PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College

CHAPTER

12

The Central Nervous System: Part B

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Lateralization of Cortical Function Lateralization

Division of labor between hemispheres

Cerebral dominance
Designates the hemisphere dominant for language (left hemisphere in 90% of people)

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Lateralization of Cortical Function Left hemisphere

Controls language, math, and logic

Right hemisphere
Insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, and artistic skills

Left and right hemispheres communicate via fiber tracts in the cerebral white matter

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Cerebral White Matter Myelinated fibers and their tracts Responsible for communication
Commissures (in corpus callosum)connect gray matter of the two hemispheres Association fibersconnect different parts of the same hemisphere Projection fibers(corona radiata) connect the hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

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Longitudinal fissure Lateral ventricle Basal nuclei Caudate Putamen Globus pallidus Thalamus Third ventricle Pons

Superior

Commissural fibers (corpus callosum) Association fibers Corona radiata Fornix Internal capsule Gray matter White matter

Projection fibers
Decussation of pyramids
Figure 12.10a

Medulla oblongata (a)

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Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) Subcortical nuclei Consists of the corpus striatum

Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus)

Functionally associated with the subthalamic nuclei (diencephalon) and the substantia nigra (midbrain)

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Fibers of corona radiata Caudate nucleus Lentiform Corpus nucleus striatum Putamen Globus pallidus (deep to putamen) Projection fibers run deep to lentiform nucleus (a)

Thalamus Tail of caudate nucleus

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Figure 12.11a

Anterior
Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Caudate nucleus Putamen Lentiform Globus nucleus pallidus Thalamus Tail of caudate nucleus Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle
Figure 12.11b (1 of 2)

(b)
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Posterior

Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus Thalamus Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle (b)
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Figure 12.11b (2 of 2)

Functions of Basal Nuclei Though somewhat elusive, the following are thought to be functions of basal nuclei
Influence muscular control
Help regulate attention and cognition Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movements

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Diencephalon Three paired structures

Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

Encloses the third ventricle

PLAY

Animation: Rotatable brain (sectioned)

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Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Interventricular foramen Anterior commissure Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Corpus callosum Fornix Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Posterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Corpora quadrigemina MidCerebral brain aqueduct Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Cerebellum

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Figure 12.12

Thalamus 80% of diencephalon Superolateral walls of the third ventricle Connected by the interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass)

Contains several nuclei, named for their location

Nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex
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Dorsal nuclei Medial Lateral Lateral dorsal posterior

Pulvinar Anterior nuclear group Reticular nucleus Ventral Ventral Ventral posteroanterior lateral lateral

Medial geniculate body Lateral geniculate body

Ventral nuclei (a) The main thalamic nuclei. (The reticular nuclei that cap the thalamus laterally are depicted as curving translucent structures.)
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Figure 12.13a

Thalamic Function
Gateway to the cerebral cortex Sorts, edits, and relays information
Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body
Impulses from the hypothalamus for regulation of emotion and visceral function Impulses from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to help direct the motor cortices

Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

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Hypothalamus Forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle

Contains many nuclei

Example: mammillary bodies Paired anterior nuclei Olfactory relay stations

Infundibulumstalk that connects to the pituitary gland

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Paraventricular nucleus Anterior commissure Preoptic nucleus Anterior hypothalamic nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus Fornix Dorsomedial nucleus Posterior hypothalamic nucleus Lateral hypothalamic area Ventromedial nucleus Mammillary body

Optic chiasma Infundibulum (stalk of the pituitary gland) (b) The main hypothalamic nuclei.
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Arcuate nucleus Pituitary gland

Figure 12.13b

Hypothalamic Function Autonomic control center for many visceral functions (e.g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility) Center for emotional response: Involved in perception of pleasure, fear, and rage and in biological rhythms and drives

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Hypothalamic Function Regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst

Regulates sleep and the sleep cycle

Controls release of hormones by the anterior pituitary Produces posterior pituitary hormones

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Epithalamus Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle

Pineal glandextends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin

Melatoninhelps regulate sleep-wake cycles

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Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Interventricular foramen Anterior commissure Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Corpus callosum Fornix Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Posterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Corpora quadrigemina MidCerebral brain aqueduct Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Cerebellum

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Figure 12.12

Brain Stem Three regions

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

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Brain Stem Similar structure to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei

Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival

Contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neural centers Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb (synapse point of cranial nerve I) Optic chiasma Optic nerve (II) Optic tract Mammillary body Midbrain Pons Temporal lobe Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord

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Figure 12.14

View (a)

Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Mammillary body Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Middle cerebellar peduncle Abducens nerve (VI) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Pyramid Ventral root of first cervical nerve Decussation of pyramids

Optic chiasma Optic nerve (II) Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles (midbrain)

Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Brainstem Diencephalon

Trigeminal nerve (V) Pons Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI)

Spinal cord
(a) Ventral view
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Figure 12.15a

Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles (midbrain)

Thalamus
View (b)

Infundibulum Pituitary gland

Trigeminal nerve (V) Pons Facial nerve (VII) Abducens nerve (VI) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI)

Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Trochlear nerve (IV)

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior cerebellar peduncle Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Olive
Thalamus Hypothalamus Diencephalon

Midbrain
Pons Medulla oblongata Brainstem

(b) Left lateral view

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Figure 12.15b

Thalamus
View (c)

Diencephalon

Pineal gland

Anterior wall of fourth ventricle Choroid plexus (fourth ventricle) Dorsal median sulcus Dorsal root of first cervical nerve (c) Dorsal view
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Midbrain Superior Corpora colliculus quadrigemina Inferior of tectum colliculus Trochlear nerve (IV) Superior cerebellar peduncle Pons Middle cerebellar peduncle Medulla oblongata Inferior cerebellar peduncle Facial nerve (VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Diencephalon

Brainstem

Figure 12.15c

Midbrain Located between the diencephalon and the pons

Cerebral peduncles
Contain pyramidal motor tracts

Cerebral aqueduct
Channel between third and fourth ventricles

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Midbrain Nuclei
Nuclei that control cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear) Corpora quadrigeminadomelike dorsal protrusions
Superior colliculivisual reflex centers Inferior colliculiauditory relay centers

Substantia nigrafunctionally linked to basal nuclei

Red nucleusrelay nuclei for some descending motor pathways and part of reticular formation

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Tectum Periaqueductal gray matter Oculomotor nucleus (III) Medial lemniscus Red nucleus Substantia nigra Fibers of pyramidal tract (a) Midbrain
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Dorsal

Superior colliculus Cerebral aqueduct Reticular formation

Ventral

Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncle

Figure 12.16a

Pons
Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle Fibers of the pons
Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord
Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum

Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial)

Some nuclei of the reticular formation Nuclei that help maintain normal rhythm of breathing
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Fourth ventricle Superior cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal main sensory nucleus Trigeminal motor nucleus Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal nerve (V) Medial lemniscus (b) Pons
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Reticular formation

Pontine nuclei Fibers of pyramidal tract

Figure 12.16b

Medulla Oblongata Joins spinal cord at foramen magnum Forms part of the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle Contains a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle

Pyramidstwo ventral longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts

Decussation of the pyramidscrossover of the corticospinal tracts
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Medulla Oblongata Inferior olivary nucleirelay sensory information from muscles and joints to cerebellum Cranial nerves VIII, X, and XII are associated with the medulla

Vestibular nuclear complexmediates responses that maintain equilibrium

Several nuclei (e.g., nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis) relay sensory information
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Medulla Oblongata Autonomic reflex centers Cardiovascular center

Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation

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Medulla Oblongata Respiratory centers

Generate respiratory rhythm Control rate and depth of breathing, with pontine centers

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Medulla Oblongata Additional centers regulate

Vomiting Hiccuping Swallowing

Coughing
Sneezing

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Fourth ventricle Choroid Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) plexus Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (X) Inferior cerebellar peduncle Reticular formation Lateral nuclear group Medial nuclear group Raphe nucleus Medial lemniscus (c) Medulla oblongata

Solitary nucleus Vestibular nuclear complex (VIII) Cochlear nuclei (VIII) Nucleus ambiguus

Inferior olivary nucleus

Pyramid

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Figure 12.16c

The Cerebellum 11% of brain mass Dorsal to the pons and medulla Subconsciously provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction

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Anatomy of the Cerebellum Two hemispheres connected by vermis Each hemisphere has three lobes
Anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular

Foliatransversely oriented gyri

Arbor vitaedistinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter

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Anterior lobe
Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae

Cerebellar peduncles Superior Middle Inferior Medulla oblongata (b)

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Flocculonodular lobe

Posterior lobe Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle

Figure 12.17b

Anterior lobe Posterior lobe

(d)

Vermis

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Figure 12.17d

Cerebellar Peduncles All fibers in the cerebellum are ipsilateral Three paired fiber tracts connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
Superior peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain

Middle peduncles connect the pons to the cerebellum

Inferior peduncles connect the medulla to the cerebellum
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Cerebellar Processing for Motor Activity

Cerebellum receives impulses from the cerebral cortex of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction Signals from proprioceptors and visual and equilibrium pathways continuously inform the cerebellum of the bodys position and momentum

Cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate a muscle contraction
A blueprint of coordinated movement is sent to the cerebral motor cortex and to brain stem nuclei
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Cognitive Function of the Cerebellum Recognizes and predicts sequences of events during complex movements

Plays a role in nonmotor functions such as word association and puzzle solving

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