79 12.02 8.67 9.8 10.5 6.96 16.46 3.3 9.43 6.18 5.7 10.79 10.41 10.19 9.52 9.62 10.23 10.8 10.5 7.19 16.5 5.5 12.19 9.96 9.32 8.1 11.4 16.47 14.53 12.46 9.42 12.98 5.09 14.8 11.56 18.80 14.75 13.49 12.52 11 12-14 28,8

Mg 86 4.42 6.86 3.36 7.84 8.54 <3 8.69 5.2 6.38 6.05

Ni 83 9.35 9.96 5.96 10.3 10.83 8.1 13.2 12.94 18.62 12.23 11.44 10.75 11.16 10.95 12.9

5.8

3.5 10.96 5.5 7.3

Table: D.13: Chemical Equilibrium Constants Important in the Patio Process Compound CuS CuSO4 CuCl2 CuCl Ag2S AgCl HgCl2 Hg2Cl2 Ag + e X Ag Cu2+ + e X Cu+ Hg2+ + 2e X Hgliquid
+

Ksp 1.25x1036 1.2x10-6 6x10-50 1.82x10-10 1.3x10-18 Eo (vs NHE) 0.80 0.16 0.852

K1 2.18x102 2.5 501 5.01x103 1.99x107 5.49x106

K2

K3

K4

1.99x103 83.1 5.0x106 3.0x106

1 6.3 10 0.501 3.98 7.94

10

Ag2Hg

amalgam

623 - Tables D: Chemistry

Table D.13: Temperature (oC) Required to Reach a Variety of Vapor Pressures Species Pb PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 PbO PbS mm: m.p. C 327.5 373 501 855 402 890 1114 1 973 513 547 solid 479 943 852(s) 10 1162 610 648 904 571 1085 975(s) 40 1309 686 725 1003 644 1189 1048(s) 100 1421 745 784 1080 701 1265 1108(s) 400 1631 856 893 1219 807 1402 1221 760 1744 914 954 1293 872 1472 1281

Table D.13
Vapor Pressure: Lead, Lead Compounds, and Water torr PbF2 1 10 40 100 400 760 m.p. (OC) b.p. (OC) density(g/cm3) 904 1003 1080 1219 1293 818 1290 8.24 PbCl2 547 648 725 784 893 954 500 953 5.85 PbBr2 513 610 686 745 856 914 367 916 6.66 PbI2 479 571 644 701 897 872 T (oC) PbO 943 1085 1189 1265 1402 1472 PbS 975s 975s 1048s 1108s 1221 1281 Pb 973 1162 1309 1421 1630 1744 327.5 100 11.34 H2O -17.3s 11.3 34.1 51.6 83 100 0 1

400 890 1114 860-950 1740 6.2 8.0-9.1 7.5

Table D.13 Vapor Pressure Over Pb and Sn Compared o C mm Hg Pb Sn 1 10 40 100 400 760 m.p. 9973 1162 1302 1421 1630 1744 327.5 1492 1703 1855 1968 2168 2270 231.9

624 - Tables D: Chemistry

Table D.14: Boiling Points d=decompose, subl= sublimes Metal, Row 4 chlorides oxides (m.p.) nitrates K+ subl 1500 d 350 d 400 Ca2+ >1600 2850 d 132 Cr3+ subl 1300 4000 d 100 Cr(NO3)3-9H2O Zn2+ 1190 129.4 Mn(NO3)3-4H2O Fe3+ d 315 (1565) d 125 Fe(NO3)3-9H2O Co2+ 1049 (1795) 55 Co(NO3)2-6H2O Ni2+ subl 973 (1984) 136.7 Ni(NO3)2-6H2O Cu2+ d 993 to CuCl (1326) -HNO2, 170 Zn2+ 732 (1975) -6H2O, 105-131 Zn(NO3)2-6H2O Pb2+ 950 (886) d (470) Cd2+ 960 sub 1559 132 Cd(NO3)2-4H2O

Table D.15
Ore malachite azurite Cuprite chalcocite Cu formula CuCO3@Cu(OH)2 2CuCO3@Cu(OH)2 Cu2O Cu2S Cu density (g/cm3) 4.0 3.88 6.0 5.6 8.92 melting pto C boiling pto C

Decomposes 200 Decomposes 220 1235 1800 1100 ... 1083 2567

Li Na K

1.0 0.9 0.8

Mg Ca Sr Ba

1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9

Table D.16 Electronegativities C 2.5 N Si 1.8 Sn Pb 1.8 1.9

3.0

O S

3.5 2.5

E.N. %ionic bond 0 0 1.1 25 1.7 50 2.4 75 3.5 100

Table D.17 %covalent bond 100 75 50 25 0

625 - Tables D: Chemistry

Element Sodium Antimony, Sb Barium, Ba Bismuth, Bi Calcium, Ca Lead, Pb Magnesium, Mg Tin, Sn Titanium, Ti Zinc, Zn

Compound

Table D.18 electrons melting point

sol(g/100cc) 35.7 601.6 v sl s v sl s 37.5 0.002 3.48 i d to BiOCl i 0.00011 .99 0.04 54.25 s i Decomposes I 0.001 432 .00016

NaCl [Ne]3s1 801 [Kr]5s24d105p3 73.4 SbCl3 -0.93 Sb2O5 (cervantite) 656 Sb2O3 (Valentinite) [[Xe]6s2 962 BaCl2 1740 BaCO3 (witherite) BaO 1918 [Xe]6s24f145d106p3 Bi2O2CO3 230 BiCl3 860 Bi2O3 [Xe]6s24f145d106p2 315 PbCO3 501 PbCl2 PbOx range in colors yellow to red [Ne]3s2 d MgCO3 714 MgCl2 [Kr]5s24d10 5p2 -33 SnCl4 1630 SnO2 Cassiterite [Ar]4s23d2 TiCl2 TiCl4 yellow TiO2 Anatase -300 ZnCO3 Smithsonite [[Ar]4s23d10 283 ZnCl2 ZnO 1975

refractive index 1.5442 2.00 2.18 1.73 1.67 1.98 1.91 2.076 2.26 1.527 1,675 1.512 1.997 2.554 1.818 1.681 2.008

Table D.19 X-ray Transitions Observed with Lead D From/To D From/To LIINIII .85192 MIII,NIV 4.715 .8382 MIII,NV 4.674 LIINV .82327 MIII,OI 4.244 LIINVI .8200 MII,OI,vV 4.069 LIIOIII 1.30767 MIV,NII, 6.802 tLIIIMII 1.24385 MIV,NIII 6.384 sLIIIMIII 1.01040 MIV,NII 5.076 LIIINII 1.0005 MIV,OII 5.004 LIIINIII 0.96133 MV,NIII 6.740 uLIIINVI,VII 0.9586 MV,NVI 5.299 LIIIOII 0.9578 MV,NVII 5.286 LIIIOIII 0.95118 MVOIII 5.168 LIII,PII,III 3.872 NIVNVI 42.3 MI,NIII 4.655 NVNVI,VII 45.0 MII,NI 3.968 NVIOIV 102.4 MII,NIV 5.704 NVIOV 100.2 MIII,NI

626 - Tables D: Chemistry

Compound Lead Tin II Pb2SnO4 Lead Tin I, PbSn1-xSixO3

Wavelength Absorbed 514.5 nm 514.5 514.5

Lead Antimonate, Pb2Sb2O7 464m, 513wm

Table D.20 vibrational spectra 35wm, 58w, 80m, 129vs (lattice Pb-O stretch mode), 274w, 291wm, 379w, 454wm, 524w, 613w. 40m, 66m, 85sh, 138vs (lattice Pb-O stretch mode) 324wm(br), 444w(br) 76s, 147vs (lattice Pb-O stretch mode), 343s,

627 - Tables D: Chemistry

Type Roman Denaris Ptolemaic tetradrachm Ptolemaic copper Brass Brass Brass As Antoninianus Denarius Antonianus Carthage London London

Table E.1: Roman Coin Metal Content Date %Composition Au Ag Cu 150 B.C. 0.53 94.34 4.40 1st century B.C. 0.24 52.51 40.45 169-146 65.11 5.12 45 B.C. 71.1 A.D. 79 81.13 A.D. 161-162 88.96 AD 14-37 99.65 AD 238-244 0.13 58.9 40.65 AD 244-=249 98.36 AD 254-255 16.25 80.79 AD 307 1.2 81.25 AD 310 1.76 86.78 AD 318 2.11 87.89

Sn 0.23 1.74 0.1 2.43 0.01 0.1 1.03 2.52 5,45 5,.54 4.33

Zn 0.11 28.78 27.6 15.9 7.87 tr 0.03 0.01 0.01

Pb 0.39 1.36 0.18 tr 0.22 0.51 0.7 11.90 6.01 5.57

Table E.2: Elemental Composition of Some Chinese Bronzes Element, % Period Object Cu Sn Pb Fe Shang-Yin1760-1120 B.C. Axe head 79.66 16.67 trace trace Chou 1120-256 B.C. Chisel 94.09 4.60 trace 0.53 Statue 70.00 15.36 10.92 trace Dish 56.09 2.05 40.89 0.35 Ch'in 255-207 B.C. Buckle 69.2 3.94 25.28 1.4 Vase 84.39 11.68 1.48 0.79 Pan 88.6 3.15 6.60 trace Han 206 B.C.-220 A.D Basin 82.39 14.36 3.24 Mirror 70.50 26.97 1.65 0.12 Buckle 73.33 11.52 7.24 trace

Sb 0.37 0.59 0.34 -

628 - Tables E: Art and Archaeology

Table E.3: Metal Content of Various Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Objects Source Cu Mycenae 90.76 Nineveh 86.84 Macedonia 87.72 Early Greek 88.54 Ptolemaic Egypt 75 Roman statue 78.3 Britain 89.7 Athens (520 B.C.) 88.1 Sicily (600 B.C.) 90.3 Sn 8.42 12.7 11.7 11.46 13.15 10.7 8.99 9.7 7.3 Element % Pb Fe 0.32 0.28 trace 11.4 10.24 trace 0.3 0.3 0.54 trace 0.27 trace 0.14 0.16 As Sb

0.68

0.15

Table E.4 Elemental Composition of Objects from Harappa Fe Pb Cu Sn Ni Sample# 94497 9514 9531 9722 9366 9442 0.76 1.4 Trace Trace 1.1 Trace 1.37 3.0 3.6 0.86 6.3 14.9 82.87 86.3 90.1 76.12 87.7 63 15 12.3 33 22.2 4.9 22.1

0.75

Table E.5 Composition of Northern European Medieval Glass Colorless Green Blue Westminster Cluny Westminster Element SiO2 53.2 45.6 53.3 1.0 2.6 1.0 Al2O3 FeO 0.4 0.6 0.9 MnO 1.2 1.3 1.1 MgO 7.1 5.9 6.9 CaO 12.8 16.5 11.9 2.9 1.6 2.6 Na2O 17.1 15.3 17.0 K2O 4.4 6.0 4.4 P2O5 CuO <0.4 2.8 0.4 CoO <0.2 <0.2 0.2 PbO <0.2 <0.2 0.2

629 - Tables E: Art and Archaeology

Source

Table E.6 Roman Glazes (100 B.C. to 100 A.D.) CaO TiO2 Fe2O3 CuO PbO SnO2 Clear Glaze Colchester 4.9 0.4 2.2 0.02 62 0.02 Smyrna 3.2 0.2 2.7 0.02 56 0.2 Clazomenae 3.0 0.2 2.4 0.00 58 0.2 Tarsus 2.9 0.0 3.4 0.00 54 0.3 Green (Copper) Glaze Smyrna 4.1 0.1 1.0 4.2 53 1.0 Clazomenae 2.8 0.1 0.8 5.7 53 0.7 Tarsus 3.2 0.02 0.9 4.1 59 0.4

Table. E.7: River Meuse Enamels Compared to Roman Enamels Roman Mosan Roman Mosan Turquoise Turquoise Blue Blue Material SiO2 66.36 64.9 66.60 66.1 2.16 2.1 2.42 2.2 Al2O3 FeO 0.65 0.6 1.17 1.2 MnO 0.10 <0.2 0.70 0.7 MgO 0.57 0.6 0.45 0.5 CaO 4.70 4.8 6.60 6.3 17.20 17.9 15.14 15.5 Na2O 0.60 0.3 0.59 0.5 K2O CuO 2.83 3.0 0.28 <0.3 PbO 0.20 <0.3 0.59 1.1 3.10 1.8 3.80 3.5 Sb2O3 CoO ND <0.1 0.21 0.2 0.23 0.1 0.05 <0.1 SnO2 Table E.8 Litharge Composition % Data source: Craddock, P. T., 1995: Early Metallurgy Rio Tinto Huelva PbO CuO S Sb As2O2 Fe Al2O3 CaO MgO SiO2 Au Ag 68.5 0.36 2.72 1.02 0.89 4.89 1.33 2.30 0.45 6.8 0.00034 0.0205 73.5 2.42 0.21 0.20 0.06 1.9 6.4 0.00184 0.0568 Saxon 95.6 0.5 0.4 _ 0.8 1925 England 85.8 3.42 0.30 2.24 0.17

630 - Tables E: Art and Archaeology

Table E.9: Roman lead and silver slags Source: Tylecote, 1976: A History of Metallurgy. % PbO SiO2 CaO FeO Ag Zn Al2O3 CuO Lead smelting Slags Ffwrndan 32.3 58.2 8.0 0.8 0.0004 Silver Slag Laurion 10.70 33.8 13.8 15.2 0.06 5.4 3.9 Rio Tinto 1.5 26.2 58.5 0.00632 0.04

Table E.10 Composition of Egyptian Makeup (2000-1200 B.C.) PbS PbCO3 Sample Galena Cerussite 1 100 2 50 13 3 28 48 4 43 27 5 12 6 62 28 7 24 25 source: Nature, 397, 11 Feb., 1999 Pb2Cl2CO3 Phosgenite 37 24 29 72 16 PbOHCl Lairionite

1 16 10 35

631 - Tables E: Art and Archaeology

Table F.1: Some Typical Alloys Alloy Brass Bronze Pewter Pewter Plumbers Solder Sterling Silver 18 Carat Gold 14 Carat Gold %Cu 20-97 50-98 7 33 7.5 5-15 12-28 %Zn 2-80 0-29 85 %Sn 0-14 0-35 70-95 67 %Pb 0-12 0-50 0-15 %Mn 0-25 0-3 6 2 5-15 75 58 92.5 10-20 4-30 %P %Bi %Sb %Au %Ag

Table F.2, White Metals and Solders Pewter %Sn 67-95 Modern Pewter casting sheet all purpose Typeset %Sn 15 %Sb 25 %Pb 60 %Pb 74.55 79.55 82 %Cu trace %As 0.45 0.45 1.0 density Brinell Hardness melting point o at 100oC C g/cn3 9.73 10.04 10.05 10.5 9.5 13.0 240 237 248 Complete Pouring liquification C o C 268 338 272 341 281 350 %Sn 90-93 90-93 95-98 %Sb 6-8 5-7.5 1-3 %Pb 0.25-2 1.5-3 1.0-2.0 %Cu <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 %Sb 5-15 %Pb 0-15 %Cu 0-3

Babbitt Metals: Alloy %Sn %Sb #7 #8 #15 10 5 1 15 15 16

632 - Tables F: Material Science

Table F.3: Types of Industrial Solder Designation %Sn Sn70 Sn63 Sn62 Sn60 Sn50 Sn45 Sn40A Sn40B Sn35A Sn35B Sn30A Sn30B Sn25A Sn25B Sn20A Sn20B Sn15 Sn10A Sn10B Sn5 Sn2 70 63 62 60 50 45 40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 10 10 5 2 %Pb 29.485 36.485 35.94 39.485 49.485 54.485 59.485 57.985 64.485 62.985 69.485 67.985 69.485 67.985 79.485 77.985 84.485 89.48 87.5 94.48 97.48 %Sb 0.5 0.5 0.06 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 0.02 0.5 0.5 %Ag 0.015 0.015 2 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 2.4 0.015 0.015 Solidus T (C) 183 183 179 183 183 183 185 185 183 185 183 185 183 185 183 184 225 268 268 308 316 Liquidus T (C) 193 183 189 190 216 227 238 231 247 243 253 250 266 263 277 270 290 302 299 312 322 Use on Zn metals Sn/Pb eutectic, circuit boards on Ag electric connections all purpose: electrical, sheet metals all purpose wiping solder for joining lead pipe Same, but not on galvanized iron Plumbers solder with no antimony Plumbers solder Autobody Autobody dent filling autobody autobody dent filling coatings and joiningg metals Automotive electronics Automotive electronics Automotive Radiators Automotive Radiators

Table F.4Leaded Brass Compositions (ASTM) Designation C33500 C34000 C34500 C35000 C35300 C35600 % Cu 63.5 63.5 63.5 62.0 62.0 61.5 % Zn 36.0 35.4 34.5 36.6 36.0 36.0 % Pb 0.5 1.1 2.0 1.4 2.0 2.5

633 - Tables F: Material Science

Table F.5: Self Diffusion of Pure Metals: FCC Structure Metal Pb Al Ag Au Cu Melting Point oK 601 933 1234 1336 1356 D (mm2/s) 137 170 40 10.7 31 Q/RT 21.8 18.3 18.4 15.9 17.8

Table F.6A Some Close-Packed Structures of Metals Crystal Coordination Number 12 12 8 Atoms per unit cell 2 4 2 Unit cell vs atomic radius 4r = s%2 4r = s%3

Structure Hexagonal closest packed (hcp) Face-centered cubic (fcc) Body-centered cubic (bcc)

Void % Examples 25.96 25.96 31.98 Cd, Mg, Ti, Zn Al, Cu, Pb, Ag Ni Fe, K, Na, W

Structure sodium chloride cesium chloride zinc blende (ZnS) wurtzite (ZnS) fluorite CaF2 rutile (TiO2)

Table F.6BCommon Ionic Crystal Unit Cells Unit cell Coor. # Sulfides fcc cubic 6 8 4 4 8 cation, 4 anion 6 cation, 3 anion PbS Ag2S Cu2S Ion radii S2- 170 Ag+ 142 Pb2+ 133 Cu+ 74

Table F.7: Enthalpy to Melt by Structure Type Structure type hcp Metal Cd Zn Mg Rb K Na Li melting pt, K 594 692 922 312 337 371 454 Q/RTm 15.4 15.9 17.6 15.2 14.6 14.2 14.7 D m2/s at melting point 0.99 1.6 2.3 5.8 15 16 9.9

bcc

634 - Tables F: Material Science

Table F.8
Melting Points for Several Metal Mixtures: oC % 1st Metal 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Cu+Sn Cu+Pb Sn+Pb %2nd Metal 1084 1005 890 755 725 680 630 580 530 440 232 1084 1020 1005 985 985 950 945 925 920 870 325 232 216 200 185 190 220 240 262 276 295 326 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Table F.9: Heat Capacity and Specific Gravity of Pure Lead Specific Gravity Specific Heat Capacity T (oC) s (J/g-oC) T (oC) d (g/cm3) 0 0.12426 20 20 0.12803 327 (solid) 100 0.13388 327 (liquid) 327 (m.p.) 0.16317 650 500 0.15480 850 Solid Lead: face centered cubic, bond length Pb-Pb, at 25oC, Table F.10: Historical Recipes for Niello %Ag2S %Cu2S %PbS Melt range, C Author Pliny 53.4 46.6 700 Theophilus 55.7 30.3 14.0 430-560 Eraclius 32.3 35.2 32.5 440-460 Cellini 16.2 35.2 48.7 440-640 Eutectic 25 35 39 440 Table F.11: Contemporary Niello Composition Cu Pb Other 1 2 5 7 ammonium chloride 5 5 3 2.5 3.5 4 1 antimony 1 2 1 2 2 borax 1-2 11.34 11.005 10.686 10.302 10.078 349.9 ppm

Niello Origin Augsberg Persian Thailand Russian (Tula) Bolas Wilson Fike

Silver 1 1 1 1.5 2 6 6

S excess 24.5 excess 12 excess 10 >10

635 - Tables F: Material Science

Type of Glass

Table F.12: Temperature Used in Glassmaking oC strain Annealing Softening 1014.5 poise 1013 poise 107.5 poise Silica glass 820 910 1500 Soda-lime silicate glass 505 548 730 Low lead silicate glass 395 430 626 High lead silicate glass 390 430 580

Potter Sn Lawrence Harrison Liverpool Benjamin Tomkinson Liverpool Thomas Lakin 1.5

Table F.13: Yellow Glaze Recipes Location Date Litharge 1707 1820 9 lbs 1824 6 lbs 3 4

Sb

Pb

Pb&Sn ashes (3) 3 3 3

Table F.14: Lead Chromate Color Can be Tuned Mineral Anglesite Color white or colorless Primrose Pale Primrose Lemon Middle Orange Scarlet Orange % % % PbCrO4 PbSO4 PbMoO4 0 45 65 70 100 80 0 100 55 35 30 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8-40 100 Structure orthorhombic monoclinic orthorhombic monoclinic monoclinic psuedo-tetragonal tetragonal lattice distortion tetragonal

Crocoite Wulfenite

Oxide SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3

Table F.15: Molar Refractive Index of oxides Name Molar Refractive Index quartz 7.18 cristobalite 7.4 rutile 12.82 form 10.7 form 11.3

636 - Tables F: Material Science

Group I Modifier index Li (Li2O) Na (Na2O)

Table F.16 on Effect of Modifiers on Molar Refraction Group II Molecular refractive index, n molar Modifier Density refractive MgO-SiO2 SrOBaO MgO CaO SrO BaO MgO CaO SrO BaO 2.421 2.815 3.150 2.425 2.601 2.832 3.035 2.401 2.466 2.740 3.011 1.552 1.565 1.599 1.4995 1.5340 1.5400 1.5735 1.4990 1.5385 1.5355 1.5528 41.80 43.32 45.87 41.45 42.79 44.99 49.42 45.73 49.50 49.81 51.71

K (K2O)

Group IIb Cadmium Mercury

Table F.17: Refractive index, n, of metals nr Group Ivb 0.82(liq)/1.13(solid) Tin 1.6(liq) Lead

nr 2.1(liq) 2.6(sol).

Table F.18: Lead Semi-conducting materials used as IR detectors Compound Form cell D, cell vol. 10-24cm3 Wavelength Range Absorbing PbS cubic 5.93600.005 209.160.05 0.8 to 3 m PbSe cubic 6.12550.0005 229.840.06 1-6.5 m PbTe cubic 6.46060.0005 269.660.06 1-6 m PbSnTe 5-13 m PbSnTe (cooled) 6.6-18m

637 - Tables F: Material Science

Table F.19: Development of Color and BandGaps Spectral Region Ultra-Violet Observed Color Colorless Absorbed Color/, nm 98, none in eV 12.65 12 8.5 7.5 3.54 3.09 CuBr ZnSe Semi- Conductors Crystal with Bandgap NaF NaCl NaBr TiO2 Type of Solid Ionic Solid

350, none Visible Light Greenishyellow yellow red violet dark blue blue green Near IR IR Black Black 400, violet 450, blue

2.91 2.75 2.7 490, b-green 2.53 570, y-green 2.17 580, yellow 2.13 600, orange 2.06 650-700, red 1.9 700-1000 1-50m 1.77-1.24 1.42 0.66 0.41 0.0247 0

GaAs Ge PbS Metal

638 - Tables F: Material Science

Pigment Cadmium Yellow Vermillion Orpiment Massicot (yellow) Litharge (red) Minium Lead tin yellow I Lead tin yellow II Naples yellow

Table F.20 Charge Transfer Pigments Mineral Formula greenockite CdS cinnabar HgS AsS3 orthorhombic PbO tetragonal PbO Pb3O4 Pb2SnO4 PbSn1-xSixO3 Pb3(SbO4)2 Pb2Sb2O7 PbCrO4 Pb2O(CrO4) PbMoO4 Fe2O3 Fe3O4

Process Lp 6 metal 5s Lp 6 metal 6s Lp 6 metal 6s Pb2+ 6 Pb4+ Lp 6 metal 5s or 5p Lp 6 metal 3d (Cr) L6M L6M Lp 6 metal 3d (Fe) Fe2+ 6 Fe3+

Chrome yellow crocoite dark red Phoenicocroite yellow wulfenite Red and yellow ochres hematite Kings Yellow (opriment), Jewelers rouge

Name Alk.Pb Alk.P3 Alk.P2 Alk.P1 Alk.Fe Alk.Cr

Table F.21: Anticorrosive Paints Density Humidty G/cm3 Pb3O4 2.239 5 1.502 2 ZnPO4 + Lots BaSO4 1.463 2 ZnPO4 + BaSO4 1.370 1 ZnPO4 1.331 1 Fe2O3 1.198 5 (4ZnO.K2O.4CrO3.3H2O) Main Constituent

SaltSpray 4 5 2-3 2 2 5

SO2 5 0 0 0 0 5

639 - Tables F: Material Science

Table F.22: Lead Azide, compression Compressibility 10-6 bar-1 1/ao 1/bo 1/co Ba(N3)2 0.71 1.22 0.58 Pb 1.91 0.30 0.20 Pb 2.34 1.51 0.57

Table F.23: Bond lengths in Azides Cu(N3)2 Pb Ba K N1-N2 (D) orthorhombic orthorhombic monclinic N2-N3 (D) 1.199 1.146 1.164 1.164 1.168 1.164 1.186 1.186 N-N-N (deg) impact sensitivity 176.7 (1.1) highest 179.5 (6) 179.7 (2) Least

Table F.24 Lattice Energies of Azides U (kJ/mole) Ca 2166 Pb 2162 Sr 2067 Ba 1962

Table F.25: Bandgap and Exciton Energies for Azides Bandgap (eV) Exciton (eV) Compound NaN3` 8.46 6.5 8.55 6.5 KN3 Rb 8.82 6.6 Cs 8.61 6.3

Table F.26: Velocity of Expanding Gases From Lead Azide velocity (km/s) density g/cm3 3.78 4.63 3.60 4.35 3.20 4.04

640 - Tables F: Material Science

Table G.1: Soil Lead as a Function of Distance from A Smelter, ppm Distance from stack in km 0.2 (W) 0.5 (SSE) 0.8 (E) 1.4 (WSW) 2.4 (SE) 0-5.1 cm 8,700 2,573 2,742 375 300 5.1-10.2 cm 840 138 205 68 175 10.2-15.2 cm 1,815 128 235 65 90

Table G.2 Soil Lead Near a Home (100 years old) Distance Depth Side of House (m) (Cm) A B C 0-1 0-5 1050 44700 7330 5-10 1060 20600 4680 10-15 940 7270 3300 5 0-5 431 110 298 5-10 404 2020 366 10-15 400 2110 286 10 0-5 194 1940 730 5-10 162 374 686 10-15 248 2175 452 Table G.3 Correlation between lead based paint and soil: % exceeding % within soil guidelines guidelines No Lead Based Paint 94 6 Lead Based Paint, intact 79 21 Lead Based Paint, unintact 52 48 exterior Lead Based Paint 73 27 Table G.4 Dust/Soil Lead in Un-renovated homes Lead Content Site window channel dust 2150 ug/g air duct dust 875 ug/g window stool dust 245 Foundation soil 109 ppm floor dust 106 Entryway dust 96.3 Entryway soil 65 Boundary soil 53.6

641 - Tables G: Dispersion and Risk Assessment

Tables: Dispersion and Risk Assesment

Table G.5 Paint Materials and Characterization XRF Pb mg/cm2 total layers/lead layers total thickness Sample (mil) Interior particle board for shelving 4.2-4.4 3/1 33-6 Exterior pine wood 3.8-4.0 4/1,2 5-7 Pine wood window frame 4.0 4/1,2 5-7 Exterior Steel 2.1-2.9 8/1,2,4 8-10 Aluminum soffit vents 2.5 2/1 3/5 Galvanized steel drip cap 2.2 2/1 2-5 Table G.6: Modeling Parameters for Equation 10.1. Range Time spent outdoors (hrs/day) 2-4 4-5 Volume of air respired (m3/day) Natural lead of atmosphere (ug/day) 2.4 Lead from solder (ug/day) 11.0 Lead from drinking water (ug/day) 1.2 Atmospheric lead in food (ug/day) 11.3 Undetermined in f food mg/day 1.2 dirt/dust (mg/day) 100 Deposition/absorption in lungs (%) 35-60 Absorption in gut (%) 42-53 dirt lead absorption (%) 30 Transformation 0.4

Parameter C

A T

Quality good good Fair Fair Poor Fair Fair Poor Fair good good good

642 - Tables G: Dispersion and Risk Assessment

Site

Table G.7: Correlation between predicted and observed blood lead Soil Indoor Predicted Observed Ratio Lead Dust predicted/observed ppm ppm g Pb/dL g Pb/dL 720 183 5000 1800 3474 1588 1030 5000 1800 3933 15 19 41 17 31 14 19 35 16.5 21 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.5

East Helena Herculaneum Toronto 1974-1975 Toronto 1984-1985 Kellogg

Source Air (urban) Water Food Dust

Table G.8. Sources of Lead Uptake by Children Level in Source Total Intake Absorbed 0.5 ug/m3 3.3 ug/day 40% 20 ug/L 20 ug/day 50% 0.1 ug/g 100 ug/day 50% 500-2400 ug/g 20-500 ug/day mean

Lead uptake 1.3 ug/day 10 ug/day 50 ug/day 100

Table G.9 Allowable Limits for Lead Normal Exposure Daily source Food/Beverages 100 ug/day (HHS) Drinking Water <15 ug/L (1985) Air 150 ug/m3/8 hr (ACGIH 50ug/m3/8 hr (OSHA) Abated Dust floors: 200 ug/ft2 (HUD) Sills 500 ug/ft2 (HUD) Uncontam. Paint <0.06% (HHS) Uncontam. Soil 10-50 ug/g = 10-50 ppm contaminated soil >50-100 ppm action level soil >500 ppm

Hair Sample 1815 1839 normal range

Table:G.10: Andrew Jacksons Hair Concentration in parts per million (ppm) Lead Mercury 6.0 156 6.0 105 not detected 68 5.6 70 0.01-1.2 0.002-20

643 - Tables G: Dispersion and Risk Assessment

Table G.11: Amount of Lead on Childrens Hands Mean/Median range comments 20-436 ug/hand near a smelter 2400 ug/g 650-4100 ug/g used sticky tape 12-43 ug/child city schools 5 ug/towel <5-20 ug/towel suburbs 20 ug/towel <5-15 ug/towel city 49 ug/sample High blood lead group 21 ug/sample Low blood lead group USA, Belgium 5-142 ug/hand Location Belgium Connectict London Rochester

Table G.12: Blood Lead concentration in towns with Pottery works in Mexico g/100 mL Lead Glaze producing town Non-lead glaze workers Age 0-9 81 19.5 10-19 48.9 20.7 20-29 51.2 23.3 30-39 52.8 21.3 40-49 56.2 22.8 50-59 57.8 20.2 60-69 69 13.7 >70 56.6 19.5

Location Interior

G.13 Percentage of homes Paint lead concentration (mg/cm2) >0.7 >1.0 >1.2

>2.0

1960-1979 1940-1959 before 1940 Exterior 1960-1979 1940-1959 before 1940

60 70 73 55 82 83

41 59 60 42 76 79

28 44 57 31 69 69

7 20 50 12 46 66

644 - Tables G: Dispersion and Risk Assessment

Table H.1: Allowed Metal Content in Sewage Sludges USEPA Regulatory Limit (1993) Federal Register, Vol. 58,, 32, Feb. 19, 1993. Ceiling Limits to land apply Concentration limit to land apply monthly average concentration Annual Loading rate Cumulative loading 840 mg/dry kg 300 mg/dry kg 15 kg/ha-yr 300 kg/ha

Table H.2: US Production of Waste 1991 Million tons/year Material Municipal Solid Waste 180 Industrial Hazardous Waste 250 Organic Waste 3.6 Medical Waste 4.8 Sewage Sludge 10.4 Total 1012 lbs/year

Table H.3: Common Components of Municipal Wastes Bache Bagghi Sullivan and Makar Law and Gordon Weight% Weight% Weight% Recoverable Weight % Material paper 50.2 41.6-53.5 51.7 Yard 17.8 12.5-24.2 Food 16.8 4.4-15.3 4.4 Glass 6.5-10.9 10.5 30 Plastics 5.2 0.76-5.7 5.0 Wood 4.6 2.6 Leather/rubber 3.4 0.7 Textiles 2 1.8 Fine glass, grit, dirt 10 iron metals 7.6 15 corrugated board 3.5 aluminum 1.1 1.75 Zinc & copper 0.2 0.75 Slag 25 fine ash 22.5 Table H.4: Lead Speciation Under Anaerobic Conditions (Landfilling) Acid Phase Methane Phase Sulfate, mg/L 1500 140 Sulfide, mg/L Not Detectable 0.3 Lead, mg/ 6.8 Not Detectable

645 - Tables H - Waste Disposal

Table H.5: Energy of Different Waste Streams GigaJoule/Ton %National Need Material Coal 26-29 Industrial Waste 16 2-3 European Community MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) 10 5, Netherlands 5-10 Germany Scrap Tires 32 Dry Sewage ~32 Total Waste 10 England

Table H.6 Metals in Chicago Sewage Ash Elements Sewage-sludge incinerator ash acid digestable (nitric-perchloric acid) Aluminum 63.8 g/kg Calcium 91.4 Iron 40.5 Magnesium 18.6 Phosphorus 74 Potassium 4.8 Sodium 2.6 Sulfur 3.3 ceiling conditions mg/kg EPA (1993)mg/kg Barium 1736 Boron _ 42 Cadmium 85 128 Chromium 3000 1888 Copper 4300 3846 Lead 850 710 Manganese _ 2353 Molybdenum 75 45 Nickel 420 530 Zinc 7500 7213 source: Bierman et al. J. Env. Qual, 1994, 23, 822

Triplesuperphosphate 8.3 g/kg 145.7 15.6 3.7 213.6 2.4 16.6 ND mg/kg ND 44 7 78 7 39 294 ND 29 79

Material Bottom ash Electrostatically Precipitated ash Ash quenching water Scrubber water Exhaust gas Total amount g/t

Table. H.7: Total Ash Produced 108 25.2kg/t 357.1 kg/t 0.2230.014 m3/t _ 7480965m3N/t

Incinerator output of Lead 666336 mg/kg 1320449 mg/kg 1.40.17 mg/mL _ 0.470.3 mg/m3N

% 59.4 38.1 2.5 121.6

Source: Nakamura et. Al. Waste Management, 1996, 16, 516, 509-517.

646 - Tables H - Waste Disposal

Table H.8: Distribution of Lead in Incinerator Ashes Law and Gordon Davison Reimann Brunner Material Bottom Ash 110 0.89 g/kg Fly Ash 140 3870 7% 25g/kg Scrubbed Ash 370 8450 93% 6.2 g/kg emitted particles 620 <1% 1.4g/m3 Table H.9 Lead Leaching From Incinerator Ash mg Pb/L Time 1 min 13 30 min 13 5h 15 9h 17 24 h 7 48h 8 source Belevi, Waste Management Research: 1992, 10, 153-167.

Table H.10: Silica Terminology Kg, cal Term NMR Mineral Heat of Formation Nesosilicate Olivine 18,852 Silanetriol Q1 Sorosilicate Melilite 21,511 Singe Chain pyroxenes Diopside Cyclosilicate Beryl, Tourmaline Silanediol Q2 Inosilicate Amphibole Hornblende 27,290 Silanol Q3 Phyllosilicate Sheet Kaolin 29,981 Tectosilicate Quartz 37,320 Siloxanes Q4 Table H.11: Reactions and Solubilities of Silicates and Alumintes LogK Reaction SiO2(amorphous) + 2H2O X H4SiO4 -2.7 -3.7 SiO2(quartz) + 2H2O X Si(OH)4 -9.46 Si(OH)4 X SiO(OH)3- + H+ -9.4 Al2Si2O5(OH)4(kaolinite) + 5H2O X Al2O3@3H2P(gibbsite) + 2H4SiO4 -34 Al2O3@3H2O X Al3+ + 3OH -38.7 Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 1/2H2O + OH- X H4SiO4 + 3OH-

647 - Tables H - Waste Disposal

Mineral Alite -Belite Aluminate Ferrite Lime Gypsum

Table H.12: Cement Clinker Composition Chemical Name Chem. Comp. Clinker Acronym tricalcium silicate Ca3SiO4 C3S C2S dicalcium silicate Ca2SiO4 C3A tricalcium aluminate Ca3Al2O6 tetracalcium aluminoferrite C4AF calcium oxide CaO CaO calcium sulfate CaSO4

Wt% 50-70 15-30 5-10 5-15 1

Table H.13: Some Minerals Found in Set Cement Density g/cm3 Mineral Name Chemical Forumula Tobermoite Ca5Si6O17@5H2O 2.42 2.32 Jennite Na2Ca5(SiO3)3Si2O7(OH)6@3H2O 1.77 Ettringite [Ca3(Al(OH)6@12H2O]2(SO4)3@2H2O

648 - Tables H - Waste Disposal

Table I.1: Imports of Lead Pigment to U.S. Haynes, Vol. 1 White Short Ton Year 1821 1831 1841 1851 1857 1858 977,323 1861 1,467,949 1872 7.033,499 1881 1,048,622 1891 628,414 1901 379,388 1911 659,915 Haynes, Vol. 1, p. 413 $ Red Short Ton $ Total Short Ton 3,978,649 111,178 532,122 1,105,852 1,793,377 $ 6,762 31,617 52,631 113,075

58,774 93,036 415,589 59,082 43,041 21,993 38,878

808,528 736,423 1,295,616 212,423 519,613 524,935 1,035,254

50,652 41,518 78,411 10,009 20,950 23,933 40,225

Table I.2: Production in the U.S. (Haynes, American Chemical Industry, Vol. 1, p. 406) White Lead Zinc Oxide Short tons $ Short tons $ Year 1810 369 1830 3,000 1840 5,000 1850 9,000 $5,242,213 1860 15,000 $5,380,347 226,860 1870 35,000 1880 61,739 $8,770,699 10,061 766,337 1890 8,824 695,920 1900 58,051 $4,211,181 1910 43,617 $3,921,803

649 - Tables I - Industrial Production of Lead

Table I.3 (Thompson and Haynes) Domestic Lead Production Date Source pounds Total Silverless Ore Silver Ore 1825 1,500 1830 8,000 1835 13,000 1840 17,000 1845 30,000 1850 22,000 1855 15,800 1860 15,600 1865 14,700 1867 St. Joe, Mo. Enters production Smelters in Helena, Mon, and Nev. Open 1870 17,830 1873 Utah 15,000 1875 24,731 34,909 1877 Utah 27,000 1878 Leadville, Co. goes into production (6-20 oz Ag/ton) 1880 27,690 70,135 1885 21,975 107,437 1890 31,351 130,403 1891 1892 31,678 181,584 1893 1894 37,686 121,645 Table I.4: Lead Soap Production Lead Naphthenate Production Shipments Value (Metric Tons) $ (U.S.) Thousand (Metric Tons) 4,110 4,266 3,740 3,224 3,671 4,222 5,53 5,804 6,471 6,604 3,697 3,794 3,302 2,769 3,366 3,858 5,581 4,996 5,725 5,551 2,419 2,595 2,209 1,754 2,079 2,059 2,709 2,602 2,841 2,876

Imported Lead Total 1,500 8,000 13,000 17,000 30,000 22,000 15,800 15,600 14,700 17,000 17,830 59,640 97,825 129,412 161,754 213,262 159,331

40,000 pounds

$657,658 $2,560,885 $3,653,378 $5,792,624 $6,679,171

Date 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

650 - Tables I - Industrial Production of Lead

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1970 1971

Table I.5: Chrome Yellow Consumption, U.S. Production Shipment Value thousand thousand $(U.S) metric tons metric tons million 22.2 21.6 15.1 22.4 22.2 15.0 24.0 24.0 17.0 26.5 25.0 18.7 28.5 28.2 21.5 27.9 27.0 20.5 29.8 29.0 22.5 29.4 28.8 23.9 18.1 25.7 22.1

Table I.6 Estimated Lbs White Lead/Housing Unit 1914-23 1920-29 1930-39 1940-49 1950-59 1960-69 1970-79 110 87 42 22 7 3 1 Table I.7 Gasoline Sales Event 37x103 tons of leaded gasoline sold in US 75x103 tons leaded gasoline sold in US 165x103 tons of leaded gasoline sold in US 225x103 tons of leaded gasoline sold in US 279x103 tons of leaded gasoline sold in US 175x103 tons of leaded gasoline sold in US

Date 1935 1944 1955 1965 1970 1975

651 - Tables I - Industrial Production of Lead

Timeline J.1: Metals in Mesopotamia Bold Indicates First Appearance Year 50,000 B.C. 30,000 B.C. Event Duration 44,000 years Stones, hunters & gatherers Fired clay figures (Czechoslovakia) _____________________________________________________ 6000 Persia, Palestine: Cereals 5300 Native Gold and Copper Ornaments 5000 Bone sickles with inset flint teeth 4500 Pottery 4000 Fired Pottery (Jericho) _____________________________________________________ 3800 Smelted copper 3500 Lead known 3100 Tumblers of lead in graves 2650 Tin as a separate element known 2500 Pure silver objects (from lead+silver ore) 2500 Accidental iron objects 2400 Copper + tin impurities = Sumerian bronze. Trade routes established to Saxon Tin mines 2100 SnO found in Lesbos _____________________________________________________ 2000 True bronzes 1800 Bronze arts and swords 1600 Tin smelting 1377 Iron dagger for Amenhotep III _____________________________________________________ 1200 Iron at Troy, not accidental 700 Iron tools in Egypt 200 B.C. Mercury known as pure element 50-200 A.D. Brass (Cu + ZnCO3) 1789 Titanium discovered _____________________________________________________ 1907 Bakelite Polymer manufacturing = Plastics

2000 years

1800 years

600 years

3000 years

652 - Tables J: Time Lines

Timeline J.2: Biological and Ore Evolution Material in bold indicate important events in the evolution of lead ores Years Ago 15,000,000,000 4,500,000,000-3,500,000,000 4,000,000,000 3,500,000,000 3,500,000,000 to 2,500,000,000 3,500,000,000-570,000,000 2,000,000,000 1,800,000,000 Geologic Age Origin of Universe Planetary Formation Event

Big Bang Earth condenses First life on Earth Oldest dated rocks Archaean or early Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian Single continent present Complex single cells Free oxygen in atmosphere Broken Hill Lead Ores 570,.000,000-225,000,000 Paleozoic Life in sea 570-500,000,000 Cambrian Life emerges to land 500-430,000,000 Ordovician 430-395,000,000 Silurian Howards Pass, Canada, Lead ore 395-345,000,000 Devonian Meggen, Germany Lead ore 345-280,000,000 Carboniferous Coral beds, Ireland, Navan Mines (Mississippian/Pennsylvanian) 280-225,000,000 Permian 225,000,000 Life decimated by catastrophic event 225,000,000 Mesozoic 225,000,000-190,000,000 Triassic First dinosaurs 190,000,000-136,000,000 Jurassic Brontosaurus 180,000,000 Pangaea splits 136,000,000-65,000,000 Cretaceous Pteranodan 65,000,000 Giant meteor impact on yucatan Lasted 45 minutes; 90% of life decimated 65,000,000 Cenozoic 65,000,000-2,000,000 Tertiary 55,000,000 First primates evolve Laurasia split into North America/Eurasia Gondwana split into South America/Africa (Nigerian lead ores) 40,000,000 First monkeys 30,000,000 North and South America join Andes, Rockies develop 23,000,000 First apes 5,000,000--present Quaternary Development of hominids (Australopithecines) 3,000,000 Homo habilis 2,400,000-1,500,000 Homo erectus ~2,000,000 First use of fire ~400,000 Homo sapiens (another large brain increase) ~10,000 Humans Leave Africa 10,000 Ice Age ~5,500 Lead discovered

653 - Tables J: Time Lines

Time 10,000 B.C. 3500 B.C. 3500 B.C. 1500 B.C. 1455-569 B.C. 493 B.C. 800-100 B.C. 200 B.C. 100-300 A.D. 850 A.D. 1200 A.D.

Location

Table J.3: Timeline for South and Middle America Group Event Potato, manioc, llama, guinea pig domesticated Corn, beans, squash turkry domesticated Copper/Tin co-melting

Migration to New World Andes and Amazonia Mesoamerica Peru/Chili Chavin, Paraca Valley of Mexico Tlatilco+ Zacateno Valley of Mexico Teotihuacan Yucatan Mayan, Miraflores Colombia Moche/Tolima Late Paraca Peru/Chili Alloys Mexico

Copper/Gold casting Importation of Cu/Sn/Ag alloy technology

Timeline J.4: South Coast of West Africa Time 800 B.C.-200 A.D. 800 A.D. 900-1000 A.D. 1300 A.D. 1440-75 1440 1480-1540 Location Bauchi Plateau, Nigeria Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria Ife, Nigeria City of Benin Benin Portugal Benin Event or Person Nok Culture at height Yoruba Culture at height Edo people King Euware First European nation imports African slaves for labor King Ozolua establishes diplomatic ties with Portugal and trades in ivory, pepper, Palm oil, and slaves.

654 - Tables J: Time Lines

Date 7500 B.C. 5000-1700 B.C. 1766-1111 B.C. 1100 B.C. 950 B.C. 1050-950 B.C. 771-481 B.C. 481-221 B.C. 221-206 B.C. 206 B.C.- 8 A.D. 138 B.C. 100 A.D. 219-580 A.D. 618-906 A.D. 907-960 A.D. 960-1270 A.D. 1260-1368 A.D. 1368-1644 A.D.

Timeline J.5: Chinese Timeline Period Event %Lead Neolithic rice, millet, pig, silkworm domesticated Neolithic Shang 7.2% Late Shang/Early Chou 4.2% Middle Chou 12% WesternChou (Zhou) 21.5% Eastern Chou (Zhou) Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Qin Dynasty, 1st Yellow Emporer (Shi Huangdi of Qin), starts Great Wall Huns, nomadic Asians of Turkish, Tatric and Uguan origin spread across the Caspian Steppes. Split under pressure from Mongols. 50,000 families move south to western China. Remainder move west and northwest to Volga/Don Rivers Emporer Han Wudi sends General Zhang Qian sent west to make allies against the Huns (The SILK ROAD). Buddhism moves across silk road to China Northern and Southern Dynasty Tang Dynasty Nestorian Christians, Islamic Arabs, emissisaries from Japan and Persia. Five Dynasties (Civil War) Song (Sung) Dynasty Yuan Dynasty of Mongol Genghis Khan, court described by Marco Polo Ming Dynasty

655 - Tables J: Time Lines

Date 410 A.D. 450 400-600 600s 596 612-671

700s 800 800s 871-997

1066

Timeline J.6: Timeline of Events in England Event Roman withdrawal Saxon mercenaries hired by remaining romans to guard against Picts/Scots. Warlords take over Migration Period of Europe Polytheistic German Kingdoms of Northumbria, Bernicia, Dera, Lindsay, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Wessex, Sussex, Kent Gregory I sends Augustine to Kent where King Ethelbert is converted Augustine becomes first Archbishop of Canterbery Northumbrias King Oswy choses Roman Christians over Irish missionaries Confluence of mediterrean scholars and northumbria produces a flowering of scholarship Predominant Kingdom is that of Mercia Charlemagne, Emperor of Germany Egbert of Essex is predominate. His grandson is Alfred the Great. King of the West Saxons, Alfred the Great. Made peace with Danes, defeats returning Danes in 878 (creates Danelaw). After 14 years of internal politics (capture of London) becomes King of unified England. Athelstan son of Alfred wields enough power to exact tribute from the Danes, only European country to do so. Patron of scholarship and invites foreign scholars, including Welsh monk Asser (885-909) and Irish philosopher and theologian John Scotus Erigena. Ethelred II, the unready, tries to kill all asslmilated Danes provoking intervention of King Sweyn of Denmark who places his own son Canute II over England Edmund, son of Ethelred becomes king, is overthrown by Harold Harefoot, of Normandy. Invasion of the Normans

656 - Tables J: Time Lines

Timeline J.7: Timeline for Mesopotamia Events Time 4000 B.C. Sumerian settlements 3800 Semites arrive - - - - - - - -Historical Record Begins - - - - - - - 2360-2230 B.C. Empire of Agade 2112-2004 B.C. III Ur Empire, Timple of Nippur constructed 1792-1750 Hammurabis 1700-600 Babylonia 1125-1103 Nebuchadnezzar --------------------------------DARK AGES---------------------------------721-705 Sagor Assyrian 668-627 Ashurbanipal, Assyrian King, Library at Nineva 600-529 B.C. Cyrus of Media 546 Cyrus captures Lydia 539 Babylonia defeated by Cyrus the Great 558-486 Darius I, King of Persia 521 Darius captures Babylon 519-465 Xerxes I, King of Persia, invades Greece 323 Alexander the Great of Macedonia invades General is Ptolomy 250 B.C. Parthia, City of Seleucia = Seleucids, empire from Euphrates to Indus River, Oxus to India Ocean (derivative of the Parthian shot, a first time that archers manuever on horseback to shoot backwards)

657 - Tables J: Time Lines

Timeline J.8: Timeline for Egypt Date 60,000 B.C. 7000-5500 4000 3200 3100 3100-2755 2686-2181 2737-2717 2680 To-2260 2260 2134-1668 Event Nile begins periodic flooding Predynastic, Northern Cities Chalcolithic (copper) age Gerzean Period, development of hieroglyphic writing End of 0th dynasty 1st and 2nd dynasty (17 kings) Old Kingdom (Memphis is capital) 3rd Dynasty, architect Imhotep (Step Pyramid) 4th dynasty (Cheops) 5th and 6th dynasties gradually decline 1st Intermediate Period of 7-10th dynasties, in which Egypt is split Middle Kingdom, reunification 11th dynasty Mentuhotep II, capital at Thebes 12th dynasty Amenemhet I 1668-1570 2nd intermediate period 13th dynasty (65 kings!) invaders from Palestine cause loss of Nubia 15th -17th dynasty, country is split 1570-1070 New Kingdom, 18th dynasty Ahmose I of Thebes reunites country 1551-1524 Amenhotep I expands empire to Palestine Thutmose I first tomb in the Valley of the Kings Thutmose II Thutmose III 1453-1419 Amenhotep II Thutmose IV 1386-1349 Amenhotep III: Art and Architecture flourish Amenhotep IV (son-in-law is Tutankhamen) 19th dynasty (Ramses I) Ramses II 20th dynasty (Ramses III) ------------------DARK AGES-------------1070-671 3rd Intermediate Period 21-24th dynasty, priests and northern kings vie for power 25th (Nubian) dynasty 671 B.C. Assyrians conquer 367-283 Ptolemy (Alexanders General) 51 Cleopatra (sister of Ptloemy XV 30 B.C. Romans conquer

658 - Tables J: Time Lines

Timeline J.9 Timeline of Events in the Classical World Event Date 3000 B.C. Minoan Civilization on Crete 1600-1100 Height of Minoan civilization 1200 B.C. Mycenaen civilization rises, Minoan (Crete) decays 1193-1184 Conquest and destruction of Troy 1100-750 Homeric Age in Greece ------ - - - - - - - - -DARK AGES- - - - - - - - 1100 B.C. Carthage (North Africa across from Sicily) founded by Phoenicians 10th century Phoenicians (Lebanon), main city is Tyre 657 Greeks found Byzantium 600-500 Etruscans rule Italy 510 Democracy established in Athens 509 Roman treaty with Carthage (North Africa) 490 Darius (Persia) defeated by Greeks at Marathon/Greece 481 Xerxes (Persia) destroys Athens Rome defeats Carthage 479 Persian fleet destroyed 477 Sparta assumes control of the war 461 Pericles lived 457-455 Sparta wars with Athens 446-404 Peloponesian Wars 387 Greek Asian cities pay tribute to Persia 334 Alexander of Macedonia invades Persia 335 Alexander the Great (Macedonia) conquers Greeks 332 Egypt conquered by Alexander 327 Alexander invades India 232 Ptolemy I, Alexanders general, restores independence of Egypt 266 Rome rules all of Italy 219 Hannibal crosses the Alps 206 Carthaginians driven out of Spain 146 Greece becomes Roman province 133 Spain becomes a Roman province 55 Ceaser conquers England 47 B.C. Ceaser conquers Egypt

659 - Tables J: Time Lines

Date 48? 206 B.C. 206-409 A.D. 409 A.D. 570-632 711 711-714 718-37 to 905-25 970-1035 1027-31 1035 1212 1469 1492 1512 1521

Timeline J.10: Events in Spain Event Rome defeats Carthage Carthaginians driven out of Spain by Romans Spain a Roman province. Active working of the Rio Tinto silver mines. Visigoths on the move Library of Alexandria absorbed by the Islamic world Mohammed Berber army under Tariq ibn-Ziyad (died 720) crosses Gilbralter and defeats Roderick last of Visigoth Kings. Moors (from Morrocco = Mauretania of Rome) conquer Spain Ommiad dynasty established Pelayo, Visigoth chieftan rules Asturia, his son-in-law conquers Galicia become King of Leon and Asturia. Arabs Rule from N. Africa by emirship, eventually a caliphate is set at Cordoba. Independent, Christian kingdom of Navarre under Sancho I Sancho III captures parts of Muslim Aragon Fall of the dynasty of Hisham III, Muslim Ferdinand takes Moorish Galicia, declares himself emperor of Spain. Toledo conquered by Christians, Moors restricted to ports around Cadiz and Kingdom of Granada Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella Queen Castille Columbus sent off All of Spain united under Ferdinand Conquest of Mexico

660 - Tables J: Time Lines

Table J.11: Alchemy

Date 1000 B.C. 384 B.C. 300 B.C. 50-41 B.C. 23-79 A.D. 100 A.D. 100-300 A.D. 300 A.D. 500 A.D. 500 A.D. 721 A.D. 700-800 A.D. 700-800 A.D. 850-859 A.D. 880-909 A.D. 980-1036 A.D. 1025 A.D. 1144 A.D. 1100s A.D. 1250 A.D. 1214-1292 A.D. 1234-1315 A.D. 1260 A.D. 1300 A.D. 1317 A.D. 1330 A.D. Location/Author Mesopotamia: Babylon Metallurgy Chinese Alexandrian Greek Papyri Chemical Theory Aristotle Chapter of Powerful Nation Metallurgy Chinese De Architectura Architecture/Materials Vitruvias, Roman Historia Naturalis Commentary Pliny, Roman De Materia Medici Pedanius Dioscorides Peak Production of Rio Tinto Silver Mines Chemistry/Distillation School founded in Alexandria Arthasatra Sugar/Mining Indian Treatise Buddhagosa, Discourse on Moral Consciousness Indian Treatise As, S, and Hg Salts Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) Compoistiones Variae Compilations Lucca Codex 190, Italy Mappae Clavicula Compilations Lake Constance Monastery Classified Essentials of the Tao of the True Origins of Things Cheng Yin De Aluminibis et Salibus Medical/Chemical Ar-razi (Rhazes), Persia Canon, De Anima Alchemy/Medicine Avicenna On Bookbinding Al-Muizz ibn Badis De Coloribus et Artibus Romanorum Eraclius Book of the Composition of Alchemy Robert of Chester De Diversis Artibis Experimental Compilations Theophilus Speculum Naturale, Speculum Majus Encyclopedia Vincent of Beauvais Opus Majus Gunpowder described Roger Bacon De Secretis Natural sive Quinta Essentia Raymond Lull De Metallicus Et Mineralibus Albertus Magnus A Lexicon of Alchemy Martin Ruland the Elder Pope John XII bans alchemy De Investigatione Perfectionis False Geber Summa Perfectionis Magisterii De Inventione Veritatis Liber Fornacum Physicus Intro. To Arts of Alchemy Petrus Bonus Barcelona Friars studying alchemy are excommunicated King of France Bans Alchemy European Economic Crisis Peaked Le Begue Bolognese Manuscribt The Craftsmans Handbook Lab Book Cennino Cennini De la Pirotechnia Lab Book Vanoccio Biringuccio Probierbuchlein Metallurgy Paracelsus (Theophrastus von Hohenheim) De Re Metallica Metallurgy Agricola (George Bauer) Bernard Palissy The Alchemist Emperor Rudolf Duetrattati, uno torn alle otto principali arti del loreficeria Cellini Benvenuto Li tre libri dellarte del vasio Cipriano Michele di Piccolpasso Arts Vetraria Lab Book Antonio Neri Natural Philosophy of Metals Economic Theory+Alchemy Johan Becher Book Cuneform Tablets Six Receipts of Chin Leyden X Type

1330 A.D. 1335. A.D. 1380 A.D. 1395-1415 1431 A.D. 1400s A.D. 1437 A.D. 1480-1538 A.D. 1493-1541 A.D. 1494-1555A.D. 1509 A.D. 1552-1600s 1568 A.D. 1524-1579 A.D. 1612 1661

661 - Tables J: Time Lines

Date 140-131 B.C. 110-119A.D. 600-609 632 625-650 748 751 987/8 1025

1041-1048 1068 1096 1107 1109 1276 1391 1420-1429 1435 1440 1494

Table J.12: Timeline for Paper Event Chinese make paper for packaging material Chinese paper is usedfor printing Chinese use wood block printing Prophet Mohammed dies Hellenistic city of Alexandria (site of first chemical school) captured by Islams First newspaper (Chinese Kao Hsien-chih defeated in Samarkand. Paper manufacturing transferred to Islamic world through capture of chinese papermakers al-Muqaddasi receives 2 dinars for bookbinding in Yemen Library at Cordova contains 250,000 books Mu izz ibn Badis: treatise on bookbinding Book of the Staff of the Scribes and Implements of the Discerning with a Description of the Line, the Pens, Soot Inks, Liq, Gall Kinks, Dyeing, and Details of Bookbinding. Pi Sheng invents the movable type Library of Fatimids in Cairo sacked First Crusade Mongols sack library of Abbasids in Baghdad Colored printing used by Chinese to prevent counterfeiting Earliest sample of European paper. Paper mill established in Montefano Paper mill established in Nuremberg Ink chemistry established by printer Peter Schoeffer who begins printing with colored inks in Europe Fall of Constantiople (and its library) to the Turks Johann Gutenberg invents the movable type in Europe Paper mill established in England

662 - Tables J: Time Lines

Date 1500 B.C. 1450-1350 B.C. 1000-850 B.C. 600 300-200 140-260A.D. 200-300 300-500 300-400 <1300 A.D. <1300 1300-1650 1450-1750 1700-1850 >1804

Table J.13: Time Line for Lead Based Yellows Location Object Pigment Tell al-Rimah Glass Pb2Sb2O7 Lead Antimonate/Naples Yellow Nuzi Glass Hasanlu Glass Nimrud Glass Rhodes Glass Caerleon Glass Sardis Glass Kenchreai Glass PbSnO3 Lead Tin Yellow II Shavei Zion Glass PbSnO3 Europe Paints Orpiment Europe Paints PbO Massicot Lead Tin YellowII/Venetian Yellow Europe Paints PbSn1-xSixO3 Lead Tin Yellow I/ Giallolino Europe Paints Pb2SnO4 Lead Antimonate/Naples Yellow Europe Paints Pb2Sb2O7 Glazes Chrome Yellow Europe Paints PrCrO4 PbCrO4-PbSO4 Light fast chrome yellow

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Table J.14: Events of the Reformation Christianity established in Roman Empire 324 A.D. Division of Roman Empire into East and West 364 re-establishment of Western Empire; Holy Roman Empire Charlemagne Crowned Emporer 800 First Crusade 1096 Invention of the Western printing press 1450 Fall of Contstantiople to the Turks 1453 Explusion of the Jews From Spain 1491 Columbus 1492 Luther pens his Diatribe against Rome 1517 Conquest of Mexico by Catholic Spain 1519-1521 (Economic instability as Gold/silver flood Europe) Henry VIII declares himself head of Anglican Church 1531 Massacre of the Hugenots (Protestants) in France 1572 Galileo 1564-1642 Elizabeth I, Queen of England 1558-1603 Spanish campaigns in the Holland Lowlands 1566-1579 Spanish Armada 1588 Emporer Rudolf II of Holy RomanEmpire, Prague 1587 An alchemist, himself Explusion of the Muslims From Spain 1609 30 years War 1618-1648 Mayflower (Puritans and Hugenots) 1620 English Civil War (Cromwell) 1642 Becher Publishes First Alchemy Book 1656 In Emporer Ferdinand IIIs court, Vienna English Restoration of Monarchy, Charles II 1660

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Timeline J.15
Time line for Roman Republic and Empire Date 509 B.C. 480 390 376-367 348 312 281-275 266 264-241 225 219 206 146 83-82 64 58-49 49 43 42 36 31 31BC-14AD 19-14 6 A.D. 37 41 47 54-68 64 68-117 79 98-117 117 161 193-197 232 249-251 253-268 284 324 337 364 410 412 439 455 458 466 Event Tarquins expelled from Rome Carthaginians defeated Rome destroyed by Gauls Patricians/Plebes war, granted equal rights. Treaty with Carthage War with Etruscans ~300 Pyrrhic War Rome mistress of all Italy First Punic War Gauls repulsed in Italy Hannibal crosses the Alps ~212 Carthaginians driven out of Spain Conquest of Carthage, Greece, sack of Corinth ~141 Sulla Civil War Syria becomes a Roman province Caesar's Gallic command Ceasar dictator Denarius retariffed No bronze minted in Rome Romano-Syrian tetradachms Introduction of Denarius First Silver Coinage

~46 Start of regular gold coinage Second oligargy (Octavius Caesar, Mark Antony, Lepidu) Defeat of Brutus and Cassius 38-31 Debasement of Anthony's silver Defeat of Pompey Defeat of Anthony and Cleopatra Octavian (Augustus) ~23 Reform of bronze coinage Conquest of Spain completed, Austria added to Empire Romans abandon Germany ~5 B.C. Reform of silver/bronze at Antioch Caligula emperor Claudius emperor ~40 End of Civic coinage in west Rome conquers Britain Nero emperor 64 Nero's reforms and debasements Nero sets fire to Rome 8 emperors Vesuvius erupts, Titus Trajan ~107 Debasement and withdrawal of earlier silver Hadrian emperor Marcus Aurelius emperor Civil War 195 Debasement of silver Persian War Trajan Decius Withdrawal of denarii Goths appear Collapse of silver, end of bronze, debasement of gold Diocletian emperor Reforms of gold, silver and bronze Constantine, first Christian emperor Founding of Constantinople 355-400 Plentiful silver Empire divided Goths burn Rome Vandals take Spain Vandals plunder Italy Vandals plunder Rome Franks conquer Paris Visigoths establish king under Eric

Source on Coinage: Burnett, Andrew, Coinage in the Roman World, 1987, p. 162-163

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666 - Tables J: Time Lines

Date: 300 A.D. 722-815 865-925 980-1037 1214-1292 1250 A.D. 1300 1317 1323 1330 1380 1404 1418 1500 1530 1561-1626 1685-1761 1794

Timeline J.16 Timeline for Mineral Acids Event Leyden papyrus X Describes false Ag/Au recipe Seventy Books Jabir ibn Hayyan Abu-Bakr Muhammed ibnZakariya al Razi (Rhazes),Persia Persian medicine Abu Ali al-Hussin ibn Abdallah ibn Sina (Avicenna) Opus Majus Roger Bacon Speculum Naturale Vincentius Bellovacensis, compendium of Pliny, Aristotal, Plato, Theophrastus, vitruvius, and Rhazes. 1st description of mineral acids Geber Alchemies prohibited PopeJohn XXII excommunication of friars HerveNedelic, General of the Dominican Friars Physicus: Intro. To the Artsof Alchemy Petrus Bonus Alchemical tools forbidden Charles V of France Alchemy forbidden Henry IV Alchemy forbidden Venice Assayers descriptions of acid Anonymous Agricola applies mineral acids systematically to gold Francis Bacon describes reactions of acids with gold and silver Paracelsus English process for oil of vitriol Joshua Ward Lead acid chamber process Johen Roebuck, M.D.

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Timeline J. 17 : Date Analytical Technique Limit of Detection

Co developments in Analysis and Regulation Media Goal or Regulatory Limit Agency

1921

Paint

1923 Gas 1925 Dithizone 20 ppb-5 ppm 1933 Work 150 g/m3 (Goal) 1957 Work 500-200 g/m3 mid 1960s Blood 40 g/dL acceptable 1960s AAS 20-50 ppb ASV 20-50 ppb 1970s GFAA 0.05-50 ppb Keppler Report recommends proficiency testing 1971 Paint LBPPPA (Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act) Work 150 g/m3 (Goal) 1973 Paint Residential Paint <0.5% 1974 Water Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1975 ZPP >250 ppb (20-25 g/dL) Blood 30 g/dL Work 100 g/m3` 1976 TEL phase out 1978 Work 50 g/m3 Paint Residential Paint<0.06% 1980s LEAF 0.2 to 9 ppt ICP-AES 20 ppt ICP-MS 1-10 ppt 1985 Soil 1000 g/g 1985 1988 1991 1991 1992 1997 1997 2000 2000 2010

2% metallic lead in paint; no interior TEL introduced

ILO Bureau of Mines US Public Health CDC

President Nixon ACGIH U.S. Congress CDC OSHA EPA OSHA U.S. Congress

Minnesota (no National Standard) Blood 25 g/dL CDC Water 5g/L (Proposed Under SDWA) Blood 10 g/dL CDC Cans Solder Banned in Canned Food U.S. Congress Paint Title X Lead Paint Disclosure Act U.S. Congress Protection of Children from Environmental Health and Safety Risks President Clinton EPA & HUD Paint 200 g/ft2 interior floor 500 ug/ft2 interior window sill 800 g/ft2 exterior window sill Soil Universal Ban of any chemical Denmark T1/2 > 8 weeks 2000x accumulation fish/ocean US Public Health Goal: Elimination of Childhood Lead Poisoning

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669 - Tables J: Time Lines