Power System Protection

Why do we need system protection:

Detect fault Isolate faulted component Restore faulted component

Aims:
Continued supply for rest of system Protect faulted part from damage

Power System Protection

Protection Zones
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units 2. Transformers 3. Buses 4. Lines (transmission and distribution)

5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.)

6. Capacitor or reactor (when separately protected)
Bus zone Unit Generator-Tx zone Transformer zone Line zone Bus zone Transformer zone Bus zone Motor zone

~
Generator XFMR Bus Line Bus XFMR Bus Motor

GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin

Zones of Protection
Zones are defined for:
Generators Transformers Buses Transmission and distribution lines Motors

Zones of Protection
For fault anyway within the zone, the protection system responsible to isolate everything within the zone from the rest of the system. Isolation done by CB Must isolate only the faulty equipment or section

Zones of Protection

Overlapped of Protection
No blind spot:
Neighboring zones are overlapped to avoid the possibility of unprotected areas

Use overlapping CTs:

Isolation done by CB. Thus, it must be inserted in each overlap region to identify the boundary of protective zones.

Overlapped of Protection
Overlap accomplish by having 2 sets of instrument transformers and relays for each CB. Achieved by the arrangement of CT and CB.

Zone Overlap
1. Overlap is accomplished by the locations of CTs, the key source for protective relays.

2.

In some cases a fault might involve a CT or a circuit breaker itself, which means it can not be cleared until adjacent breakers (local or remote) are opened.

Relay Zone A

Relay Zone A

Zone A

Relay Zone B

Zone B

Zone A

Relay Zone B

Zone B

CTs are located at both sides of CB-fault

between CTs is cleared from both remote sides

CTs are located at one side of CBfault between CTs is sensed by both relays, remote right side operate only. 9

GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin

Primary & Back-up Protection

Primary protection is the protection provided by each zone to its elements. However, some component of a zone protection scheme fail to operate. Back-up protection is provided which take over only in the event of primary protection failure.

Power System Protection

Selection of protective relays requires compromises: Maximum and Reliable protection at minimum equipment cost High Sensitivity to faults and insensitivity to maximum load currents High-speed fault clearance with correct selectivity Selectivity in isolating small faulty area

Ability to operate correctly under all predictable power system conditions

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GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin

Power System Protection

Cost of protective relays should be balanced against risks involved if protection is not sufficient and not enough redundancy. Primary objectives is to have faulted zones primary protection operate first, but if there are protective relays failures, some form of backup protection is provided. Backup protection is local (if local primary protection fails to clear fault) and remote (if remote protection fails to operate to clear fault)
GE Consumer & Industrial

12

Multilin

Power System Protection

Economy Simplicity Speed Reliability Sensitivity Selectivity

Power System Protection

Reliability
Operate dependably and in healthy operating condition when fault conditions occur, even after remaining idle for months or years.

Selectivity
Clearly discriminate between normal and abnormal system condition to avoid unnecessary, false trips.

Sensitivity
Ability to distinguish the fault condition, although the different between fault and normal condition is small.

Power System Protection

Speed
Fault at any point in the system must be detected and isolated rapidly to minimize fault duration and equipment damage. Any intentional time delays should be precise.

Economy
Provide maximum protection at minimum cost

Simplicity
Minimize protection equipment and circuitry

Power System Protection

Power System Protection