Classification of Glass

Classification of Glass Pressing – The glass is formed by the use of mechanical
Glass containers are classified into Type I glass, Type II force which presses or forces the molten glass against
glass, Type III glass and Type IV glass based on their the ride of a mold.
degree of chemical/hydrolytic resistance to water Casting –the force of gravity or centrifugal force is used
attack. The degree of attack is dependent on the degree to initiate the formation of molten glass in the cavity.
of alkaline release under the influence of the attacking How Glass containers are made
media. a. How glass bottles are made
i. Type I glass containers (Borosilicate glass / Neutral b. How glass vials are made
glass)This is a type of glass container that contains 80% c. How ampoules are made
silica, 10% boric oxide, small amount of sodium oxide Evaluation studies on glass containers
and aluminium oxide. It is chemically inert and possess Hydrolytic resistance test
high hydrolytic resistant due to the presence of boric i. Glass Grains test – used to distinguish Type I glass
oxide. It has the lowest coefficient of expansion and so from Type II and Type III glass
has high thermal shock properties. ii. Surface Glass Test – used to distinguish Type I and
Uses of Type I glass containers Type II glass containers from Type III glass container. It
Type I glass is suitable as packaging material for most is based on hydrolytic resistance of the inner surfaces of
preparations whether parenteral or non-parenteral. glass containers.
They can also be used to contain strong acids and alkalis iii. Surface Etching Test/Comparison of Glass Grains Test
ii. Type II glass containers (soda-lime-silica glass/ and Surface Glass Test data – this is to determine
treated soda-lime glass/ De alkalized soda lime glass) whether high hydrolytic resistance of Type I or Type II
This is a modified type of Type III glass container with a glass containers are due to inner surface treatment or
high hydrolytic resistance resulting from suitable due to the chemical composition of the glass containers
treatment of the inner surface of a type III glass with Light/spectral transmission for coloured glass
sulfur. This is done to remove leachable oxides and thus containers
prevents blooming/weathering from bottles. Type II Arsenic release – used to detect the presence of arsenic
glass has lower melting point when compared to Type I in aqueous parenteral preparations
glass and so easier to mould. Factors that influence the choice of a glass container
Uses of Type II glass containers There are various factors that influence selection
They are suitable for most acidic and neutral aqueous process of glass containers as primary packages. These
preparations whether parenteral or non-parenteral. factors include:
iii. Type III glass containers (Regular soda lime glass) Limit of alkalinity and hydrolytic resistance of the glass
This is an untreated soda lime glass with average container
chemical resistance. It contains 75% silica, 15% sodium Thermal expansion properties of the glass container
oxide, 10% calcium oxide, small amounts of aluminium (freeze drying)
oxide, magnesium oxide, and potassium oxide. Sensitivity of the glass container to barium or calcium
Aluminium oxide impacts chemical durability while ions
magnesium oxide reduces the temperature required Advantages glass containers
during moulding. Glass containers are mainly used in packaging liquid
Uses of Type III glass containers preparations due to their rigidity and
They are used as packaging material for parenteral their superior protective qualities
products or powders for parenteral use ONLY WHERE Its high transparency allows easy inspection of its
there is suitable stability test data indicating that Type contents.
III glass is satisfactory. It offers better protection because of it is relatively
They used in packaging non-aqueous preparations and impermeable to air and moisture
powders for parenteral use with the exception of It is chemically resistance to most medicinal products
freeze-dried preparations Colored glass (amber glass and red coloured glass) can
It is also used in packaging non-parenteral preparations. protect its content from ultraviolet rays and certain
Type IV glass containers (Type NP glass/General- wavelengths
purpose soda lime glass) Glass containers can be easily sterilized using heat
Disadvantages glass containers
This type of glass container has low hydrolytic
Glass containers are expensive to manufacture
resistance. This type of glass containers are not used for
They are fragile and relatively heavy
products that need to be autoclaved as it will increase
During heat sterilization, some types of glass containers
erosion reaction rate of the glass container.
Uses of type IV glass containers
have the tendency of shedding some part of the silica
It is used to store topical products and oral dosage into the formulation.
forms
Process of Forming Glass Containers
Glass containers are formed through the following
methods
Blowing – this involves the use of compressed air to
form the molten glass in the cavity of a mold.
Drawing – this involves the pulling of molten glass
through dies that shape the soft glass into ampoules,
vials etc.

Classification of Glass

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Classification of Glass

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Classification of Glass Pressing – The glass is formed by the use of mechanical

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