Data Communication & Networking

Introduction

Data Communication & Networking are changing the way we do business and the way we live. For better business decision we require immediate access to accurate information. Technological advances are making it possible for communication links to carry more & faster signals. When we communicate we share information, this sharing can be local or remote. The term telecommunication which includes telephony, telegraphy & television means communication at a distance (Tele is Greek for far)

Data Communications

Data

Information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data Exchange of data between two devices Via some form of transmission medium such as wire cable Delivery : System must deliver the data to the correct destination. Accuracy: System must deliver the data accurately. Timeliness: Jitter: Refer to the Variation in the packet arrival time For Ex assume that video packet are sent every 30 ms. If some of the pocket arrive with 30 ms delay and others with 40 ms delay, an uneven quality in the video is the result..

Data communication

Fundamental characteristics of data communication

Five Components of Data Communication

Five Components of Data Communication

Message: Information(data) to be communicated Sender : Device that sends the data message. It can be computer, telephone handset, video camera & so on

Receiver: That receive the message . It can be computer, telephone handset, video camera & so on

Transmission medium: Physical path by which a message travels. Ex. Twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optical cable, radio waves.

Protocol: A set of rules that govern data communication without a protocol device may be connected but not communicating, just as speaking French cannot be understand by a person who speak only Japanese

Direction of Data Flow

Data Flow

Simplex

Unidirectional As on a one-way street Ex: Keyboard, Monitor Both transmit and receive possible, but not at the same time Like a one-lane road with two-directional traffic Walkie-talkie Transmit and receive simultaneously Like a two-way street, telephone network Channel capacity must be divided between two directions

Half-duplex

Full-duplex (Duplex)

Network

Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links Node: Computer, printer, or any device capable of sending and/or receiving data To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet a number of criteria

Network

Performance : can be measure by transit time & Response time. Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another.

Response Time: is the elapsed time between an inquiry and response.

Performance depends up number of users ,types of transmission

medium, capacity of hardware, efficiency of the software

Performance also evaluated using Throughput and Delay Network throughput is the average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel. The throughput is usually measured in bits per second (bit/s or bps), and sometimes in data packets per second or data packets per time slot.

Network

Reliability : can be measure frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from failure.

Security: It include protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data from damage and development and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data losses.

Uses of Computer Networks

Business Applications Home Applications Mobile Users Social Issues

Uses of Computer Networks

Business Applications

Many companies have a substantial number of computers the issue here is resource sharing, and the goal is to make all programs, equipment, and especially data available to anyone on the network without regard to the physical location of the resource and the user. An example is having a group of office workers share a common printer, scanners, and CD burners more important, is sharing information

Uses of Computer Networks

Business Applications

Most companies have customer records, inventories, accounts receivable, financial statements, tax information, and much more online. If all of its computers went down, a bank could not last more than five minutes. A modern manufacturing plant, with a computer-controlled assembly line, would not last even that long. Even a small travel agency or three-person law firm is now highly dependent on computer networks for allowing employees to access relevant information and documents instantly.

Uses of Computer Networks

Business Applications

Most companies have customer records, inventories, accounts receivable, financial statements, tax information, and much more online. If all of its computers went down, a bank could not last more than five minutes. A modern manufacturing plant, with a computer-controlled assembly line, would not last even that long. Even a small travel agency or three-person law firm is now highly dependent on computer networks for allowing employees to access relevant information and documents instantly.

Business Applications of Networks

A

network with two clients and one server.

Business Applications of Networks as Communication Medium

A computer network can provide a powerful communication medium among employees. Virtually every company that has two or more computers now has e-mail (electronic mail) Yet another form of computer-assisted communication is videoconferencing A third goal for increasingly many companies is doing business electronically with other companies A fourth goal that is starting to become more important is doing business with consumers over the Internet. Called e-commerce

 The

Business Applications of Networks as Communication Medium

client-server model involves requests and replies.

Home Network Applications

Access to remote information

It can be surfing the World Wide Web for information or just for fun. Information available includes the arts, business, cooking, government, health, history, hobbies, recreation, science, sports, travel, and many others..

Person-to-person communication Interactive entertainment Electronic commerce

Home Network Applications

Person-to-person communication instant messaging, chat room peer-to-peer communication-In this form, individuals who form a loose group can communicate with others in the group Interactive entertainment Electronic commerce

Home Network Applications (2)

In

peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.

Home Network Applications (3)

Some

forms of e-commerce.

Type of Connection

A network is two or more devices connected through link. A link is communication pathway that transfer data from one device to another. Two types connection Point-to-point

Dedicated link between two devices The entire capacity of the channel is reserved Ex) Microwave link, TV remote control

Multipoint also called Multidrop

More than two devices share a single link Capacity of the channel is either

Spatially shared: Several simultaneously Timeshare: Users take turns

Devices

can

use

the

link

Type of Connection

Physical Topology

It refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically. Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more link form a topology. The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking device to one another. Four basic topologies: Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring

Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device.

To find the number of physical link in a fully connected mesh network with n nodes.

Each nodes must be connected to every other nodes. Nodes 1 must be connected to n-1 nodes, nodes 2 connected to n-1 and finally node n must connected to n-1 nodes.

We need n(n-1) physical link. However if each physical link allows communication in both direction we can divide the number of link by 2

A mesh network with n nodes has n(n-1)/2 links.

Mesh Topology
Advantages:

Use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its own data load. Thus no traffic problems,

Robust If one link become unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system.

Security, only intended recipient see the message Easy fault identification & isolation

Disadvantages:

Amount of cabling and the number of port required.

Every device must be connected to every device therefore difficult installation/reconfiguration, space, cost

Star Topology

Dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, called a hub Devices are not directly linked to one another. Hub acts as an exchange: No direct traffic between devices Advantages: Less expensive, robust, easy to install and reconfigure Disadvantages: dependency of the whole on one single point, the hub Example LAN

Bus Topology

One long cable that links all nodes Nodes are connected to the bus cable by tap and drop line As signal travels along the backbone some of its energy is transferred into heat. Therefore there is limit on the number taps a bus can support and on the distance between those taps Advantages: Easy installation, cheap Disadvantages: Difficult reconfiguration, no fault isolation, a fault or break in the bus stops all transmission

Ring Topology

Dedicated point-to-point link only with the two nodes on each sides A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. Each device in the ring incorporate a repeater. Advantages: Easy reconfiguration, fault isolation Disadvantage: Unidirectional traffic, a break in the ring cab disable the entire network

Hybrid Topology

Example: Main star topology with each branch connecting several stations in a bus topology To share the advantages from various topologies

Hybrid Topology

Categories of Networks

LAN

Usually privately owned A network for a single office, building, or campus a few Km Common LAN topologies: bus, ring, star An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

MAN

Designed to extend to an entire city Cable TV network, a companys connected LANs Owned by a private or a public company

WAN

Long distance transmission, e.g., a country, a continent, the world Enterprise network: A WAN that is owned and used by one company

Wired Network Transmission Media

Twisted-pair

cable
network

Pairs of wires twisted together Used for telephone and connections

Coaxial

cable

Thick center wire Used for computer networks, short-run telephone transmissions, cable television delivery

Fiber-optic

cable

Glass or fiber strands through which light can pass Used for high-speed communications

Wired Network Transmission Media

Internetwork

Internetwork (internet) : two or more networks are connected by internetworking devices Internetworking devices: router, gateway, etc. The Internet: a specific worldwide network

The Internet

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our

daily lives. It has affected the way we do business

as well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

1967: ARPANET proposed by DoDs ARPA(Advanced Research Project Agency)

1969: ARPANET in a reality: UCLA, UCSB, SRI, U. of Utah

1973: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn propose TCP,

To split TCP into two protocols TCP and IP

Internet Today
ISP (Internet service providers) NISP (national ISP) NAP (network access point)

Protocols
Protocol

: rule

A set of rules that govern data communication For communication to occur, entities must agree upon a protocol A protocol define what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is communicated. Key elements of a protocol Syntax: structure or format of data Semantics: meaning of each section of bits. How is a particular pattern to be interpreted,& what action is to be taken based on that interpretation?. Timing: when and how fast data should be sent

Standards: agreed-upon rules

Standards is essential in

Creating/maintaining open and competitive markets for

equipment manufacturers

Guaranteeing national/international interoperability of data & technology

Two categories

De jure (by law or by regulation) standards

De facto (by fact or by convention) standards

Proprietary standards: closed standards Nonproprietary standards: open standards

Standards Organizations
Standards

are developed by

Standards creation committees Forums Regulatory agencies

Standards

committees & forums

Standards committees are slow moving Forums are made up of interested corporations Forum are able to speed acceptance of a particular technology

Standards Committees

ISO( International Organisation for Standardization)

Voluntary international organization

ITU-T ( International Telecommunication UnionTelecommunication standards Sector

Formerly, CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy & Telephony formed by UN Private non-profit corporation in the US The largest engineering society in the world Non-profit organization in the US

ANSI ( American National Standards Institute)

IEEE( Institute of electrical & electronic engg.)

EIA( electronic Industries Association

Internet Standards
IETF

(Internet Engineering Task Force) Internet Draft

working document with no official status with a 6-month lifetime

RFC

(Request for Comment)

Edited, assigned a number, and made available to all interested parties