IIE Internal

Seminar
January 2008 Permeable Pavement Systems with
integrated Ground Source Heating
Pumps

Piotr Grabowiecki
 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Contents
Introduction
- Sustainable Drainage Systems
- Permeable Pavement Systems
- Research Objectives

Materials and Methods

- Construction of Systems
- Experimental Setup
- Inside Rig
- Outside Rig
- Schematic Layout
- Operational Conditions
- Analytical Methods
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 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008
Contents
Results
- Water Quality
- Carbon Dioxide Collection Points
- Carbon Dioxide
- Microbiology
- Summary Statistics (Inside Rig)
- Summary Statistics (Outside Rig)

Discussion

Conclusions

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Acknowledgements
 IIE Internal
Seminar
Introduction:
January 2008 Sustainable Drainage Systems

Traditional systems capture storm runoff, and

subsequently distribute it to nearby watercourses or
sewer systems.

Some of these expensive systems have become

ineffective and inefficient.

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 IIE Internal
Seminar
Introduction:
January 2008 Sustainable Drainage Systems

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Source: http://www.floodline.gov.uk
 IIE Internal
Seminar
Introduction:
January 2008 Sustainable Drainage Systems
Instead of focussing on ‘end-of-pipe’ treatment,
sustainable (urban) drainage systems (SUDS) challenge
the traditional approach of wastewater treatment by
optimising the resource utilisation and development of
novel and more productive ‘at source’ technologies.

Apart from swales, filter strips, ponds and wetlands,

permeable pavement systems (PPS) can be used.

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 IIE Internal
Seminar Introduction:
January 2008
Permeable Pavement Systems
• Reduce runoff

• Recharge groundwater

• Save water by recycling

• Prevent against water pollution

• Reduce suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen

demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and
ammonia concentrations

• Low requirement for maintenance

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 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008
Introduction:
Permeable Pavement Systems

• Are effective in-situ bioreactors

• Can be designed as tanked or infiltration systems

• Hydrocarbon decomposition and low evaporation,

if composite geotextiles are applied

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 IIE Internal
Seminar Introduction:
January 2008
2007
Permeable Pavement Systems

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 IIE Internal
Seminar Introduction:
January 2008
2007
Ground Source Heating Pumps

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Source: http://www.waterfurnace.com
 IIE Internal
Seminar Introduction:
January 2008
Research Objectives

• To evaluate the efficiency of PPS with novel Ground

Source Heating Pumps (GSHP)
• To assess the potential transfer of pathogens
• To characterise microbial activities under different
temperature patterns
• To assess the water quality within different tanked
systems
• To prepare Health and Safety, and Risk Assessment
guidelines
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 IIE Internal
Seminar Materials and Methods:
January 2008
Construction of Systems
• Systems were designed and constructed in spring
2006

• One rig containing six experimental systems outside

• One rig containing six experimental systems inside

• Both mirror each other; therefore, the comparison is
effective and scientifically sound

• Coolers or heaters provide operational control

• One Institution of Civil Engineers briefing article and
one journal review paper (Building and Environment)
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covering the subject have already been published.

 IIE Internal
Seminar
Materials and Methods:
January 2008 Experimental Setup
Inside rig Outside rig

Feature 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

Inbitex composite √ √ √ √ √ √

Inbitex geotextile √ √ √ √ √ √

Cooling or heating √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Animal feaces √ √ √ √

Air thermometers √ √ √ √ √ √

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Vessel thermometers √ √ √ √

Carbon dioxide √ √ √ √
sampling
 IIE Internal
Seminar Materials and Methods: Inside Rig
January 2008

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 IIE Internal
Seminar Materials and Methods: Outside Rig
January 2008

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 IIE Internal
Seminar Materials and Methods:
January 2008
Schematic Layout
vessel heater

pump

Titan cooler

paving
blocks
bin
bin sub-base

mains 230 V
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY bin water level

tubing coils
 IIE Internal
Seminar Materials and Methods:
January 2008
Operational Conditions
• Systems are operating 24/7

• Two main patterns of operation for the first year:

 Heating PPS during winter season
 Cooling PPS during summer season
For the second year, these patterns will be reversed
(i.e. cooling during winter and heating during summer)
• Water circulation provides adequate temperature
distribution
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY • All systems are tanked and the flow regime simulation
is performed manually.
 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008
Materials and Methods:
Operational Conditions

• Main pollutants used:

 Gully pot liquor – simulates urban runoff
 Animal faeces (i.e. dog droppings) – main
pathogen source

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 IIE Internal
Seminar Materials and Methods:
January 2008
Analytical Methods
• Nutrients such as nitrate-nitrogen (N-NO3),

ammonia-nitrogen (NH4) and

ortho-phosphate-phosphorus (PO4) are analysed
using a flow injection analyser.
• Standard water quality indicators: total dissolved solids
(TDS), SS, BOD, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen
(DO) and the redox potential.

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• Microbes are analysed for Salonellae, Enterococci and
total heterotrophic bacteria using plate count
techniques.
 IIE Internal
Seminar Materials and Methods:
January 2008
Analytical Methods

• Temperature is monitored with various thermometers

installed within the system.

Data is being analysed using standard methods including

MS Excel, SPSS, Self Organising Maps and Minitab.

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 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Results: Water Quality
Ammonia-nitrate for the inside and outside systems
3.5 500

/l )

/l )
450

(m
3.0

(m
g
1

g
400
2
2.5 3 350
4 300
2.0
5
250
6
1.5 200
IN

,flw
-n n
e
g
itro
m

s
-n
yn
e
g
itro
,s
1.0 IN+P 150
100
0.5
50

m
A
ia
n
o
m
A
ia
n
o
0.0 0
Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Mar-07
Date

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 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Results: Water Quality
Ortophosphate-phosphorus for the inside and outside systems

3.5 40

/l )

/l )
1 35
3.0

(m
2

(m
g

g
-

-
3 30
2.5
4
25
2.0 5
6 20
1.5

-p
te
a
sp
o
h

-p
te
a
sp
o
h
IN
IN+P 15
1.0
10
O

O
o
rth

o
rth
0.5 5

flw
m

,in
sru
o
h
p
,yte
sru
o
h
p 0.0 0
Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Mar-07
Date

1.8 400
1.6 350
1.4 1
300
1.2 2
3 250
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1.0

/l )
/l )

4 200

flw
-p ,in
ru
sp
o
h
0.8

(m
m
(m

g
-p
,yte
ru
sp
o
h
g

150
0.6 6
0.4 IN 100
IN+P 50

-p
te
a
sp
o
h
0.2
-h
te
a
h
sp
o

0.0 0

O
O

o
rth
o
rth

Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07

Date
 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Results: Water Quality
Nitrate-nitrogen for the inside and outside systems
12

10
1
8 2
3
4
6
5

-n (m
/l)n
e
g
itro
6
4 IN
IN+P

e N
itra
2

0
May-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Jan-07 Mar-07 Apr-07
Date

7
1
6
2
5
(m

3
g
/l)

4 4
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3 5
-n
n
e
g
itro

2 6
e N
itra

IN
1
IN+P
0
Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07
Date
 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008
Results:
Carbon Dioxide Collection Points

0.5 cm clean stone 5 cm width

upper sub-base 10 cm width

(0.5-2 cm aggregates)

upper part of lower 25 cm width

sub-base (0.1-6.3 cm
aggregates)

lower part of lower 25 cm width

sub-base
(0.1-6.3 cm aggregates)
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 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Results: Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide for the inside and outside systems
2500

Point 1
2000

m )
Point 2
Point 3

(p
p
1500 Point 4
Point 5
1000 Point 6
Point 7
Point 8

C
500

ed
n
o
rb
ixa
Air

Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07

Date

1800
1600 Point 9
m )

1400 Point 10
Point 11
(p
p

1200 Point 12
1000 Point 13
800 Point 14
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY Point 15
600 Point 16
400 Air
ed
n
oC
rb
ixa

200
0

Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07

Date
 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Results: Microbiology
Microbiology: colony forming units (CFU) per 100ml of the
samlpe
Rig CFU per 100 ml Bin number
location 1 2 3 4
Inside Shigellae; Salmonellae 498 441 260 195
Enterococci 173 215 68 578
Total Heterotrophs 121000 56750 38500 74000
Outside Shigellae; Salmonellae 8931 368 598 371
Enterococci 704 251 370 198
Total Heterotrophs 51500 100833 180000 129800
Rig CFU per 100 ml Bin number Inflow
location 5 6 -P +P
Inside Shigellae; Salmonellae 198 68 636 920
Enterococci 59 185 883 3900
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Total Heterotrophs 63500 78750 101250 7605000
Outside Shigellae; Salmonellae 708 485 160 78
Enterococci 95 98 178 598
Total Heterotrophs 77667 76833 171750 378250
 IIE Internal
Seminar Results:
January 2008
Summary Statistics (Inside System)
Variable Statistics Bin numbers
1 2 3 4 5 6
BOD Mean 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
(mg/l) SD 0.30 0.67 0.70 0.67 0.32 0.30
SS Mean 166.7 199.0 260.0 131.1 138.2 174.2
(mg/l) SD 179.98 269.09 256.73 136.42 166.32 179.77
TDS Mean 202 213 187 217 201 202
(mg/l) SD 19.0 20.1 29.9 12.8 17.5 29.8
DO Mean 5.0 5.3 6.5 5.4 4.6 5.6
(mg/l) SD 1.52 1.71 2.20 1.34 1.38 2.08
pH (-) Mean 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.5
SD 0.26 0.21 0.26 0.28 0.21 0.22
Cond Mean 403 428 374 435 403 416
(µS) SD 38.4 40.7 59.5 25.4 35.1 80.4
AN Mean 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.11
(mg/l) SD 0.219 0.146 0.123 0.154 0.102 0.114
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NN Mean 3.2 1.0 2.7 1.4 0.4 2.2
(mg/l) SD 3.69 1.35 3.10 1.35 0.49 2.78
OPP Mean 0.89 0.48 0.47 0.82 0.43 0.47
(mg/l) SD 0.460 0.481 0.491 0.559 0.549 0.502
 IIE Internal
Seminar Results:
January 2008
Summary Statistics (Outside System)
Variable Statistics Bin numbers
1 2 3 4 5 6
BOD Mean 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4
(mg/l) SD 1.72 0.30 0.65 0.30 0.65 0.67
SS Mean 90.0 77.3 130.0 71.3 96.0 42.0
(mg/l) SD 112.03 146.70 275.56 97.02 208.44 78.00
TDS Mean 202 213 187 217 201 202
(mg/l) SD 19.0 20.1 29.9 12.8 17.5 29.8
DO Mean 5.1 6.1 6.8 5.5 6.4 7.3
(mg/l) SD 1.15 0.90 1.17 0.87 0.81 1.41
pH (-) Mean 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.5
SD 0.28 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.15
Cond Mean 403 428 374 435 403 416
(µS) SD 38.4 40.7 59.5 25.4 35.1 80.4
AN Mean 0.14 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03
(mg/l) SD 0.103 0.027 0.022 0.036 0.020 0.027
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(mg/l) SD 2.27 0.25 1.26 1.56 0.72 0.99
OPP Mean 0.35 0.22 0.22 0.60 0.14 0.23
(mg/l) SD 0.428 0.336 0.253 0.298 0.120 0.236
 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Discussion

Biological Oxygen Demand:

Values vary between 0.3 – 1.1 mg/l, very satisfactory
result as for the bottom of the system level with the
reduction of inflow values up to 99%
Suspended Solids:
High variability between outside and inside systems, with
maximum standard deviation of 275.56 mg/l.
Result of sediment pump out while sample collection –

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sum of all acumulated elements and compounds
Varied properties of gully pot mixture.
 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Discussion

Nitrate Nitrogen:
Maximum values of 3.2 and 2.7 mg/l for inside system and
2.6 mg/l for outside system, caused by either system
imperfections or accumulation of nitrate form ammonia
transformation.

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 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008
Conclusions
• Ortho-phosphate-phosphorus removal rate of 95%

• The rate of release is between 50 and 70% lower

than the European Union Waste Water Treatment
Directive 97/271/EEC requirements
• Ammonia-nitrate removal rates are similar to ortho-
phosphate-phosphorus rates
• Increase of nitrate-nitrogen within the systems, but
still lower concentrations if compared to EU WWTD –

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(approximately 40%)
• Carbon dioxide values clearly show increased
microbial activity during warm seasons
 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Conclusions
• Microbial pathogenic organisms may be found
because of higher temperatures throughout the year.
• Outside rigs have much better removal rate
performances than the controlled ones

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 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Future Research

• Introduction of the second year switching pattern

• Statistical analysis and modelling

• Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)
and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) sediment
analysis for more accurate representation of
micro-organisms within the systems
• Determination of Escherichia coli
• Temperature distribution modelling within
COVENTRY UNIVERSITY PPS with GSHP installation (potentially another PhD

project)
 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008 Acknowledgements
• Brian Garrat, Peter Jones and Steven Spikes

(Hanson Formpave)
• The University of Edinburgh
• Coventry University
• Various Final Year Project students and occasional
visitors

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 IIE Internal
Seminar
January 2008

Thank You!

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