SUBMITTED BY: ALOK KUMAR BRANCH: MECHANICAL ENGG.(BE 2nd YR.

) COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGG, UDAIPUR MPUAT UNIVERSITY UDAIPUR(RAJASTHAN)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank N.T.PC. BADARPUR for providing me a golden opportunity to work with them . The support and the environment provided to me during my project was more than what anyone would have expected. I am very grateful to Mr. MAN MOHAN SINGH(DY. MANAGER) who granted me the opportunity of working as a summer trainee at mechanical Division. I would also like to thanks Mrs RACHNA BHAL (H.R.) , Mr. G.D SHARMA(TRAINING COORDINATOR) and my instructors of B.M.D.,P.A.M., T.M.D. and divisions without them I would not be able to perform such a delightful job. And at last I would like to thanks all the people involve in the training who helped me in accomplishing it in such a wonderful way.

PREFACE
NTPC is one of the most important industry for producing
the electricity.Every 3rd ball in india is glown by NTPC. There are various divisions in NTPC for various branches like mechanical division, electrical division etc. The main objective of preparing this report has been to present the operations of BMD, PAM, TMD of mechanical division in a logical, innovative and lucide manner. The basic theory presented in this report has been evolved out of simple and readily understood principles. A sincere effort has been made to maintain physical concepts in various operations. An effort has been made to give a balanced presentation of this report with the help of figures, different types of data and related suitable theories as well as concepts. Eventually, again I would like to thank BTPS. ALOK KUMAR BE 2ND YEAR Email:alok2deckumar@gmail.com

TRAINING SCHEDULE
DEPARTMENT PERIOD REPORTING OFFICER S.S. (B.M.D.)

B.M.D

30.05.2011 TO 11.06.2011

P.A.M

15.06.2011 TO 18.06.2011

S.S. (P.A.M.)

T.M.D

20.06.2011 TO 25.06.2011

S.S. (T.M.D.)

* *

CONTENTS
ABOUT N.T.P.C

(NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION)

INTRODUCTION VISION, MISSION AND CORE VALUES POWER PLANT OPERATIONS OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCES CAPACITY COAL STATION GAS STATION CAPTIVE POWER PLANT POWER STATIONS IN INDIA

ABOUT B.T.P.S
(BADARPUR THERMAL POWER STATION) INTRODUCTION TRASFORMATION OF ENERGY COAL CYCLE COAL TO ELECTRICITY BASIC POWER PLANT CYCLE

ABOUT BMD (BOILER MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT)

BOILER DESCRIPTION FEED WATER & CONDENSATE CYCLE COMBUSTION PRINCIPLE(TRIPLE TS)

FURNACE & THEIR TYPE BASICS OF FAN & DRAFT SYSTEM PULVERISER(COAL IN TO PULVERISED COALOUT ) BOILER AUXILIARIES AND MOUNTINGS

ABOUT PAM (PLANT AUXILIARY MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT)

THEORY OF CIRCULATION OF WATER ASH HANDLING PLANT CSP HOUSE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

ABOUT TMD

(TURBINE MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT)

STEAM TURBINE THEORY STEAM CYCLE TURBINE CLASSIFICATION TURBINE CYCLE DESCRIPTION OF MAIN TURBINE TURBINE AUXILLIARIES AN THEIR ARRANGEMENT

Public Type 1975 Founded Headquarters Delhi, India R S Sharma, Chairman Key people & Managing Director Electricity generation Industry Electricity Products INR 261 billion (2006) Revenue or USD 5.91 billion INR 5.8 billion (2006) Net income or USD 131 million 23867 (2006) Employees http://www.ntpc.co.in Website BRIEFING NTPC
National Thermal Power Corporation is the largest power generation company in India. Forbes Global 2000 for 2008 ranked it 411th in the world. It is an Indian public sector company listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange although at present the Government of India holds 89.5% of its equity. NTPC was established as a public sector power utility by Government of

India on November 7, 1975. The reason NTPC was created was to bridge the huge electricity supply-demand gap and the State Electricity Boards were not able to cope up with the situation. True to the expectation, it played a key role in the development of the sector, lighting every fourth bulb in the country, become the largest power utility of India, Sixth largest thermal power generator in the World and the Second most efficient utility in terms of capacity utilization. Rightly, NTPC has set for itself the Vision statement To be one of the worlds largest and best power utilities, powering Indias growth. Vision
To be a catalyst in development of wholesale power market in India enabling trading operation.

Mission
Provide good value to potential sellers and develop commercial arrangements . Enable NTPC to maintain optimal generation level through mutually beneficial trading. Provide viable alternatives to buyers for meeting their demands.

Plan and establish a Power Exchange at National Level using state-of-the-art technology. Our Core Values (BCOMIT)

Business Ethics Customer Focus Organizational & Professional Pride Mutual Respect and Trust Innovation & Speed Total Quality for Excellence

INSTALLED CAPACITY

NTPC Owned 15 COAL Based Plants 23,395 MW

 07 GAS/LIQ. FUEL Based Plants 3,955MW

Owned by JVCs 3 Coal Based JVC Plants 314* MW (* Captive Power Plant under JV with SAIL)

GRAND TOTAL 27,904 MW COAL STATIONS Total - 22,895 MW # Power Plant 1 Singrauli 2 Korba 4 Farakka 5 Vindhyachal 6 Rihand State Commissioned Capacity (MW)

Uttar Pradesh 2,000 Chattishgarh 2,100 West Bengal 1,600 Madhya Pradesh 3,260

Uttar Pradesh 2,000

7 Kahalgaon 8 NCTPP Dadri Talcher Kaniha

Bihar

1340

Uttar Pradesh 840

Orissa

3000

10 Unchahar

Utter Pradesh 1050

11

Talcher Angul

Orissa Andhra Pradesh

460

12 Simhadri 13 Tanda 14 Badarpur 15 Sipat-II

1,000

Uttar Pradesh 440 Delhi 705

Chattishgarh 500

GAS/LIQ. FUEL STATIONS

Total - 3955 MW

Power Plant

State

Commissioned Capacity (MW)

1 Anta 6 1 Auraiya 7 1 Kawas 8 1 Dadri 9

Rajasthan

413

Uttar Pradesh 652

Gujrat

645

Uttar Pradesh 817

2 Jhanor-Gandhar Gujrat 0 2 Kayamkulam 1 2 Faridabad 2 Kerala

648

350

Haryana

430

CAPATIVE POWER PLANT UNDER JV WITH SAIL & GAIL Total - 1054 MW

Power Plant

State

Commissioned Capacity (MW)

2 Durgapur 3 2 Rourkela 4 2 Bhilai 5 2 Ratnagiri Gas Power 6 Plant Limited

West Bengal 120

Orissa

120

Chattishgarh 74

Maharashtra 740

CAPACITY ADDITION Additional capacity under implementation in 10'th Five Year Plan (2002-2007)

Power Plant

State

Projected Capacity Commissioning (MW) Date 210 Sept 2006

1 Unchahar Stage-3 Kahalgaon Phase-2 (Stage-1) Unit-5

Uttar Pradesh Bihar

500

Nov 2006

Vindhyachal Stage-3 Madhya Unit-9 Pradesh Kahalgaon Phase-2 (Stage-2) Unit-7 Kahalgaon Phase-2 (Stage-1) Unit-6 Bihar

500

July 2006

500

Mar 2007

Bihar

500

May 2007 Jun 2007

6 Sipat Stage-2 Unit-1

Chattishgarh 500

Bhilai (JV with SAIL) Chattishgarh 250 Unit-1 Vindhyachal Stage-3 Madhya Unit-10 Pradesh 500

Jul 2007

Mar 2007

Bhilai (JV with SAIL) Chattishgarh 250 Unit-2 Chattishgarh 500 4710 MW

Oct 2007

1 Sipat Stage-2 Unit-2 0

Dec 2007

Total

UPCOMING/FUTURE PROJECTS In November 2007, NTPC signed a joint venture with Indian Railways to set up a 1,000 Mega Watt (MW) power plant in Nabinagar in Bihar. The JV would be called Bharatiya Rail Bijlee Company.

NTPC POWER STATIONS IN INDIA

DESCRIPTIONN OF BTPS (BADARPUR THERMAL POWER STATION)

Address: Telephone: Fax: Email: Installed Capacity Derated Capacity Location Coal Source Water Source Beneficiary States Unit Sizes

Badarpur,New Delhi 110 044 (STD-011) - 26949523 26949532 720 MW 705 MW New Delhi Jharia Coal Fields Agra Canal Delhi 3X95 MW 2X210 MW

Unit I- 95 MW - July 1973 Unit II- 95 MW August 1974 Unit III- 95 MW March 1975 Units Commissioned Unit IV - 210 MW December 1978 Unit V - 210 MW - December 1981 Ownership of BTPS was transferred to NTPC with effect from 01.06.2006 Transfer of BTPS to through GOIs Gazette Notification. NTPC

COAL TO ELECTRICITY TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY COAL

Chemical energy Thermal energy

BOILER

STEAM TURBINE
Mechanical energy

DIFFERENT LOADS
Light energy or other required energy

GENERATOR
Electrical energy

CHP (COAL HANDALING DEPARTMENT) OR (COAL CYCLE)

From Jharia mines

Railway wagon

BTPS wagon tripper Magnetic separator

Crusher house

Coal stock yard

RC bunker

RC feeder

Bowl mill

Furnace Basic Power Plant Cycle The thermal (steam) power plant uses a dual (vapour + liquid) phase cycle. It is a closed cycle to enable the working fluid (water) to be used again and again. The cycle used is "Rankine Cycle" modified to include super heating of steam, regenerative feed water heating and reheating of steam.

On large turbines, it becomes economical to increase the cycle efficiency by using reheat, which is a way of partially overcoming temperature limitations. By returning partially expanded steam, to a reheat, the average temperature at which heat is added, is increased and, by expanding this reheated steam to the remaining stages of the turbine, the exhaust wetness is considerably less than it would otherwise be conversely, if the maximum tolerable wetness is allowed, the initial pressure of the steam can be appreciably increased. Coal to Steam Coal from the coal wagons is unloaded in the coal handling plant. This Coal is transported up to the raw coal bunkers with the help of belt conveyors. Coal is transported to Bowl Mills by Coal feeders The coal is pulverized in the Bowl Mill, where it is ground to a powder form. The mill consists of a round metallic table on which coal particles fall. This table is rotated with the help of a motor. There are three large steel rollers which are spaced 120" apart. When there is no coal, these rollers does not rotate but when the coal is fed to the table it packs up between roller and the table and this

forces the rollers to rotate. Coal is crushed by the crushing action between the rollers and rotating table. This crushed coal is taken away to the furnace through coal pipes with the help of hot and cold air mixture from P.A. Fan.

Water from the boiler feed pump passes through economizer and reaches the boiler drum. Water from the drum passes through down comers and goes to bottom ring header. Water from the bottom ring header is divided to all the four sides of the furnace. Due to heat and- the density difference the water rises up in the water wall tubes . "Water is partly converted to steam 'as it rises up in the furnace. This steam and water mixture is again taken to the boiler drum where the steam is separated from water. Water follows the same path while the steam is sent to superheaters for

superheating. The superheaters are located inside the furnace and the steam is superheated (540"C) and finally it goes to turbine. Steam to mechanical Power From the boiler, a steam pipe conveys steam to the turbine through a stop valve (which can be used to. shut off steam in an emergency) and through control valves that automatically regulate the supply of steam to the turbine where it passes through a ring of stationary blades fixed to the cylinder wall. These act as nozzles and direct the steam into a second ring of moving blades mounted on a disc which rotates the blades and its passage of some heat energy is changed into mechanichal energy.

The turbine shaft usually rotates at 3,000 revolutions per minute. This speed is determined by the frequency of the electrical system used in this country and is the speed at which a 2- pole generator must be driven to generate alternating current at a frequency of 50 cycles per second.

BOILER
DESCRIPTION: A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications

Construction of boilers is mainly of steel, stainless steel, and wrought iron. In live steam models, copper or brass is often used. Historically copper was often used for fireboxes (particularly for steam locomotives), because of its

better thermal conductivity. The price of copper now makes this impractical. Cast iron is used for domestic water heaters. Although these are usually termed "boilers", their purpose is to produce hot water, not steam, and so they run at low pressure and try to avoid actual boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for steam pressure vessels.

The steam generating boiler has to produce steam at the high purity, pressure and temperature required for the steam turbine that drives the electrical generator. The boiler includes the economizer, the steam drum, the chemical dosing equipment, and

the furnace with its steam generating tubes and the superheater coils. Necessary safety valves are located at suitable points to avoid excessive boiler pressure. The air and flue gas path equipment include: forced draft (FD) fan, air preheater (APH), boiler furnace, induced draft (ID) fan, fly ash collectors (electrostatic precipitator or baghouse) and the flue gas stack.[1][2] [3]

Schematic diagram of typical coal-fired power plant steam generator highlighting the air preheater (APH) location.

SPECIFICATIONS:
MAIN BOILER: Evaporation Feed watertemperature Feed waterleaving economizer AT 100% LOAD 700t/hr 247C 276C

STEAM TEMPERATURE:

Drum Super heater outlet Reheat inlet Reheat outlet

341C 540C 332C 540C

STEAM PRESSURE: Drum design Drum operating Super heater outlet Reheat inlet Reheat outlet 158.20 kg/cm2 149.70 kg/cm2 137.00 kg/cm2 26.35 kg/cm2 24.50 kg/cm2

FUEL: COAL DESIGN WORST Fixed carbon 38% 25% Volatile matter 26% 25% Moisture 8% 9% Grindability 50% Hardgrove 45% Hardgrove

OIL:
Calorific value of fuel oil

Sulphur content Moisture content Flash point

10,000 kcal/kg 4.5% W/W 1.1% W/W 66C

FEED WATER CYCLE Deaerator Boiler feed pump H.P. Heater-1 H.P.Heater-2 H.P. Heater-3

Feed water line Economiser

Boiler drum Downcomer Water walls

Condensate Cycle From low pressure turbine Condenser Condensate pump Ejector Gland steam cooler GSC2

LPH2

LPH3

LPH4

Deareator

Principles of Combustion The primary function of oil and coal burning systems the process of steam generation is to provide controlled efficient conversation of the chemical energy of the fuel into heat energy which is then transferred to the heat absorbing surfaces of the steam generator. The combustion elements of a fuel consist of carbon, hydrogen and usually a small amount of sulphur. When combustion is properly completed the exhaust gases will contain, carbon dioxide,. water vapour, sulphur dioxide and a large volume of Nitrogen, Combustion is brought about by combining carbon and hydrogen or hydrocarbons with the oxygen in air. When carbon burns completely, it results in the formation of a gas known as carbon dioxide. When carbon burns incompletely it forms carbon monoxide. The following factors in efficient combustion are usually referred to as "The three Ts

Time: It will take a definite time to heat the fuel to its ignition temperature and having ignited, it will also take time to bum. Consequently sufficient time must be allowed for complete combustion of the fuel to take place in the chamber. Temperature: A fuel will not burn until it has reached its ignition temperature. The speed at which this Temperature will be reached is increased by preheating the combustion air. The temperature of the flame of the burning fuel may vary with the

quantity of air used. Too much combustion air will lower the flame temperature and may cause unstable ignition. Turbulence: Turbulence is introduced to achieve a rapid relative motion between the air and the fuel particles. It is found that this produces a quick propagation of the flame and its rapid spread throughout the fuel/air mixture in the combustion chamber. Combustion efficiency: It varies with individual different grades of fuel within each boiler. The idea to be aimed at is the correct quantity of air together with good mixing of fuel and air to obtain the maximum heat release. Maximum combustion efficiency depends on Design of the boiler. Fuel used. Skill in obtaining combustion with the minimum amount of excess air. FURNACE INTRODUCTION: Furnace is primary part of boiler where the chemical energy of fuel is converted to thermal energy by combustion. Furnace is designed for efficient and complete combustion. Major factors that assist for efficient combustion are amount of fuel inside the furnace and turbulence, which causes rapid mixing between fuel and air. In modern boilers, water-cooled furnaces are used.

TYPES OF FURNACE P.F. FIRED DRY BOTTOM FURNACE: The tall rectangular radiant type furnace has now become a feature of modern dry bottom P.F. boiler. Indorsed height not only facilitates adequate natural circulation but also aids reduction of furnace exit gas temperature and hence less soot deposit in superheaters and reheaters. SLAG TYPE FURNACE: Furnace of this type normally has two parts. Primary furnace is used for very high rate of combustion. Provision is to make molten slag and crush the granular form for easy disposal. As the ash has to flow from the primary furnace, coal having low melting temperature can only be used. To obtain high temperature inside the primary surface that will facilitate the easy flow of ash, very small but highly rated design is needed for primary furnace hence maintenance is needed. OIL FIRED BOILER FURNACE: Normally about 65% of furnace volume is enough for an oil-fired boiler as compared to the corresponding P.F. fired boiler. Oil-fired furnace is generally closed at the bottom, as there is no need to remove slag as in case of P.F. fired boiler. The bottom part will have small amount of slope to prevent film boiler building in the bottom tubes. If boiler has to design for both P.F. as well as oil, the furnace has to be designed for coal, as otherwise higher heat loading with P.F. will cause slogging and high furnace exit gas temperature.

SPECIFICATIONS FURNACE Width Depth Height Volume 13.868 m 10.592 m 42.797 m 5210 m3

BOILER DRUM Drum is of fusion-welded design with welded hemispherical dished ends. It is provided with stubs for welding all the connecting tubes i.e. downcomers, risers, pipes, saturated steam outlet. The function of steam drum internals is to separate the water from the steam generated in the furnace walls and to reduce the dissolved solid contents of the steam below the prescribed limit of 1 ppm and also take care of the sudden change of steam demand for boiler.

The secondary stage of two opposed banks of closely spaced thin corrugated sheets, which direct the steam and force the remaining entertained water against the corrugated plates. Since the velocity is relatively low this water does not get picked up again but runs down the plates and off the second stage of the two steam outlets. From the secondary separators the steam flows upwards to the series of screen dryers, extending in layers across the length of the drum. These screens perform the final stage of separation. WATER WALLS: Water flows to the water walls from the boiler drum by natural circulation. The front and the two side water walls constitute the main evaporation surface absorbing the bulk of radiant heat of the fuel burnt in the chamber. The front and rear walls are bent at the lower ends to form a water-cooled slag hopper. The upper part of the chamber is narrowed to achieve perfect mixing of combustion gases. The water walls tubes are connected to headers at the top and bottom. The rear water walls tubes at the top are grounded in four rows at a wider pitch forming the grid tubes. REHEATER Reheater is used to raise the temperature of steam from which a part of energy has been extracted in highpressure turbine. This is another method of increasing the cycle efficiency. Reheating srequires additional equipment I.e. Heating surface connecting boiler and turbine pipe safety equipment like safety valve, non-return valve, isolating valves, high pressure feed pump, etc. Reheater is composed to two sections namely front and rear pendant section which is located above the furnace arch between water-cooled screen wall tubes and rear wall hanger tubes.

Super heaters Whatever type of boiler is used, steam will leave the water at its surface and pass into the steam space. Steam formed above the water surface in a shell boiler is always saturated and cannot become superheated in the boiler shell, as it is constantly in contact with the water surface. If superheated steam is required, the saturated steam must pass through a superheater. This is simply a heat exchanger where additional heat is added to the saturated steam. In water-tube boilers, the superheater may be an additional pendant suspended in the furnace area where the hot gases will provide the degree of superheat required (see Figure 3.4.4). In other cases, for example in CHP schemes where the gas turbine exhaust gases are relatively cool, a separately fired superheater may be needed to provide the additional heat.

Fig. A water tube boiler with a super heater

If accurate control of the degree of superheat is required, as would be the case if the steam is to be used to drive turbines, then an attemperator (desuperheater) is fitted. This is a device installed after the superheater, which injects water into the superheated steam to reduce its temperature. ECONOMISER The function of an economizer in a steam generating unit is to absorb heat from the flue gases and add as a sensible heat to the feed-water before the water enters the evaporation circuit of the boiler. Earlier economizer were introduced mainly to recover the heat available in flue gases that leaves the boiler and provision of this addition heating surface increases the efficiency of steam generators. In the modern boilers used for power generation feedwater heaters were used to increase the efficiency of turbine unit and feed-water temperature.

LOCATION AND MAINTENANCE: It is usual to locate economizer ahead of air heater. Counter flow arrangement is normally selected so that heating surface requirement is kept minimum for the same

temperature drop in flue gas. Water flow is from bottom to top so that steam if any formed during the heat transfer can move along with water and the lock up steam which will cause overheating and failure of economizer tube. Manholes and adequate spacing between the banks of tubes are provided for inspection and maintenance works. AIR PREHEATER Air preheater absorbs waste heat from the flue gases and transfers this heat to incoming cold air, by means of continuously rotating heat transfer element of specially formed metal plates. Thousands of these high efficiency elements are spaced and compactly arranged within 12 sections. Sloped compartments of a radially divided cylindrical shell called the rotor. The housing surrounding the rotor is provided with duct connecting both the ends and is adequately scaled by radial and circumferential scaling. Air Preheater consists of: Connecting plates Housing Rotor Heating surface elements Bearings Sector plates and Sealing arrangement SPECIFICATIONS

Number of air preheater per unit Heater size Approx heating surface Rotor drive motor

2 27-VI-(T)-74 casing 19000 m2 each 15 H.P.

 Speed reduction ratio Approx oil capacity Solenoid Value

110:1 13 Gallons 110 V, A.C.

Basics of Fans The air we need for combustion in the furnace and the flue gas that we must evacuate would not possible without using fans. A fan is capable of imparting energy to the air/gas in the form of a boost in pressure. We overcome the losses through the system by means of this pressure boost. The boost is dependent on density for a given fan at a given speed. The higher the temperature, the lower is the boost. Fan performance (Max. capability) is represented as volume vs. pressure boost. The basic information needed to select a fan is: Air or Gas flow (Kg/hr). Density (function of temperature and pressure). System, resistance (losses). Classification of Fans In boiler practice, we meet the following types of fans. Axial fans Centrifugal (Radial) fans Axial Fans In this type the movement of air or gas is parallel to its exit of rotation. These fans are better suited to low resistance applications.

The axial flow fan uses the screw like action of a multiplied rotating shaft, or propeller, to move air or gas in a straight through path.

Centrifugal Fan This fan moves gas or air perpendicular to the axis of rotation. There are advantages when the air must be moved in a system where the frictional resistance is relatively high.

The blade wheel whirls air centrifugally between each pair of blades and forces it out peripherally at high velocity and high static pressure. More air is sucked in at the eye of the impeller. As the air leaves the revolving blade tips, part of its velocity is converted into additional static pressure by scroll shaped housing.

There are three types of blades. Backward curved blades. Forward curved blades. Radial blades. Draft System Before a detailed study of industrial fans it is in the fitness of things to understand the various draft systems maintained by those fans.

The terms draft denotes the difference between the atmospheric pressure and the pressure existing in the furnace. Depending upon the draft used, we have Natural Draft Induced Draft Forced Draft Balanced Draft System

Natural Draft

In natural draft units the pressure differentials are obtained have constructing tall chimneys so that vacuum is' created in the furnace Due to small pressure difference, air is admitted into the furnace. Induced Draft

In this system the air is admitted to natural pressure difference and the flue gases are taken out by means of induced Draft fans and the furnace is maintained under vacuum. Forced Draft

A set of forced draft fans are made use of for supplying air to the furnace and so the furnace is pressurized. The flue gases are taken out due to the pressure difference between the furnace and the atmosphere. Balance Draft

Here a set of Induced and Forced Draft Fans are utilized in maintaining a vacuuming the furnace. Normally all the power stations utilize this draft system. Industrial Fans

I.D. Fan The induced Draft Fans are generally of Axial -Impulse Type. Impeller nominal diameter is of the order of 2500 mm. The fan consists of the following sub-assemblies Suction Chamber Inlet Vane Control Impeller Outlet Guide Vane Assembly

The outlet guides are fixed in between the case of the diffuser and the casing. These guide vanes serve to direct the flow axially and to stabilize the draft-flow caused in the impeller. These outlet blades are removable type from outside. During operation of the fan itself these blades can be replaced one by one. Periodically the outlet blades can be removed one at a time to find out the extent of wear on the blade. If excessive wear is noticed the blade can be replaced by a new blade. F.D Fan The fan, normally of the same type as ID Fan, consists of the following components: * Silencer * Inlet bend

* Fan housing * Impeller with blades and setting mechanism * Guide wheel casing with guide vanes and diffuser.

The centrifugal and setting forces of the blades are taken up by the blade bearings. The blade shafts are placed in combined radial and axial antifriction bearings which are sealed off to the outside. The angle of-incidence of the blades may be adjusted during operation. The characteristic pressure volume curves of the fan may be changed in a large range without essentially modifying the efficiency. The fan can then be easily adapted to changing operating conditions. The rotor is accommodated in cylindrical roller bearings and an inclined ball bearing at the drive side adsorbs the axial thrust. Lubrication and cooling these bearings is assured by a combined oil level and circulating lubrication system. Primary Air Fan P.A. ran if flange mounted design, single stage suction, NDFV type, backward curved bladed radial fan operating on the principle of energy transformation due to centrifugal forces. Some amount of the velocity energy is converted to pressure energy in the spiral casing. The fan is driven at a constant speed and the flow is controlled by varying the angle of the inlet vane control. The Special feature of the fan is that is provided with inlet guide vane control with a positive and precise link mechanism.

Pulverizer A pulverizer is a mechanical device for the grinding of many different types of materials. For example, they are used to pulverize coal for combustion in the steam-generating furnaces of fossil fuel power plants.

Fig. PULVERIZER

Types of Pulverizers Ball and Tube Mills A ball mill is a pulverizer that consists of a horizontal rotating cylinder, up to three diameters in length, containing a charge of tumbling or cascading steel balls, pebbles, or rods. A tube mill is a revolving cylinder of up to five diameters in length used for fine pulverization of ore, rock, and other such materials; the material, mixed with water, is fed into the chamber from one end, and passes out the other end as slime. Ring and Ball Mill This type of mill consists of two rings separated by a series of large balls. The lower ring rotates, while the upper ring presses down on the balls via a set of spring and adjuster assemblies. The material to be pulverized is introduced into the center or side of the pulverizer (depending on the design) and is ground as the lower ring rotates causing the balls to orbit between the upper and lower rings. The pulverized material is carried out of the mill by the flow of air moving through it. The size of the pulverized particles released from the grinding section of the mill is determined by a classifer separator. MPS Mill Similar to the Ring and Ball Mill, this mill uses large "tires" to crush the coal. These are usually found in utility plants. Bowl Mill

Similar to the MPS mill, it also uses tires to crush coal. There are two types, a deep bowl mill, and a shallow bowl mill. Advantage of pulverized coal Efficient utilization of cheap and low grade coal Flexibility to meet fluctuating load Elevation of bending loser Boiler Fittings and Mountings
Safety valve

A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the automatic release of a gas from a boiler, pressure vessel, or other system when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits. It is part of a bigger set named Pressure Safety Valves (PSV) or Pressure Relief Valves (PRV). The other parts of the set are named relief valves, safety relief valves, pilot-operated safety relief valves, low pressure safety valves, vacuum pressure safety valves. Function and design

Fig. Boiler safety valve

Boiler stop valves

A steam boiler must be fitted with a stop valve (also known as a crown valve) which isolates the steam boiler and its pressure from the process or plant. It is generally an angle pattern globe valve of the screw-down variety

Fig: Boiler stop valve

The stop valve is not designed as a throttling valve, and should be fully open or closed. It should always be opened slowly to prevent any sudden rise in downstream pressure and associated waterhammer, and to help restrict the fall in boiler pressure and any possible associated priming. Feedwater check valves The feedwater check valve is installed in the boiler feedwater line between the feedpump and boiler. A boiler feed stop valve is fitted at the boiler shell.

The check valve includes a spring equivalent to the head of water in the elevated feedtank when there is no pressure in the boiler. This prevents the boiler being flooded by the static head from the boiler feedtank.

Fig. Boiler check valve

Fig: Location of feed check valve

Pressure gauge All boilers must be fitted with at least one pressure indicator.The usual type is a simple pressur gauge constructed to BS 1780 Part 2 - Class One. The dial should be at least 150 mm in diameter and of the Bourdon tube type, it should be marked to indicate the normal working pressure and the maximum permissible working pressure / design pressure. Pressure gauges are connected to the steam space of the boiler and usually have a ring type siphon tube which fills with condensed steam and protects the dial mechanism from high temperatures. Pressure gauges may be fitted to

other pressure containers such as blowdown vessels, and will usually have smaller dials as shown in Figure

Fig: Typical pressure gauge with ring siphon

Gauge glasses and fittings All steam boilers are fitted with at least one water level indicator, but those with a rating of 100 kW or more should be fitted with two indicators. The indicators are

usually referred to as gauge glasses complying with BS 3463.

Fig. Gauge glass and fittings

A gauge glass shows the current level of water in the boiler, regardless of the boiler's operating conditions. Gauge glasses should be installed so that their lowest reading will show the water level at 50 mm above the point where overheating will occur. They should also be fitted with a protector around them, but this should not hinder visibility of the water level. Gauge glasses are prone to damage from a number of sources, such as corrosion from the chemicals in boiler water, and erosion during blow down, particularly at the steam end. Any sign of corrosion or erosion indicates that a new glass is required. When testing the gauge glass steam connection, the water cock should be closed. When testing the gauge glass water connections, the steam cock pipe should be closed. Gauge glass guards The gauge glass guard should be kept clean. When the guard is being cleaned in place, or removed for

cleaning,

the

gauge

should

be

temporarily

shut-off.

Make sure there is a satisfactory water level before shutting off the gauge and take care not to touch or knock the gauge glass. After cleaning, and when the guard has been replaced, the gauge should be tested and the cocks set in the correct position. Coal Bunker These are in process storage silos used for storing crushed coal from the coal handling system. Generally, these are made up of welded steel plates.' Normally, there are six such bunkers supplying coal of the corresponding mills. These are located on top of the mills so as to aid in gravity feeding of coal. Coal Feeder Each mill is provided with a drag link chain/ rotary/ gravimetric feeder to transport raw coal from the bunker to the inlet chute, leading to mill at a desired rate. Mills There are six mill (25% capacity each), for every 200 .MW unit, located adjacent to the furnace at '0' M level. These mills pulverize coal to the desired fineness to be fed to the furnace for combustion. Electrostatic precipitator These are generally two plate type located between boiler and the crr1imney. The precipitator is arranged for horizontal gas flow and is constructed with welded steel casi

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WATER CIRCULATION SYSTEM Theory of circulation Water must flow through the heat absorption surface of the boiler in order that it be evaporated into steam. In drum type units (natural and controlled circulation) the water is circulated from the drum through the generating circuits and then back to the drum where the steam is separated and directed to the super heater. The water leaves the drum through the down comers at a temperature slightly below the saturation temperature. The flow through the furnace wall is at saturation temperature. Heat absorbed in water wall is latent heat of vaporization creating a mixture of steam and water. The ratio of the weight of the water to the weight of the steam in the mixture leaving the heat absorption surface is called

Types of boiler circulating system: Natural circulation system Controlled circulation system Combines circulation system Natural circulation system Water delivered to steam generator from feed heater is at a temperature well below the saturation value corresponding to that pressure. Entering first the economizer it is heated to about 30-40C below saturation temperature. From economizer the water enters the drum and thus joins the circulation system. Water entering the drum flows through the down comer and enters ring heater at the bottom. In the water walls a part of the water is converted to steam and the mixture flows back to the drum. In the drum, the steam is separated, and sent to super heater for super heating and then sent to the high pressure turbine. Remaining water mixes with the incoming water from the economizer and the cycle is repeated. The circulation in this case takes place on the thermo-siphon principle. The dowm comers contain relatively cold water whereas the riser tubes contain a steam water mixture. Circulation takes place at such a rate that the driving force and the frictional resistance in water walls are balanced.

As the pressure increases, the difference in density between water and steam reduces. Thus the hydrostatic head available will not be able to overcome the frictional resistance for a flow corresponding to the minimum requirement of cooling of water wall tubes. Therefore natural circulation is limited to the boiler with drum operating pressure around 175 kg/cm. Controlled circulation system Beyond 80 kg/cm of pressure, circulation is to be assisted with mechanical pumps to overcome the frictional losses. To regulate the flow through various tubes, orifice plates are used. This system is applicable in the high sub-critical regions (200 kg/cm).

Combined circulation system

Beyond the critical pressure, phase transformation is absent, and hence once through system is adopted. However, it has been found that even at super critical pressure, it is advantageous to recirculate the water through the furnace tubes and simplifies the start up procedure. A typical operating pressure for such a system is 260 kg/cm. ASH HANDLING PLANT The ash produced in the boiler is transported to ash dump area by means of sluicing type hydraulic ash handling system, which consists of Bottom ash system, Ash water system and Ash slurry system.

Bottom ash system In the bottom ash system the ash discharged from the furnace bottom is collected in two water compounded scraper through installed below bottom ash hoppers. The ash is continuously transported by means of the scraper chain conveyor onto the respective clinker grinders which reduce the lump sizes to the required fineness. The crushed ash from the bottom ash hopper from where the ash slurry is further transported to operation, the bottom ash can be discharged directly into the sluice channel through the bifurcating chute bypass the grinder. The position of the flap gate in the bifurcating chute bypasses the grinder. The position of the flap gate in the bifurcating chute is to be manually changed.

Fly ash system

The flushing apparatus are provided under E.P. hoppers (40 No.s), economizer hoppers (4 No.s), air pre heaters (2 No.s), and stack hoppers (4 No.s),. The fly ash gets mixed with flushing water and the resulting slurry drops into the ash sluice channel. Low pressure water is applied through the nozzle directing tangentially to the section of pipe to create

turbulence and proper mixing of ash with water. For the maintenance of flushing apparatus plate valve is provided between apparatus and connecting tube. Ash water system High pressure water required for bottom ash hopper quenching nozzles, bottom ash hopper spraying, clinker grinder sealing scraper bars, cleaning nozzles, bottom ash hopper seal through flushing, economizer hopper flushing nozzles and sluicing trench jetting nozzles is tapped from the high pressure water ring mainly provided in the plant area. Low pressure water required for bottom ash hopper seal through make up, scraper conveyor make up, flushing apparatus jetting nozzles for all fly ash hoppers excepting economizer hoppers, is trapped from low pressure water rings mainly provided in the plant area. Ash slurry system Bottom ash and fly ash slurry of the system is sluiced upto ash pump along the channel with the acid of high pressure water jets located at suitable intervals along the channel.

Slurry pump suction line consisting of reducing elbow with drain valve, reducer and butterfly valve and portion of slurry pump delivery line consisting of butterfly valve, pipe & fitting has also been provided. CHPH (CONTROL STRUCTURE PUMP HOUSE) The control system has following pumps: Chlorine pump-2(for chlorination of water) HP pump-6(for boiling of water) LP pump-3(for EP pump house) Fire pump-(incase of fire breakdown) TWS pump-3(for screening of water) CRW pump-3(supply water for water treatment)

This house is known as control house because amount of water to be supplied for treatment is controlled from this house with the help of these pumps. Generally 2 CRW pumps out of 3pumps remains open.similarly,1 FS ,2 LP,4 HP,1 TWS pumps remains open. If more water is needed then others pumps are opened.

WATER TREATMENT PLANT As the types of boiler are not alike their working pressure and operating conditions vary and so do the types and methods of water treatment. Water treatment plants used in thermal power plants are designed to process the raw water to water with vary low in dissolved solids known as "dematerialized water". No doubt, this plant has to be engineered very carefully keeping in view the type of raw water to the thermal plant, its treatment costs and overall economics

Actually, the type of demineralization process chosen for a power station depends on three main factors: The quality of the raw water. The degree of de-ionization i.e. treated water quality Selectivity of resins. Water treatment process which is generally made up of two sections: Pretreatment section Demineralization section Pretreatment section Pretreatment plant removes the suspended solids such as clay, silt, organic and inorganic matter, plants and other microscopic organism. The turbidity may be taken as of two types of suspended solids in water. Firstly, the separable solids and secondly the non separable solids (colloids). The coarse components, such as sand, silt etc, can be removed from the water by simple sedimentation. Finer particles however, will not settle in any reasonable time and must be flocculated to produce the large particles which are settle able. Long term ability to remain suspended in water is basically a function of both size and specific gravity. The settling rate of the colloidal and finely divided (approximately 001 to 1 micron) suspended matter is so slow that removing them from water by plain sedimentation is tank shaving ordinary dimensions is impossible. Settling velocity of finely divided and collide particles under gravity also are so small that ordinary sedimentation is not possible. It is necessary, therefore, to use procedures which agglomerate the small particles into larger aggregates, which have practical settling velocities. The term "Coagulation" and "flocculation" have been used indiscriminately

to describe process of turbidity removal. "Coagulation" means to bring together the suspended particles. The process describes the effect produced by the addition of a chemical Al (SP) g to a colloidal dispersion resulting in particle destabilization by a reduction of force tending to keep particles apart. Rapid mixing is important at this stage to obtain. Uniform dispersion of the chemical and to increase opportunity for particles to particle contact. This operation is done by flash mixer in the c1ariflocculator. Second stage of formation of settle able particles from destabilized colloidal sized particles is termed a "flocculation". Here coagulated particles grow in size by attaching to each other. In contrast to coagulation where the primary force is electrostatic or intrinsic, "flocculation" occurs by chemical bridging. Flocculation is obtained by gentle and prolonged mixing which converts the submicroscopic coagulated particle into discrete, visible & suspended particles. At this stage particles are large enough to settle rapidly under the influence of gravity anomaly be removed.

If pretreatment of the water is not done efficiently then consequences are as follows: Si02 may escape with water which will increase the anion loading. Organic matter may escape which may cause organic fouling in the anion exchanger beds. In the 'pre-treatment plant chlorine addition provision is normally made to combat organic contamination.

 Cation loading may unnecessary increase due to addition of Ca(OH)2 in excess of calculated amount for raising the pH of the water for maximum floe formation and also AKOrDg may precipitate out. If less than calculated amount of Ca(OH)2 is added, proper pH flocculation will not be obtained and silica escape to demineralization section will occur, thereby increasing load on anion bed. Demineralization This filter water is now used for demineralizing purpose and is fed to cation exchanger bed, but enroute being first dechlorinated, which is either done by passing through activated carbon filter or injecting along the flow of water, an equivalent amount of sodium sulphite through some stroke pumps. The residual chlorine which is- maintained in clarification plant to remove organic matter from raw water is now detrimental to action resin and must be eliminated before its entry to this bed.

Normally, the typical scheme of demineralization up to the .mark against an average surface water, is three bed system with a provision of removing gaseous carbon dioxide from water before feeding to Anion Exchanger. Now, let

us see, what happens actually in each bed when water is passed from one to another. Resins, which are built on synthetic matrix of a styrene divinely benzene copolymer, are manufactured in such a way that these have the ability to, exchange one ion for another, hold it temporarily in chemical combination and give it to a strong electrolytic solution. Suitable treatment is also given to them in such a way that a particular resin absorbs only a particular group of ions. Resins, when absorbing and releasing cationic portion of dissolved salts, is called cation, exchanger resin and when removing anionic portion is called anion exchanger resin. preset trend is of employing 'strongly acidic cation exchanger resin and strongly basic anion exchanger resin in a DM Plant of modern thermal power station. We may see that the chemically active group in a cationic resin is SOx-H (normally represented by RH) and in an anionic resin the active group is either tertiary amine or quaternary ammonium group (normally the resin is represented by ROH). The reaction of exchange may be further represented as below

Cation Resin RH + Na K Mg Ca ------------------------- Mg Ca Resin in in H2CO3 form ------------------ RSO4 HNO3 Removed in degasser tower + H2O RNa K + H2SO4 HCl

In the Form of Salts Anion Resin ROH + H2SO4

HCl HNO3

Cl NO3 Resins in exhausted form

Mineral acid Obtain from cation exchanger

The water from the ex-cation contains carbonic acid also sufficiently, which is very weak acid difficult to be removed by strongly basic anion resin and causing hindrance to remove silicate ions from the bed. It is therefore a usual practice to remove carbonic acid before it is led to anion exchanger bed. The ex-cation water is trickled in fine streams from top of a tall tower packed with, rasching rings, and compressed air is passed from the bottom. Carbonic acid breaks into C03 and water mechanically (Henry's Law) with the carbon dioxide escaping into the atmosphere. The water is accumulated in suitable storage tank below the tower, called degassed water dump from where the same is led to anion exchanger bed, using acid resistant pump. The ex-anion water is fed to the mixed bed exchanger containing both cationic resin and anionic resin. This bed not only takes care of sodium slip from cation but also silica slip from anion exchanger very effectively. The final output from the mixed bed is Exira-ordinarily pure water having less than 0.2/Mho conductivity 7.0 and silica content less than 0.02 pm. Any deviation from the above quality means that the resins in mixed bed are exhausted and need regeneration, regeneration of the mixed bed first calls for suitable, back washing and settling, so that the two types of resins are seperated from each other. Lighter anion resin rises to the top and the heavier cation resin settles to the bottom. Both the resins are then regenerated separately with alkali and acid, rinsed to the desired value and air mixed, to mix the resin

again thoroughly. It is then put to final rinsing till the desired quality is obtained. It may be mentioned here that there are two types of strongly basic anion exchanger. Type II resins are slightly less basic than type I, but have higher regeneration efficiency than type I. Again as type II resins are unable to remove silica effectively, type I resins also have to be used for the purpose. As such, the general condition so far prevailing in India, is to employ type II resin in anion exchangers bed and type I resin in mixed bed (for the anionic portion). It is also a general convention to regenerate the above two resins under through fare system i.e. the caustic soda entering into mixed bed for regeneration, of type I anion resin, is utilized to regenerate type II resin in anion exchanger bed. The content of utilizing the above resin and mode of regeneration is now days being switched over from the economy to a higher cost so as to have more stringent quality control of the final D.M. Water. Internal Treatment This final D.M effluent is then either led to hot well of the condenser directly as make up to boilers, or being stored in D.M. Water storage tanks first and then pumped for make up purpose to boiler feed.

As the D.M. Water has a good affinity to absorb carbon dioxide and oxygen, and both are extremely harmful to metal surfaces for their destruction like corrosion, these have to be removed before it is fed to boiler. This is being done in desecrator. Still the residual oxygen which is remaining in the water is neutralized by a suitable doze of hydrazine, at the point after desecrator. To have further minimum corrosion, the pH of feed water is to be maintained at around 9.0 for which purpose ammonia in suitable doze is added to this make up water at a point along with hydrazine as stated above.

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STEAM TURBINE THEORY

Operating Principles A steam turbine's two main parts are the cylinder and the rotor.As the steam passes through the fixed blades or nozzles it expands and its velocity increases. The high-velocity jet of steam strikes the first set of moving blades. The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical energy, causing the shaft to rotate. The steam then enters the next set of fixed blades and strikes the next row of moving blades. As the steam flows through the turbine, its pressure and temperature decreases, while its volume increases. The decrease in pressure and temperature occurs as the steam transmits .energy to the shaft and performs work. After passing through the last turbine stage, the steam exhausts into the condenser or process steam system.

The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical erringly through the impact (impulse) or reaction of the steam against the blades.

STEAM CYCLE
The thermal (steam) power plant uses a dual (vapour + liquid) phase cycle. It is a closed cycle to enable the working fluid (water) to be used again and again. The cycle used is "Rankine Cycle" modified to include super heating of steam, regenerative feed water heating and reheating of steam.

On large turbines, it becomes economic to increase the cycle efficiency by using reheat, which is a way of partially overcoming temperature limitations. By returning partially expanded steam to a reheat, the average temperature at which heat is added is increased and by expanding this reheated steam to the remaining stages of the turbine, the exhaust wetness is considerably less than it would otherwise be conversely, if the maximum tolerable wetness is allowed, the initial pressure of the steam can be appreciably increased.

TURBINE CLASSIFICATION Impulse Turbine:

In Impulse Turbine steam expands in fixed nozzles. The high velocity steam from nozzles does work on moving blades which causes the shaft to rotate. The essential features of impulse turbine are that all pressure drops occur at nozzles and not on blades. A simple impulse turbine is not very efficient because it does not fully use the velocity of the steam. Many impulse turbines are velocity compounded. This means they have two or more sets of moving blades in each stage.

Reaction Turbine:
In this type of turbine pressure is reduced at both fixed & moving blades. Both fixed& moving blades act as nozzles. Work done by the impulse effect of steam due to reversals of direction of high velocity steam. The expansion of steam takes place on moving blades.

A reaction turbine uses the "kickback" force of the steam as it leaves the moving blades and fixed blades have the same shape and act like nozzles. Thus, steam expands, loses pressure and increases in velocity as it passes through both sets of blades. All reaction turbines are pressure-compounded turbines.

Compounding:
Several problems occur if energy of steam is converted in single step & so compounding is done. Following are the types of compounded turbine:

 Velocity Compounded Turbine

Like simple turbine it has only one set of nozzle & entire steam pressure drop takes place there. The kinetic energy of steam fully on the nozzles is utilized in moving blades. The role of fixed blades is to change the direction of steam jet & to guide it.

Pressure Compounded Turbine

This is basically a no. of single impulse turbines in series or on the same shaft. The exhaust of first turbine enters the nozzle of the next turbine. Total pressure drop of steam does not take on first nozzle ring but divided equally on all of them.

 Pressure Velocity Compounded Turbine

It is just the combination of the two compounding has the advantages of allowing bigger pressure drops in each stage & so fewer stages are necessary. Here for given pressure drop the turbine will be shorter length but diameter will be increased. Steam turbines may be classified into different categories depending on their construction, the process by which heat drop is achieved, the initial and final conditions of steam used and their industrial usage. According to the direction of steam flow

Axial turbines Radial turbines

According to the number of cylinder Single - cylinder turbines. Double- cylinder turbines. Three-Cylinder turbines. Four-Cylinder turbines.

 Multi - Cylinder turbines According to the steam conditions at inlet to turbines Low-pressure turbines Medium -pressure turbines High-pressure Turbines of very high pressures Turbines of supercritical pressures According to their usage in industry Turbines with constant speed of rotation primarily used for driving alternators. Steam turbines with variable speed meant for driving turbo blowers, air circulators, pumps etc. Turbines with variable speed: Turbines of this type are usually employed in steamers, ships and railway locomotives (turbo locomotives)

Main Turbine
The 210MW turbine is a tandem compounded type machine comprising of H.P. & I.P. cylinders. The H.P. turbine comprises of 12 stages the I.P. turbine has 11 stages & the L.P. has four stages of double flow. The H.P. & I.P. turbine rotor are rigidly compounded & the I.P. & the I.P. rotor by lens type semi flexible coupling. All the three rotors are aligned on five bearings of which the bearing no.2 is combined with thrust bearing. The main superheated steam branches off into two streams from the boiler and passes through the emergency stop valve and control valve before entering, the governing wheel chamber of the H.P. turbine. After expanding in the 12 stages in the H.P. turbine the steam returned in the boiler for reheating.

The reheated steam from the boiler enter I.P. turbine via interceptor valves and control valves and after expanding enters the L.P. turbine stage via 2 numbers of cross over pipes. In the L.P. stage the steam expands in axially opposite direction to counteract the trust and enters the condenser placed directly below the L.P. turbine. The cooling water flowing throughout the condenser tubes condenses the steam and the condensate collected in the hot well of the condenser. The condensate collected is pumped by means of 3*50% duty condensate pumps through L.P. heaters to deaerator from where the boiler feed pump delivers the water to boiler through H.P. heaters thus forming a closed cycle.

TURBINE CYCLE
Fresh steam from boiler is supplied to the turbine through the emergency stop valve. From the stop valves steam is supplied to control valves situated on H.P. cylinders on the front bearing end. After expansion through 12 stages at the H.P. cylinder steam flows back to boiler for reheating and reheated steam from

the boiler cover to the intermediate pressure turbine trough two interceptor valves and four control valves mounted on the I.P. turbine. After flowing trough I.P. turbine steam enters the middle part of the L.P. turbine through cross over pipes. In L.P. turbine the exhaust steam condenses in the surface condensers welded directly to the exhaust part of L.P. turbine.

The selection of extraction points and cold reheat pressure has been done with a view to achieve the highest efficiency. These are two extractions from H.P. turbine, four from I.P. turbine and one from L.P. turbine. Steam at 1.10 to 1.03 g/sq cm Abs is supplied for the gland sealing. Steam for this purpose is obtained from deaerator through a collection where pressure of steam is regulated. From the condenser condensate is pumped with the help of 3*50% capacity condensate pumps to deaerator through the low pressure regenerative equipments.

Feed water is pumped from deaerator to the boiler through the H.P. heaters by means of 3*50% capacity feed pumps connected before the H.P. heaters.

DESCRIPTION OF MAIN TURBINE Main Components of Turbine: Emergency Stop Valve

Steam from the boiler is supplied to the turbine through two emergency stop valves. The emergency stop valve operated by hydraulic servomotor shuts off steam supply to the turbine when the turbo set is tripped. The emergency stop valves connected to the four control valves through four flexible loop pipes of Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium steel.

H.P. Cylinder
It is made of creep resisting Cr-Mo-V steel casting made of two halves joined at the horizontal plane.

The horizontal joint is secured with the help of studs and nuts made of high creep resisting Cr-Mo-V steel forgings. To ensure H.P. tightness the studs are tightened by heat to a predetermined temperature with the help of electric heater.

H.P. Rotor

The H.P. rotor has discs integrally forged with the shafts and is mechanical forming single Cr-Mo-V steel forging. A special process to prevent abnormal rotor deflection thermally stabilizes the rotor forging.

L.P. Rotor

It consists of shrunk fit discs on a shaft. The shaft is a forging of Cr-Mo-V steel while the discs are of high strength Ni steel forging. The H.P. rotor is connected by rigid couplings whole the I.P. rotor and L.P. rotor are connected by semi-flexible lens type coupling. The rotors are dynamically balanced to a very precise degree.

Turbine Bearings

The three turbine rotors are supported on fine bearings. The second bearing from pedestal side is a combined radial thrust bearing while all others are journal bearings.

Thrust Bearings

It is Mitchell type with bearing surface distributed over a number of bearing surfaces. They are pivoted in housing on the side of I.P. rotor thrust collar. During operation on oil film is forced between pads and thrust collar and there is a no metal-to-metal contact. A second ring of pads on opposite side of thrust collar takes the axial thrust as may occur under abnormal conditions.

L.P. Heaters

Turbine is provided with non-controlled extractions which are utilized for heating the condensate from turbine bleeding system. There are four L.P. heaters. They are equipped with necessary safety valves in steam space level indicator for visual

level indication of heated steam. Condensate pressure vaccum gauges are present for measurement of steam pressure.

Gland Steam Cooler

Gland steam cooler has been provided to suck and cool the air steam mixture from the gland seats. It employs a small ejector for which the working medium is steam of low parameters, which can be taken either from the deaerator or auxiliary source. The pressure and temperature of this steam should of this steam is retrieved to the fullest possible extent as the gland steam cooler is also interposed in the condensate heating cycle thereby improving overall efficiency of the cycle.

TURBINE AUXILLARIE
Condensate Pumps The function of these pumps is to pumps out the condensate to the desecrator through ejectors, gland steam cooler, and L.P. heaters. These pumps have four stages and since the suction is at a negative pressure, special arrangements have been made for providing sealing. This pump is rated generally for 160m3 hr. at a pressure 13.2 Kg/cm2.

L.P. Heaters Turbine has been provided with non-controlled extractions which are utilized for heating the condensate, from turbine bleed steam. There are 410w pressure heaters in which the last four extractions are used. L.P. Heater-1 has two parts LPH-1A and LPH-1B located in the upper parts of condenser A and condenser B respectively. These are of horizontal type with shell and tube construction. L.P.H. 2, 3 and 4 are of similar construction and they are mounted in a row at 5M level. They are of vertical construction with brass tubes the ends of which are expanded into tube plate. The condensate flows in the "U" tubes in four passes and extraction steam washes the outside of the tubes. Condensate passes thru' these four L.P. heaters in succession. These heaters are equipped with necessary safety valves in the steam space level indicator for visual level indication of heating steam condensate pressure vacuum gauges for measurement of steam pressure etc Feed Water System

The main equipments coming under this system are

Boiler Feed Pump: Three per unit of 50% capaCity each located in the '0' meter level in the TG bay. High Pressure Heaters: Normally three in number and are situated in the TG bay. Drip Pumps: Generally two in number of 100% capacity each situated beneath the LP heaters. Turbine Lubricating Oil System: This consists of Main Oil Pump (MOP) Starting Oil Pump (SOP), AC standby oil pumps and emergency DC' oil pump and Jacking Oil Pump (JOP) (one each per unit). Boiler Feed Pumps

This pump is horizontal and of barrel design driven by an Electric motor through a hydraulic coupling. All the bearings of pump and motor are forced lubricated by a suitable oil lubricating system with adequate protection to trip the pump if the lubrication oil pressure falls below a preset value. The high-pressure boiler feed pump is very expensive machine which calls for a very careful operation and skilled maintenance. The safety in operation and efficiency of the feed pump depends largely on the reliable operation and maintenance. Operating staff must be able to find out the causes of defect at the very beginning which can be easily removed without endangering the operator of the power plant and also without the expensive dismantling of the high pressure feed pump.

The feed pump consists of pump barrel, into which is mounted the inside stator together with rotor. The hydraulic part is

enclosed by the high pressure cover along with the balancing device. The suction side of the barrel and the space in the high pressure cover behind the balancing device are enclosed by the low pressure covers along with the stuffing box casings. The brackets of the radial bearing of the suction side and radial and thrust bearing of the discharge side are fixed to the low pressure covers. The entire pumps are mounted on a foundation frame. The hydraulic coupling and two claws coupling with coupling guards are also delivered along with the pump. Water cooling and oil lubricating are provided with their accessories. Turbine Driven Boiler Feed Pump The single cylinder turbine is of the axial flow type. The live steam flows through the emergency stop valve and then through the main Control Valves 5 nos. (Nozzle governing). These valves regulate the steam supply through the turbine in accordance with load requirements. The control valves are actuated by a lift bar which is raised or lowered via a lever system by the relay cylinder mounted on the turbine casing.

The journal bearings supporting the turbine shaft are arranged in the two bearing blocks. The front end -bearing block also houses the thrust bearing, which locates the turbine shaft and takes up "the axial forces. There are 14 stages of reaction balding. The balancing piston is provided at the. Steam admission side to compensate the

axial thrust to the maximum extent. Since the axial thrust varies with the load, the residual thrust is taken up by the thrust bearing. The leak off from the balancing piston is connected back to the turbine after 9th stage.The turbine is provided with hydraulic and electro-hydraulic governing system. A primary oil pump is used as a speed sensor for hydraulic governing and shall Probes are used as a speed sensor for electro hydraulic governing. Whenever steam is drawn from the cold reheat line or auxiliary supply, steam flow is controlled by auxiliary control valve. During this period the main control valves (4 nos.) will remain fully opened and the bypass valve across it will remain closed. (Bypass remains closed for a short period when change, over from IP steam to CRH takes place). The steam exhaust for the BFP- Turbine is connected to the main condenser and the turbine glands are sealed by gland steam. High Pressure Heaters These are regenerative feed water heaters operating at high pressure and located by the side of turbine. These are generally vertical type and turbine bleed steam pipes are connected to them. HP heaters are connected in series on feed waterside and by such arrangement, the feed water, after feed pump enters the HP heaters. The steam is supplied to these heaters form the bleed point of the turbine through motor operated valves. These heaters have a group bypass protection on the feed waterside. In the event f tube rupture in any of the HPH and the level of the condensate rising to dangerous level, the group protection device diverts automatically the feed water directly to boiler, thus bypassing all the 3 H.P. heaters.

Following fittings are generally provided on the HP heaters Gauge glass for indicating the drain level. Pressure gauge with three way cock. Air Vent cock. Safety valve shell side. Seal pot. Isolating valves. High level alarm switch.

Speed Governor

It is directly coupled to the turbine rotor through coupling and has been designed to maintain automatically the speed of the turbo set. It is located with the front pedestals.

Load Limiter

Turbine is equipped with the load limiter used in special cases to limit the opening of valves by speed governor.

Purpose: To limit the load rising beyond the set point, can be
varied over the entire load range.

Turbine Oil Lubricating System

This consists of main oil pump, starting oil pump emergency D.C. oil pump and each per unit.

TYPES OF VALVES USED AND MAINTAINED IN TMD Gate Valve Regulating Valve Non-Return Valve Safety Valve

Valves are made of cast iron, cast steel, carbon steel, alloy steel.

Cast iron valves: 0-150 deg Cel temperature (used for water lines). Carbon steel valves: 150-425 deg Cel temperature (used for water/steam lines). Alloy steel valves: 425-535 deg Cel temperature (used for steam lines).

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Thanks